Deck 19: Drug Abuse in Sport and Exercise

Question 1

Which of the following statements is false relative to the scientific link between anabolic steroid use and deviant psychological behavior?

A)The scientific link between anabolic steroid use and deviant psychological behavior is weak.
B)Strong evidence exists linking even small amounts of anabolic steroid use to deviant psychological behavior.
C)High levels of anabolic steroid use is linked to deviant psychological behavior.
D)Moderate levels of anabolic steroid use is not linked to deviant psychological behavior.

Answer 1

Strong evidence exists linking even small amounts of anabolic steroid use to deviant psychological behavior.

Question 2

A food supplement that serves as a direct precursor hormone to the production of endogenous testosterone in the body.

A)Androstenedione.
B)Protein from meat.
C)Protein from beans.
D)None of the above.

Answer 2

Androstenedione.

Question 3

Which of the following banned substances are inappropriately taken by athletes to help them get mentally and physically "pumped-up" and ready for competition?

A)Anabolic steroids.
B)Amphetamines.
C)Barbituates.
D)Sedative-hypnotics.

Answer 3

Amphetamines.

Question 4

Which of the following has not been linked to improved athletic performance?

A)Anabolic steroids.
B)Peppermint.
C)Marijuana.
D)Phosphocreatine.

Question 5

A naturally occurring energy-producing substance that is synthesized from amino acids in the human body.

A)Endogenous testosterone.
B)Cocaine.
C)Creatine.
D)Cholesterol.

Question 6

Anabolic effect.

A)Water retention.
B)Dehydration.
C)Increase in muscle strength and size.
D)Masculinization.

Question 7

An anabolic steroid "designer drug" developed to avoid detection in drug tests.

A)Androstenedione.
B)Refined creatine.
C)Testosterone.
D)Tetrahydrogestrinone.

Question 8

Which of the following banned substances are inappropriately taken by athletes to help them relax prior to competition?

A)Anabolic steroids.
B)Testosterone.
C)Alcohol.
D)Cocaine.

Question 9

Which of the following is a theoretical model designed to help researchers study athlete decision making as it relates to drug use and drug use deterrence?

A)Drugs in Sport Deterrence Model.
B)Cognitive Model for Drug Deterrence.
C)Behavioral Model for Drug Deterrence.
D)None of the above.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a behavioral technique calculated to combat drug abuse in sport?

A)Teach athletes alternative ways to enhance performance that do not include the use of drugs.
B)Athlete involvement in drug education and drug prevention efforts.
C)Introduce mandatory drug testing.
D)Coaches can help athletes by making them feel part of the team by seeking their input on important team decisions.

Question 11

While the ________________ and U.S.Senate hearings about the use of performance enhancing drugs by Major League Players may have slowed their use,there exists a futuristic concern that athletes may turn to ______________ to enhance performance and avoid detection.

A)World Anti-Doping Agency Report,genetic engineering.
B)Mitchell Report,genetic engineering.
C)World Anti-Doping Agency Report,dietary food supplements.
D)Mitchell Report,dietary food supplements.

Question 12

Androgenic effect.

A)Water retention.
B)Dehydration.
C)Increase in muscle strength and size.
D)Masculinization.

Question 13

Research suggests that athlete intrinsic religiosity is associated with a lowered proneness to use

A)Alcohol.
B)Marijuana.
C)Recreational drugs.
D)All of the above.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a suspected negative physiological consequence associated with anabolic steroid use in men and women?

A)Increased muscle mass and strength.
B)Increased risk of heart disease.
C)Certain cancers.
D)Undesirable sex-specific effects.

Question 15

Which statement is false relative to anabolic steroid use?

A)Anabolic steroid use is associated with increased muscle mass and body size.
B)The association between anabolic steroid use and increased sport performance is less than clear.
C)Anabolic steroid use is not associated with increased muscle mass and body size.
D)The association between anabolic steroid use and increased sport performance may be due to the psychological expectancy effect.

Question 16

A group of synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone that have been modified so that their presence in the bloodstream is prolonged.

A)Anabolic steroid.
B)Anabolic-androgenic steroid.
C)Exogenous testosterone.
D)All of the above.

Question 17

Naturally occurring levels of testosterone in the body.

A)Exogenous testosterone.
B)Endogenous testosterone.
C)Synthetic testosterone.
D)Anabolic steroids.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a fundamental problem associated with athletes taking illegal drugs for the purpose of enhancing athletic performance?

A)The problem of ethics.
B)The problem of the addictive nature of drugs.
C)The problem of the negative effect of an illegal drug upon the health and well-being of the athlete.
D)The problem of finding a reliable drug source.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is false relative to the use of creatine by athletes?

A)Has a beneficial effect on acute,repetitive bursts of intense exercise.
B)Has a beneficial effect on distance and aerobic exercise.
C)Short-term adverse reactions may include gastrointestinal distress,nausea,and muscle cramping.
D)Is associated with an increase in body mass.

Question 20

Which of the following is not a cognitive technique calculated to combat drug abuse in sport?

A)Teach athletes alternative ways to enhance performance that do not include the use of drugs.
B)The coach shows concern for athletes and sets limits on unacceptable behavior.
C)Coaches must be aware of each athlete's mental status both in and out of the sport environment.
D)Coaches can help athletes by making them feel part of the team by seeking their input on important team decisions.

Question 21

Which of the following is an unhealthy practice used by athletes categorized as having a subclinical eating disorder?

A)Diet pills and/or diuretics.
B)Laxatives/enemas.
C)Fat-free diets.
D)All of the above.

Question 22

What kind of eating disorder is of greatest concern for female athletes competing in sports that encourage low body weight and thinness?

A)Anorexia nervosA.
B)Bulimia nervosa.
C)Sub-clinical eating disorders.
D)Anorexia athletica.

Question 23

Consistent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM),which is not a clinical eating disorder?

A)Eating disorder not otherwise specified.
B)Subclinical eating disorder.
C)Anorexia nervosa.
D)Bulimia nervosa.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding eating disorders in athlete?

A)Clinically diagnosed eating disorders are rare among athletes.
B)Clinically diagnosed eating disorders occur in 40% of the athlete population.
C)Clinically diagnosed eating disorders occur in 50% of the athlete population.
D)Clinically diagnosed eating disorders occur in 60% of the athlete population.

Question 25

Which of the following is not a clinical eating disorder?

A)Anorexia nervosA.
B)Fluid restriction for the purposes of weight loss.
C)Bulimia nervosa.
D)Binge eating and purging.

Question 26

Which of the following is not a responsible recommendation for professionals who work with female athletes?

A)Be aware that serious eating disturbances exist in the absence of diagnosed pathogenic eating disorders.
B)In order to compete effectively,female athletes must remain thin and control their dietary intake.
C)Conduct eating disorder screening that allow for identification of dangerous eating behaviors as well as pathogenic eating disorders.
D)Develop intervention strategies that focus upon early education,identification and treatment of unhealthy eating behaviors.

Question 27

Which of the following investigations are considered "landmark" relative to studying the incidence of eating disorders among elite athletes?

A)Sundgot-Bogen and Torstveit (2004).
B)Currie (2007).
C)a and b above combined.
D)None of the above.

Question 28

Mentally,individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa display

A)Mood and attitude disturbance.
B)Low self-esteem.
C)Depression and social anxiety.
D)All of the above.

Question 29

Which of the following is an accurate definition of exercise addiction?

A)Psychological dependence on a regular regimen of exercise.
B)Constant training for endurance events that require significant long term effort and commitment.
C)Commitment to a regular vigorous aerobic exercise program.
D)Commitment to a regular vigorous anaerobic exercise program.

Question 30

A thinness culture in which a female person comes to view herself and her body as an object to be used,consumed,and evaluated by others,as opposed to being a person with feelings and specific functions.

A)Body beautification syndrome.
B)Body image cognitive restructuring theory.
C)Body objectification theory.
D)Body self-justification theory.

Question 31

Which of the following is not a symptom exhibited by individuals suffering from bulimia nervosa?

A)Binge eating followed by purging at least twice per week for three months.
B)Severe fasting.
C)Loss of self-control.
D)Severe body image disturbance.

Question 32

In order to be classified as being addicted to exercise,an individual must score high in three of seven dependence characteristics.Which of following would not be included in this list of characteristics?

A)Must continually increase exercise to obtain desired effect.
B)Maintain a regular daily exercise program tailored to the individuals needs.
C)Spend excessive amounts of time exercising.
D)Continue to exercise in face of illness or injury.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a symptom exhibited by individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa?

A)Severe weight loss and refusal to maintain normal body weight.
B)Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.
C)Fat free dieting.
D)Severe body image disturbance.

Question 34

Which of the following statements is false relative to the continuum model of obligatory exercise?

A)Exercise dependent individuals suffer from some form of eating disorder.
B)Exercise dependence is conceptualized as being on a continuum running from mildly obsessive-compulsive traits to significant obsessive compulsive traits.
C)A preoccupation with body weight and shape predicts (with some degree of confidence)exercise dependence.
D)An association exists between obsessive compulsive exercise traits and some form of eating disorder.

Question 35

In order to be classified as being addicted to exercise,an individual must score high in three of seven dependence characteristics.Which of following would not be included in this list of characteristics?

A)Experience symptoms of anxiety and fatigue when deprived of exercise.
B)Typically exercise longer and with greater intensity than intended.
C)Occupational or social activities sacrificed in order to exercise.
D)Exercise indoors when the weather is bad and outdoors when it is gooD.

Question 36

The Exercise Dependence Scale allows exercisers to be categorized as exercise

A)Dependent.
B)Nondependent but symptomatic.
C)Nondependent but asymptomatiC.
D)All of the above.

Question 37

Another term that describes the individual who may be classified as being exercise dependent

A)Exercise addiction.
B)Obligatory runner.
C)Super-adherer.
D)All of the above.

Question 38

Research indicates that exercise dependence can be predicted (with some degree of confidence)by a number of variables.Which of the following is not one of these potential predictors?

A)Perfectionism.
B)Being male.
C)Task goal orientation.
D)Substance use and abuse.

Question 39

The feared female triad of modern sport consists of

A)Disordered eating,amenorrhea,osteoporosis.
B)Masculinization,disordered eating,drug addiction.
C)Osteoporosis,masculinization,disordered eating.
D)Amenorrhea,absence of menses,homosexuality.

Question 40

Instead of merely asking athletes to "just say no" to drugs,the athlete is asked to complete a cost/benefit analysis of reasons for using or not using drugs and then to make an informed decision.

A)Cost/benefit theory of drug use.
B)Self-determination theory.
C)Deterrence theory.
D)Informed decision theory.

Question 41

Preoccupation with the notion that one is not sufficiently muscular.

A)Activity anorexiA.
B)Reverse anorexia nervosa.
C)Muscle dysmorphia.
D)b and c above.

Question 42

Model of burnout that is based on the notion that burnout in sport is a social problem caused by an overly controlling and constraining social structure.

A)Investment model.
B)Silva's training stress model.
C)Coakley's empowerment model.
D)Gould's model of social constraints.

Question 43

Burnout is viewed as a response to chronic stress.

A)Entrapment model.
B)Smith's cognitive-affective model.
C)Investment model.
D)Empowerment model.

Question 44

In order for the ______________________ to be fully supported,it must be demonstrated that individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa and individuals diagnosed with exercise dependence must share the same _____________________.

A)Activity anorexia hypothesis,exercise patterns.
B)Anorexia analog hypothesis,personality characteristics and psychological disturbances.
C)Anorexia analog hypothesis,genetic profile.
D)Exercise addiction hypothesis,Personality characteristics.

Question 45

Which of the following is false relative to the investment model of burnout?

A)If sport commitment is based upon enjoyment,the athlete will participate enthusiastically.
B)How the athlete evaluates five determinants will determine if sport commitment is based upon enjoyment or entrapment.
C)If sport commitment is based upon entrapment,it is only a matter of time until burnout sets in.
D)If the athlete remains committed to her sport,then burnout will not occur.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is false regarding body image and eating disorders?

A)Team sport female athletes who are high in social physique anxiety experience heightened levels of eating disorders compared to individual sport athletes.
B)Women and girls who report receiving critical comments about their bodies also report higher incidence of disordered eating.
C)As body satisfaction decreases,symptoms of bulimia in female collegiate athletes increase.
D)Body image,body self-esteem,and body satisfaction all predict or are predicted by eating disorders.

Question 47

Which of the following describes an individual who feels weak and small regardless of their physique?

A)Social physique anxiety.
B)Muscle dysmorphia.
C)Physical self-concept.
D)Body image.

Question 48

Which of the following is a stress model of burnout in sport?

A)Empowerment model of burnout.
B)Investment model.
C)Cognitive-affective model of stress and burnout.
D)None of the above.

Question 49

Which of the following is a factor that influences the incidence of eating disorders among female athletes?

A)Enjoying the benefits of a mastery motivational climate.
B)Possessing a mastery goal orientation.
C)Possessing a performance goal orientation.
D)Being a member of a team sport.

Question 50

Smith's four-stage model of burnout parallels the

A)Steps in Martens' stress training model.
B)Steps involved in learning to cope.
C)Stress process.
D)Phenomenon of experiencing stress.

Question 51

Athlete trains beyond the level that is ideal for maximum benefit.

A)Training overload.
B)Overtraining.
C)Overreaching.
D)Staleness.

Question 52

Form of short-term overtraining that is a part of normal training for maximum benefit.

A)Training overload.
B)Overtraining.
C)Overreaching.
D)Staleness.

Question 53

According to Yates (1991),obligatory runners and anorexics have similar family backgrounds,socioeconomic status,personality characteristics,tolerance of pain,and quest for asceticism.

A)Exercise obsession.
B)Anorexia analogue hypothesis.
C)A proven statement.
D)Anorexia nervosa.

Question 54

Based upon the research,which of the following may serve both as a moderator and a mediator between childhood bully victimization and global psychopathology and lowered self-esteem?

A)Social physique anxiety.
B)Muscle dysmorphia.
C)Physical self-concept.
D)Body image.

Question 55

Which of the following is not an important feature of Smith's model of stress and burnout?

A)Smith's model relies heavily upon the notion of costs and benefits.
B)Parallels stages of the stress process.
C)Is composed of four stages.
D)Interacts with personality and intrinsic motivation of athlete.

Question 56

Based upon the research,it is hypothesized that men suffering from ______________ share mood,personality,and psychological characteristics with women suffering from ________________.

A)Enhanced body image,activity anorexiA.
B)Muscle dysmorphia,social physique anxiety.
C)Reverse anorexia nervosa,Bulimia nervosa.
D)Muscle dysmorphia,anorexia nervosa.

Question 57

A syndrome of physical/emotional exhaustion,sport devaluation,and reduced athletic accomplishment.

A)Negative adaptation to training stress.
B)Training stress syndrome.
C)Positive adaptation to training stress.
D)Burnout in sport and exercise.

Question 58

Burnout in sport is viewed as an imbalance between costs and benefits associated with athletic participation.

A)Investment model of burnout.
B)Entrapment model of burnout.
C)Stress model of burnout.
D)Empowerment model of burnout.

Question 59

Which statement is false regarding the female triad?

A)Female athletes are not typically diagnosed with a clinical eating disorder.
B)Many female athletes are diagnosed as being symptomatic in terms of possessing characteristics that may lead to an eating disorder.
C)Athletes who are at risk for an eating disorder are also at greater risk for menstrual irregularity and bone injuries.
D)Many female athletes possess all three aspects of the female triaD.

Question 60

Physiological principle necessary to make physical improvement.

A)Training overload.
B)Overtraining.
C)Training reversal.
D)Staleness.

Question 61

Athletes' burnout when they are unable to develop an alternative identity and come to believe they are losing personal control.

A)Coakley's empowerment model.
B)Gould's model of social constraints.
C)Smith's cost/benefit theory.
D)Smoll's theory of alternative identity.

Question 62

Which of the following is not an important step or concept to consider when utilizing the Profile of Mood States (POMS)to monitor psychological mood and to identify mood disturbance when it occurs?

A)Determine an athletes' healthy normal baseline for mood state.
B)Monitor mood throughout the competitive season and particularly before,during,and following intense training periods.
C)The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Sport (RESTQ-Sport)is a viable alternative to the POMS.
D)Monitor mood during the preseason and at the end of the season,but not during the competitive phase,as it will be a distraction to the athlete.

Question 63

Which of the following is not an instrument designed to measure burnout in athletes?

A)Maslach Burnout Inventory.
B)Eades Athletic Burnout Inventory.
C)Athlete Burnout Questionnaire.
D)Silva's Training Stress Inventory.

Question 64

Which of the following is not a reason given by athletes as to why they are experiencing symptoms of burnout?

A)Sport too demanding.
B)Can't balance commitment to sport with other important demands.
C)Not enough social time.
D)Nagging injuries and constant competitive demands.

Question 65

When symptoms of burnout have been identified,steps must be taken to reverse the debilitating effects of the symptoms as soon as possible.Which of the following is an instrument designed to measure an athletes' coping strategies relative to coping with stress that may lead to burnout?

A)Stress Coping Instrument.
B)COPE and modified COPE.
C)Silva's Training Stress Inventory.
D)Learning to Cope with Stress Questionnaire.

Question 66

Which of the following is not a psychological symptom of burnout?

A)Increased mood disturbance.
B)Decreased self-esteem.
C)Decreased perception of physical,mental,and emotional exhaustion.
D)Negative change in the quality of an individual's personal interaction with others.

Question 67

Which of the following is not a recommended strategy that can be used by the coach to help young athletes avoid burnout?

A)Cultivate personal involvement with each athlete.
B)Establish two-way communication with the athlete.
C)Remain objective and avoid getting emotionally close to the athletes.
D)Solicit and utilize player input.

Question 68

Which of the following is not a physiological symptom of burnout?

A)Increased resting and exercise heart rate.
B)Increased muscle glycogen.
C)Increased muscle soreness and chronic muscle fatigue.
D)Decreased maximal aerobic power.

Question 69

Which of the following is not a recommended strategy that can be used by the parent to help their child avoid burnout in sport?

A)Reduce the importance of winning.
B)Remind the child consistently of the importance of training,since it will prepare them for the psychological rigor of competition.
C)Solicit child's input.
D)Show support and empathy for child's efforts.

Question 70

Which statement is false relative to measuring mood states as a way of identifying early signs of staleness,overtraining and burnout?

A)Mood disturbance is one of the indicators of overtraining in sport.
B)Mood disturbance is closely linked to instances of short term overreaching.
C)Mood disturbance has been observed in swimmers and distance runners.
D)Psychological mood should be monitored as a method of early detection of overtraining.