Deck 27: The Great Twentieth-Century Crisis

Question 1

Lenin did NOT believe that

A)the Bolsheviks were a disciplined elite leading the Revolution.
B)imperialism was a symptom of capitalist decay.
C)World War I was a civil war among capitalists.
D)the Revolution would have to be secured in Russia alone, since the other European countries were unlikely to experience communism.
E)the Bolsheviks needed to recognize the peasants' land hunger.

Answer 1

the Revolution would have to be secured in Russia alone, since the other European countries were unlikely to experience communism.

Question 2

Lenin's revolutionary policies included

A)the nationalization of land and factories.
B)the use of secret police to find counter-revolutionaries.
C)the abolition of all social titles.
D)the declaration of the equality of the sexes.
E)All these answers are correct.

Answer 2

All these answers are correct.

Question 3

In the Fascist corporate state

A)all workers in a given sector of the economy were organized into confederations.
B)large corporations were granted special rights.
C)business leaders were encouraged to express their views on state policy.
D)the state was arbiter between trade unions and employers.
E)workers were encouraged to strike.

Answer 3

all workers in a given sector of the economy were organized into confederations.

Question 4

Freud's theory of the workings of the human psyche was most shocking to Victorian society because it

A)advocated the use of shock therapy.
B)ascribed sexual lust to persons of every age.
C)used hypnosis to uncover the keys to neuroses.
D)declared human actions to be, for the most part, unconscious.
E)considered religion as the satisfaction of infantile needs.

Question 5

Which group was LEAST likely to support the Nazis?

A)workers
B)small business and tradespeople
C)civil service employees
D)farmers
E)nationalists, industrialists, and militarists

Question 6

Stalin's transformation of the Soviet Union in the 1930s did not include

A)forbidding peasants to have individual plots or private tools.
B)reducing some of the freedoms of women, students, and intellectuals that had characterized the 1920s.
C)purging the Communist party of reactionaries
D)allowing opportunities for advancement.
E)the use of propaganda.

Question 7

Despite the fact that Lenin favored Trotsky, Stalin became the next Soviet leader because

A)he was a brilliant theoretician of Marxism.
B)he was a successful military leader.
C)he was a good organizer and had the loyalty of party officials.
D)Trotsky repudiated communism.
E)Lenin designated him as his successor.

Question 8

In France the Popular Front government of Léon Blum fell because

A)forces of the left found it too sympathetic to the fascists.
B)the support it provided for the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War was unpopular.
C)its reforms on behalf of the workers were feared by conservatives.
D)it was unwilling to take actions to counter the effects of the Depression.
E)he was Jewish.

Question 9

The analytic philosophy of Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein

A)found truth and justice in much the same way Socrates had.
B)concerned itself with issues of civic good in capitalist society.
C)attempted to define and analyze with precision.
D)both found truth and justice in much the same way Socrates had and concerned itself with issues of civic good in capitalist society.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 10

By 1939 Soviet Russia, owing to the accomplishments of the First, Second, and Third Five-Year Plans, ranked third among the world's industrial nations behind

A)Great Britain and the United States.
B)the United States and Japan.
C)the United States and Germany.
D)Great Britain and Germany.
E)Great Britain and France.

Question 11

Which of the following was NOT a common feature of European fascism in the 1930s?

A)paramilitary organization
B)street drama
C)use of nationalist sentiment to evolve patriotism
D)establishment of a free market economy
E)the use of uniforms

Question 12

The Italian Fascist party used which of the following to secure its power?

A)force and the parliamentary system
B)an attack on the papacy
C)shared leadership
D)increased foreign trade
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a correct match?

A)Virginia Woolf: "stream of consciousness" novel
B)Max Weber: a founder of modern social science
C)Dada: form follows function in architecture
D)Heisenberg: "uncertainty principle"
E)Kafka: psychology of guilt

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT correct? Hitler consolidated Nazi power by

A)eliminating unemployment through government spending programs.
B)outlawing alternative political parties.
C)purging leftist dissenters within his own party.
D)banning the activities of the churches in Germany.
E)establishing concentration camps.

Question 15

Which words best describe the common features of artistic and intellectual work in the inter-war period?

A)confidence and moralism
B)irrationality and shock
C)decorum and formalism
D)accessibility and optimism
E)rationality and conformity

Question 16

In what ways was fascism akin to socialism?

A)It repudiated parliamentary government and liberal individualism.
B)It advocated the welfare of the masses.
C)It advocated the abolition of private property.
D)It both advocated the welfare of the masses and repudiated parliamentary government and liberal individualism.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 17

Hitler became chancellor by

A)mounting a military coup.
B)gaining sufficient votes to form a majority parliamentary coalition.
C)seizing power after Hindenberg's death.
D)bribing key government officials.
E)None of these answers is correct.

Question 18

Lenin's New Economic Policy did NOT include

A)a tax-in-kind on peasants.
B)disposal of agricultural surplus for profit on open markets.
C)small retail concerns allowed to run as private businesses.
D)denationalization of factories.
E)fiscal reforms.

Question 19

According to J.M.Keynes, governments should deal with the effects of business recessions by

A)lowering interest rates and increasing public spending.
B)reducing taxes and restricting budgets.
C)taking over financial institutions.
D)breaking the power of organized labor in order to allow the free market to operate.
E)protecting their markets through tariffs.

Question 20

After the Bolsheviks seized power in the fall of 1917, they

A)welcomed the aid of other Russian socialist movements.
B)decided to make peace with the Germans.
C)offered all Russians a chance to buy their own land or business.
D)dissolved the local Soviets as unnecessary now that the revolution had arrived.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 21

To many contemporaries the new forms of art and literature influenced by Freudian theories were symptoms of serious social malaise.Describe some of the movements in the arts and letters during the inter-war period, and explain how they could be so disturbing to the average person.

Question 22

How did the Depression contribute to Germany's willingness to accept Hitler and to the democracies' inability to stop him?

Question 23

The Spanish Civil War was seen as part of the European battle between

A)fascists and monarchists.
B)the rural poor and the urban middle class.
C)the fascist right and the Marxist left.
D)Marxists and democrats.
E)anarchists and federalists.

Question 24

Dictatorships and authoritarian systems of rule have existed nearly as long as civilized society itself.What was new and unusual about the twentieth-century form known as totalitarianism? How did Stalinist Russia and Nazi Germany place similar demands on their citizens? How did their ideologies differ?

Question 25

What social transformation was Stalin trying to bring about in the Soviet Union in the 1930s? Why do you think he felt obliged to carry out the great purges of the late 1930s?

Question 26

How did new forms of art (poster art, photography, movies, etc.) aid in the creation of totalitarian regimes?

Question 27

When do you think the image of Lenin found in this chapter was painted? How did it idealize Lenin?

Question 28

Compare and contrast the experiences of women in the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.

Question 29

Define individual freedom according to fascist, liberal, Christian, socialist, and communist ideologies.

Question 30

Review the feature entitled "Two Accounts of Revolution in Russia" in this chapter.Which account seems more accurate and less fictional? Why? How could the differences in perspective and participation account for these differences?

Question 31

How do the stylistic techniques of Picasso's Guernica seen in this chapter reflect the effects of total war?

Question 32

Explain why Einstein's theory of relativity and Werner Heisenberg's "uncertainty principle" would undermine middle-class values, and encourage Cubist and Expressionist painting.

Question 33

Consider the photos regarding fascism found in this chapter.Why was fascism appealing to many people? Compare the photos of Italian fascism to the photo of Nazis in Germany also seen in the chapter.

Question 34

Most of the democratic governments that fell in the 1920s and 1930s had been created shortly after World War I.On the other hand, those democracies that survived, particularly Britain, France, and the United States, had existed in one form or another for at least a century.What can be drawn from this regarding the nature and viability of democratic institutions and processes? Speculate on how these factors may affect the new democracies established in Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Question 35

Discuss the relationship between Hitler's rise to power and Germany's situation as a result of the Treaty of Versailles.How was Hitler able to benefit from the treaty?

Question 36

Discuss the similarities and differences between totalitarianism and dictatorship.

Question 37

Was Stalin a genuine revolutionary or a pragmatist? Consider domestic and foreign policy in your answer.

Question 38

During the Spanish Civil War, Franco and his insurgent military officers received support from

A)the United States.
B)Italy and France.
C)France and Germany.
D)Italy, Portugal, and Germany.
E)Russia and Japan.

Question 39

Although John Maynard Keynes advocated capitalism, what fundamental aspects of liberal economic theory did he reject?

Question 40

How does the painting by Otto Dix found in this chapter convey a sense of decadence?

Question 41

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Nicholas II.

Question 42

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Mussolini.

Question 43

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Politburo.

Question 44

Review the feature entitled "Two Accounts of Revolution in Russia" in this chapter.What is the image Reed is attempting to convey of the Bolshevik revolutionaries?

Question 45

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Virginia Woolf.

Question 46

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Treaty of Brest Litovsk.

Question 47

Review the feature entitled "Fascist Doctrine" in this chapter.Fascism's rejection of liberalism and democracy is obvious.Not so obvious, however, is the rationale for these rejections.What do you think are Fascism's underlying arguments against liberalism and democracy?

Question 48

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Kafka.

Question 49

Review the feature entitled "Fascist Doctrine" in this chapter.Why did Fascism appeal to the middle class?

Question 50

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Bolshevik.

Question 51

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Leon Trotsky.

Question 52

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Freud.

Question 53

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: autarchy.

Question 54

Review the feature entitled "Goebbels' Populist View of German Culture" in this chapter.What distinction does Goebbels make between mass (or popular) art and Volk art?

Question 55

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: February Revolution.

Question 56

Review the feature entitled "Goebbels' Populist View of German Culture" in this chapter.What is the purpose of art according to Goebbels? How can art be used to support National Socialism?

Question 57

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Duce.

Question 58

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: NEP.

Question 59

Review the feature entitled "Fascist Doctrine" in this chapter.How have romanticism, nationalism, and social Darwinism shaped the ideas in this passage?

Question 60

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: V.I.Lenin.

Question 61

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Central Committee.

Question 62

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: First Five-Year Plan.

Question 63

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Fordism.

Question 64

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Max Planck.

Question 65

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: penicillin.

Question 66

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: concentration camps.

Question 67

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: NKVD.

Question 68

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Pablo Picasso.

Question 69

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Stalin.

Question 70

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Red Guards.

Question 71

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: War Communism.

Question 72

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Kerensky.

Question 73

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Gleichschaltung.

Question 74

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: totalitarianism.

Question 75

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Spanish Civil War.

Question 76

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: soviet.

Question 77

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Menshevik.

Question 78

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Joseph Goebbels.

Question 79

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Georgi Plekhanov.

Question 80

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: National Socialist German Workers' party.