Deck 19: The Age of Enlightenment

Question 1

The Physiocrats believed that economic progress could best be achieved by

A)close adherence to mercantilist policy.
B)providing government aid to improve agriculture.
C)strict government oversight over all areas of economic activity.
D)free trade.
E)regulation of the grain trade.

Answer 1

free trade.

Question 2

What were the principal characteristics of Enlightenment thought? What were the influences on the Enlightenment?

Answer 2

Answers will vary

Question 3

Popular literature

A)promoted secularism.
B)attacked elite culture.
C)remained superstitious and religious.
D)provided a forum for discussing social problems.
E)called religion and superstitious beliefs into question.

Answer 3

remained superstitious and religious.

Question 4

Which phrase is associated with Montesquieu's ideas on good government?

A)balance of powers among executive, legislature, and judiciary
B)natural rights to life, liberty, and property
C)the sovereign resides in the "general will"
D)the divine right of kings
E)None of these answers is correct.

Question 5

Which composer most dramatically transformed the conventions of music in the eighteenth century?

A)Haydn
B)Mozart
C)Beethoven
D)Goethe
E)Richardson

Question 6

Mary Wollstonecraft argued that

A)women were kept in a weak state by society.
B)the answer to women's condition was education.
C)Rousseau's vision of women was incorrect.
D)Rousseau's theories be extended to women.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 7

The philosophes believed the most important function of philosophy was to pursue

A)metaphysical exploration.
B)pure scientific knowledge.
C)the meaning and implications of power.
D)the rational study of human behavior.
E)the scientific basis of the Christian worldview.

Question 8

Diderot

A)was rewarded by the French king for his publications.
B)spent time in jail for his publications.
C)overshadowed his friend Voltaire.
D)failed to find a publisher for his Encyclopédie.
E)None of these answers is correct.

Question 9

All but which of the following is true of Voltaire?

A)He was a great admirer of British society and culture.
B)He was editor of the Encyclopédie.
C)He studied the scientific works of Isaac Newton.
D)He was highly critical of French bigotry and social snobbery.
E)He despised religious bigotry.

Question 10

Natural history

A)was one of the most popular scientific pursuits during the Enlightenment.
B)did not necessarily attack or counter religious beliefs.
C)was neglected in the eighteenth century.
D)both was one of the most popular scientific pursuits during the Enlightenment and did not necessarily attack or counter religious beliefs.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 11

In the eighteenth century, primary schooling was designed to

A)promote social mobility for those who merited it.
B)provide every child with basic writing and math skills.
C)encourage rational analysis of society's problems.
D)reinforce the traditional social order.
E)remove peasant children from the work force.

Question 12

Deism was

A)a branch of Christianity that believed religion was a form of private contemplation.
B)a form of philosophical atheism.
C)a naturalistic belief that acknowledged God as the creator of the universe.
D)all of these: a branch of Christianity that believed religion was a form of private contemplation; a form of philosophical atheism; a naturalistic belief that acknowledged God as the creator of the universe.
E)None of these answers is correct.

Question 13

Among the characteristics of popular literature for the masses in the eighteenth century were

A)a concern for the real problems of material insecurity.
B)rationalism and secularism.
C)religiosity and entertainment.
D)both a concern for the real problems of material insecurity, and religiosity and entertainment.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 14

To what extent did the ideas of the philosophes challenge monarchical government and aristocratic society?

Question 15

Which of the following was true of leisure and recreation for the masses in the eighteenth century?

A)Common people had no organized cultural groups.
B)Drinking was a common activity.
C)Temperance movements gained many adherents in this era.
D)Religious festivals and observances were relatively unimportant in popular culture.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 16

Rousseau's most important concept in The Social Contract was that

A)government must be based on the absolute authority of a divinely appointed monarch.
B)governments exist by divine plan and to rebel against them is to rebel against God.
C)government must be based on voluntary participation by citizens, not simply by the accident of history or inheritance.
D)the main function of laws is to subdue man's evil nature.
E)citizens should not participate in government.

Question 17

Pierre Bayle's Critical and Historical Dictionary

A)subjects the claims of religion to the test of critical reason.
B)suggests the theory of evolution.
C)was intended to popularize the new science.
D)condemns non-Christian religions as immoral.
E)advocated Christian orthodoxy.

Question 18

Which of the following was NOT an innovation of eighteenth-century urban life?

A)daily newspapers
B)coffeehouses
C)government censorship of publications
D)shop window advertising
E)the grand tour

Question 19

Learned academies

A)opened their doors to people of diverse social ranks over the course of the eighteenth century.
B)remained exclusive organizations for elites.
C)encouraged the participation of women in their activities.
D)displayed a disdain for addressing practical matters.
E)were founded in France by Louis XIV.

Question 20

Which was NOT among the principal developments of the eighteenth-century novel?

A)the appearance of female protagonists
B)realistic social contexts
C)new opportunities for female authors
D)the appearance of female protagonists and new opportunities for female authors
E)None of these answers is correct; all were among the developments of the eighteenth-century novel.

Question 21

What conclusions can you draw about the social milieu of Parisian salons in the eighteenth century from the painting depicting a solon scene found in this chapter?

Question 22

How are the subjects of the painting seen in this chapter titled The Father's Curse portrayed?

Question 23

Review the feature entitled "Joseph II on Religious Toleration" in this chapter.What are the benefits of toleration in Joseph's opinion?

Question 24

Why is the Encyclopédie regarded as the most important intellectual contribution of the Enlightenment?

Question 25

What aspects of popular culture do you find evidenced in the etchings seen in this chapter?

Question 26

What kinds of conclusions can you draw about education from the illustration shown in this chapter?

Question 27

Review the feature entitled "Joseph II on Religious Toleration" in this chapter.Both documents seem to imply that factors other than purely religious motives influenced Joseph II's policy of toleration.Given the historical context, what do you think these factors could be?

Question 28

How can the Enlightenment be described as a basically urban phenomenon?

Question 29

Review the feature entitled "What Is Enlightenment?" in this chapter.How can the Enlightenment be considered a "nobility of the educated"? Does the treatment of the common people by Enlightenment thinkers differ from the position of the traditional nobility toward them?

Question 30

How does the painting by Nicholas Henri Jeaurat de Bertry found in this chapter use symbols to suggest the ideals of liberty and equality?

Question 31

Review the feature entitled "What Is Enlightenment?" in this chapter.Explain Kant's definitions of the "private realm" and the "public realm."

Question 32

How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau represent both the values of the Enlightenment and a rejection of the values of the Enlightenment?

Question 33

Contrast the interests and attitudes of common people-artisans, peasants, and workers-with those of their "social betters" in the eighteenth century.

Question 34

Do you agree that the Enlightenment substituted "the religion of science" for "the religion of Christianity"?

Question 35

How did the development of the novel as a literary genre in the eighteenth century reflect changes in society and culture? Why did novels have such wide appeal?

Question 36

To what degree did the activities of the philosophes filter down to society at large? How much did they influence high and low culture?

Question 37

Discuss the problems the historian encounters in researching and therefore understanding popular culture.

Question 38

How does the illustration of Voltaire's staircase seen in this chapter demonstrate the elite nature of Enlightenment culture?

Question 39

What evidence do we have that artists, writers, poets, and musicians, as well as philosophers and theorists, embraced the idea of freedom in the eighteenth century?

Question 40

To what extent did the ideals of freedom and egalitarianism present in the Enlightenment apply to women?

Question 41

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: philosophes.

Question 42

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: novels.

Question 43

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Encyclopédie.

Question 44

Review the feature entitled "Rousseau's Concept of the General Will" in this chapter.How is the relation between the individual and society described in this passage from Rousseau reminiscent of Adam Smith's ideas about that relationship in The Wealth of Nations?

Question 45

Review the feature entitled "Mary Wollstonecraft on the Education of Women" in this chapter.Is Wollstonecraft arguing that women should receive the same education as men, or that women should behave like men?

Question 46

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: natural history.

Question 47

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Fanny Burney.

Question 48

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Pierre Bayle.

Question 49

Review the feature entitled "Mary Wollstonecraft on the Education of Women" in this chapter.How have men misled and even deceived women through education, according to Mary Wollstonecraft? What is "specious homage"?

Question 50

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Goethe.

Question 51

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: learned academies.

Question 52

Review the feature entitled "Rousseau's Concept of the General Will" in this chapter.What is the ultimate determinant of behavior for Rousseau, the individual or general will? Why?

Question 53

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Voltaire.

Question 54

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Pamela.

Question 55

Review the feature entitled "Rousseau's Concept of the General Will" in this chapter.Define what Rousseau means by the "general will."

Question 56

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Emile.

Question 57

Review the feature entitled "Rousseau's Concept of the General Will" in this chapter.How can the individual "be forced to be free" in the general will? How can individual freedom be overruled by the general freedom?

Question 58

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Mary Wollstonecraft.

Question 59

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: salons.

Question 60

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: The Spirit of Laws.

Question 61

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: freemasonry.

Question 62

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Henry Fielding.

Question 63

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: deism.

Question 64

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Diderot.

Question 65

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: periodicals.

Question 66

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: The Philosophical Dictionary.

Question 67

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: The Social Contract.

Question 68

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Beethoven.

Question 69

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: David.

Question 70

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: "republic of letters."

Question 71

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Faust.

Question 72

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Montesquieu.

Question 73

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Saint Monday.

Question 74

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Rousseau.

Question 75

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Samuel Richardson.

Question 76

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following:
G.L.Buffon.Answers will vary