Deck 30: Unemployment Fluctuations and the Nairu

Question 1

The total amount of unemployment in the economy rises when the flows of individuals

A)into unemployment are positive.
B)into unemployment exceed the flows out of unemployment.
C)out of unemployment exceed the flows into unemployment.
D)out of unemployment are negative.
E)out of unemployment are equal to the flows into unemployment.

Answer 1

into unemployment exceed the flows out of unemployment.

Question 2

Suppose the official rate of unemployment reported by Statistics Canada is 7.2%.One reason this is likely to be an understatement of the amount of "true" unemployment is that

A)the official rate is a measure of gross flows into and out of unemployment rather than net flows.
B)discouraged workers who have given up searching for a job,but would take one if offered,are not included.
C)the official rate is a measure of net flows into and out of unemployment rather than gross flows.
D)Statistics Canada does not have a good measure of the numbers of people entering the labour force.
E)seasonal workers are not included at all in the official data.

Answer 2

discouraged workers who have given up searching for a job,but would take one if offered,are not included.

Question 3

When real GDP is less than potential output,the unemployment rate ________ the NAIRU.

A)falls toward
B)falls below
C)rises toward but never exceeds
D)is equal to
E)rises above

Answer 3

rises above

Question 4

One reason that economists are interested in gross flows in the labour market as well as in the stock of unemployment is that examining the gross flows

A)gives a better estimate of NAIRU.
B)gives a good estimate of the incidence of unemployment.
C)excludes only the new entrants and retirements of people moving into and out of the labour force.
D)in relation to the stock of unemployment can indicate the amount of time the average person spends unemployed.
E)provides a better indication of the total number of people unemployed at any one time.

Question 5

When the actual unemployment rate is equal to the NAIRU,we can say that

A)all remaining unemployment is structural.
B)the economy is experiencing no lost output due to frictional unemployment.
C)the economy is at full employment.
D)frictional unemployment is zero.
E)frictional and structural unemployment are both zero.

Question 6

If there are more job vacancies in the economy than there are unemployed workers,it is likely that

A)fiscal policy aimed at increasing aggregate demand would cause the actual unemployment rate to move toward the NAIRU.
B)the actual unemployment rate is less than the NAIRU.
C)the economy has a high NAIRU.
D)there is excessive involuntary unemployment in this economy.
E)there is no structural unemployment in this economy.

Question 7

When one worker is unemployed for one year,

A)we no longer include that worker in labour-force statistics.
B)there may be significant personal costs,but there is no cost to the economy.
C)it is not a problem because as soon as the worker is employed again,any loss of output goes away.
D)there is no effect on national income.
E)the output this worker would have produced is lost forever.

Question 8

Suppose that next year 300 000 existing jobs in the economy are eliminated and 200 000 new jobs are created.The amount of unemployment will decline over that year if

A)more than 100 000 people drop out of the labour force.
B)less than 100 000 people drop out of the labour force.
C)less than 100 000 people join the labour force.
D)more than 100 000 people join the labour force.
E)more than 300 000 people join the labour force.

Question 9

The total amount of unemployment in the economy is constant when the flows of individuals

A)into unemployment are positive.
B)into unemployment exceed the flows out of unemployment.
C)out of unemployment exceed the flows into unemployment.
D)out of unemployment are negative.
E)out of unemployment are equal to the flows into unemployment.

Question 10

One reason that economists are interested in the gross flows in the labour market as well as the stocks of unemployed is that examining the flows

A)gives us a better estimate of NAIRU.
B)gives more insight into the amount of labour-market turnover.
C)provides a better indication of the total number of people unemployed at any one time rather than just looking at the stocks.
D)provides a good estimate of the overall level of employment.
E)provides the only reliable way to measure cyclical unemployment.

Question 11

The total amount of unemployment in the economy decreases when the flows of individuals

A)into unemployment are positive.
B)into unemployment exceed the flows out of unemployment.
C)out of unemployment exceed the flows into unemployment.
D)out of unemployment are negative.
E)out of unemployment are equal to the flows into unemployment.

Question 12

Suppose John finishes school and immediately gets a part-time job.The measured unemployment rate would

A)rise because he was not in the labour force when in school.
B)not change since he is now employed.
C)fall because he was considered unemployed when in school.
D)fall because he was not in the labour force when in school.
E)not change because part-time jobs aren't counted in the labour force.

Question 13

Suppose that next year 300 000 existing jobs in the economy are eliminated through layoffs and plant closures,and 400 000 new jobs are created through expansions and the creation of new firms.The amount of unemployment will rise over that year if

A)more than 300 000 people drop out of the labour force.
B)more than 100 000 people drop out of the labour force.
C)less than 100 000 people drop out of the labour force.
D)less than 100 000 people join the labour force.
E)more than 100 000 people join the labour force.

Question 14

If the actual unemployment rate is one percentage point less than the NAIRU,then

A)actual and potential GDP are equal.
B)actual GDP is greater than potential GDP.
C)actual GDP is less than potential GDP.
D)potential GDP will expand permanently.
E)potential GDP will contract until it equals actual GDP.

Question 15

When the growth rate of the labour force is less than the growth rate of total employment,the unemployment rate

A)decreases.
B)increases.
C)is below NAIRU.
D)is above NAIRU.
E)is equal to NAIRU.

Question 16

Suppose the official rate of unemployment reported by Statistics Canada declines from one month to the next from 7.5% to 7.2%,but we also know that the stock of unemployed workers has not changed.How is this possible?

A)The labour force has declined due to out-migration of working-age people.
B)The labour force has grown as previously discouraged workers re-start their job-search process as unemployed individuals.
C)Some individuals who were previously outside the labour force have joined the labour force and immediately found jobs.
D)We have gone from a month with high seasonal unemployment to a month with low seasonal unemployment.
E)We have gone from a month with low seasonal unemployment to a month with high seasonal unemployment.

Question 17

If the actual unemployment rate is equal to the NAIRU,then

A)actual GDP will be higher than potential GDP.
B)actual GDP will be below potential GDP.
C)potential GDP will expand permanently.
D)the unemployment rate is 0%.
E)actual and potential GDP are equal.

Question 18

When real GDP is greater than potential output,the unemployment rate ________ the NAIRU.

A)falls toward
B)falls below
C)rises toward but never exceeds
D)is equal to
E)rises above

Question 19

When the growth rate of the labour force is greater than the growth rate of total employment,the unemployment rate

A)decreases.
B)increases.
C)is below NAIRU.
D)is above NAIRU.
E)is equal to NAIRU.

Question 20

Suppose in a given month the flow out of unemployment equals 300 000 per month,and the flow into unemployment equals 330 000 per month.The rate of unemployment has

A)increased by 30 000.
B)decreased by 30 000.
C)increased by 10%.
D)decreased by 10%.
E)Not enough information to determine.

Question 21

The table below provides hypothetical unemployment,employment,and labour force data for an economy over a 3-month period.
TABLE 30-2
Refer to Table 30-2.What is the unemployment rate on January 1?

A)5.3%
B)5.0%
C)7.3%
D)6.8%
E)18.7%

Question 22

Market-clearing theories of the labour market feature ________ wages,and thus involuntary unemployment ________.

A)perfectly flexible; exists
B)sticky; does not exist
C)sticky; exists
D)perfectly flexible; does not exist

Question 23

The table below provides hypothetical unemployment,employment,and labour force data for an economy over a 3-month period.
TABLE 30-2
Refer to Table 30-2.What is the unemployment rate on March 1?

A)19.3%
B)5.6%
C)6.0%
D)8.7%
E)8.0%

Question 24

Suppose we know the following information about the labour market.Over a one-month period: -total number of previously unemployed workers that found jobs = 150 000
-total number of previously employed workers that became unemployed = 150 000
During this month the gross flow into unemployment was ________ and the net flow into unemployment was ________.

A)150 000; zero
B)150 000; 150 000
C)zero; 150 000
D)zero; zero
E)300 000; 150 000

Question 25

The table below provides hypothetical unemployment,employment,and labour force data for an economy over a 3-month period.
TABLE 30-2
Refer to Table 30-2.Which of the following changes occurred in this economy between February 1 and March 1?

A)The labour force remained stable.
B)The unemployment rate declined.
C)The unemployment rate remained stable.
D)200 000 (net)workers entered the labour force.
E)200 000 (net)workers left the labour force.

Question 26

Suppose we know the following information about the labour market.Over a one-month period: -total number of previously unemployed workers that found jobs = 500 000
-total number of individuals that became unemployed = 500 000
During the same month the unemployment rate increased from 7.1% to 7.3%.It must be the case that

A)the population increased during that month.
B)the population decreased during that month.
C)a certain number of people entered the labour force during that month.
D)the gross flow and the net flow into unemployment are equal.
E)a certain number of people left the labour force during that month.

Question 27

Market-clearing theories of the labour market argue that

A)competitive labour markets can be relied upon to eliminate all unemployment.
B)labour markets will clear and involuntary unemployment will thereby be eliminated.
C)all unemployment is most easily corrected by government intervention in the economy.
D)all unemployment arises from firms being unwilling to demand labour services.
E)labour unions are necessary elements in reducing unemployment.

Question 28

Market-clearing theories of the labour market assume that labour markets

A)always clear.
B)are inefficient.
C)have asymmetrically rigid wages.
D)should be regulated to produce an efficient wage rate.
E)will always provide a subsistence wage.

Question 29

The table below provides hypothetical unemployment,employment,and labour force data for an economy over a 3-month period.
TABLE 30-2
Refer to Table 30-2.Something unusual happened in this country's labour force between January 1 and February 1.What was it?

A)The unemployment rate declined,even though the stock of unemployment remained stable.
B)The labour force grew by one million workers,which represents over 3 percent of the country's total population.
C)The unemployment rate declined because workers left the labour force.
D)The number of workers employed rose,even though workers left the labour force.
E)One million workers (net)left their jobs and also left the labour force.

Question 30

If labour markets had perfectly flexible wages,as the market-clearing theories suggest,involuntary unemployment would

A)not exist.
B)rise when the labour demand curve shifts to the left.
C)rise when the labour demand curve shifts to the right.
D)rise when the labour supply curve shifts to the left.
E)rise when the labour supply curve shifts to the right.

Question 31

The table below provides hypothetical unemployment,employment,and labour force data for an economy over a 3-month period.
TABLE 30-2
Refer to Table 30-2.What is the unemployment rate on February 1?

A)7.7%
B)7.1%
C)16.7%
D)6.0%
E)5.0%

Question 32

The table below provides hypothetical unemployment,employment,and labour force data for a small economy over a 3-month period.The unemployment rate on January 1 is 6%.
TABLE 30-1
Refer to Table 30-1.Between February 1 and March 1 the stock of unemployment remained stable at 750,and the unemployment rate ________ because ________.

A)decreased; the labour force grew by 600
B)decreased; the labour force shrank by 600
C)remained stable; the stock of unemployment did not change
D)increased; the labour force grew by 600
E)increased; the labour force shrank by 600

Question 33

It is generally accepted that during a recession the official labour market data reported by Statistics Canada understates the "true" extent of unemployment for the following reasons:
1)Workers who leave the labour force and return to school are counted as full-time workers;
2)Some workers become discouraged and leave the labour force;
3)Some workers are underemployed.

A)1 only
B)2 only
C)3 only
D)1 and 2
E)2 and 3

Question 34

Which statement by an employer is consistent with the market-clearing theory of unemployment?

A)"I pay more than the going rate so I can hire good workers."
B)"I pay only enough to attract workers who are at the bottom of the pay scale."
C)"I love it when inflation goes up because that drives down my wage costs."
D)"Workers can always find jobs,if only they lower their expectations."
E)"Unions have only their current members' interests at heart."

Question 35

If,as market-clearing theories of the labour market suggest,all labour markets had perfectly flexible wages,real wages would rise when labour demand

A)rises and fall when labour supply rises.
B)rises and fall when labour supply falls.
C)falls and rise when labour supply falls.
D)rises and rise when labour supply rises.
E)falls and falls when labour supply rises.

Question 36

The table below provides hypothetical unemployment,employment,and labour force data for a small economy over a 3-month period.The unemployment rate on January 1 is 6%.
TABLE 30-1
Refer to Table 30-1.What is the unemployment rate on March 1?

A)6.0%
B)7.11%
C)10.07%
D)7.65%
E)4.17%

Question 37

Market-clearing theories of the labour market suggest that fluctuations in employment and wages can be caused by the supply side of the market through changes in the

A)price level.
B)level of net exports in the economy.
C)marginal efficiency of investment.
D)willingness of firms to hire workers.
E)willingness of workers to supply their labour.

Question 38

The table below provides hypothetical unemployment,employment,and labour force data for a small economy over a 3-month period.The unemployment rate on January 1 is 6%.
TABLE 30-1
Refer to Table 30-1.What is the unemployment rate on February 1?

A)4.17%
B)6.0%
C)7.54%
D)8.15%
E)9.32%

Question 39

Empirical observation of employment and real-wage fluctuations over the business cycle in Canada and other developed countries

A)is not able to refute the market-clearing theory of unemployment.
B)shows that employment is volatile and real wages are not.
C)shows that real wages are volatile and employment levels are not.
D)supports the market-clearing theory that there is no involuntary unemployment.
E)supports the market-clearing theory that labour markets always clear.

Question 40

What economists sometimes call "voluntary unemployment" occurs when

A)a job is available but the worker has not yet found it.
B)the level of real GDP is at or above the economy's potential output.
C)a person is willing to accept a job at the going wage rate but cannot find one.
D)a worker enters the job market for the first time.
E)a worker is not willing to accept an available job at the going wage rate.

Question 41

The market-clearing and non-market-clearing theories of unemployment both agree that

A)actual unemployment rates will equal the NAIRU in the long run.
B)wages and prices are perfectly flexible.
C)unemployment is always voluntary.
D)actual output adjusts only gradually to potential output.
E)wages are rigid and adjust only over the long run.

Question 42

Which statement by an employer is consistent with the efficiency wage theory?

A)"I pay more than the going rate so that my employees work hard."
B)"I pay only enough to attract workers who are at the bottom of the pay scale."
C)"I love it when unemployment goes up because that drives down my wage costs."
D)"Workers can always find jobs,if only they lower their expectations."
E)"Unions have only their current members' interests at heart."

Question 43

Non-market-clearing theories of the labour market feature ________ wages,and thus involuntary unemployment ________.

A)perfectly flexible; cannot exist
B)perfectly flexible; can exist
C)sticky; cannot exist
D)sticky; can exist
E)efficiency wages; cannot exist

Question 44

Wage contracts are often set for periods of up to three years.As a result,fluctuations in aggregate demand and aggregate supply tend to

A)cause changes in the amount of involuntary unemployment.
B)cause greater inflexibility of wages.
C)have no effect in labour markets until wages are renegotiated.
D)clear the labour market.
E)either increase or decrease the NAIRU.

Question 45

The labour market in the diagram below begins in equilibrium with a real wage of $10 and quantity employed of 1000. FIGURE 30-1
Refer to Figure 30-1.The economy begins with D₀ and S₀.Suppose there is a positive shock to the economy which shifts the demand for labour curve to D₂.Which of the following explains why the wage might rise only to $11 but not enough to clear the market?
1)Firms may find it costly to make large changes in wages.
2)Wages are set only infrequently in contracts and are thus slow to respond to changes in demand.
3)The wage rate is slow to adjust when there are long-term employment relationships.

A)1 and 2
B)2 and 3
C)1,2,and 3
D)2 only
E)3 only

Question 46

"Efficiency wages" are said to exist when wages are

A)such that cyclical unemployment is zero.
B)such that the NAIRU is zero.
C)high enough above market levels that workers increase their productivity.
D)equal to the market wage.
E)just high enough to induce a worker to take a job.

Question 47

Involuntary unemployment in a labour market is said to exist when the wage is ________ the market-clearing wage,this creating an excess ________ labour.

A)greater than; demand for
B)greater than; supply of
C)equal to; employment of
D)less than; supply of
E)less than; demand for

Question 48

A likely consequence of firms paying "efficiency wages" is

A)decreased unemployment.
B)increased unemployment.
C)lower real wages for employed workers.
D)more competitive labour markets.
E)rapid wage adjustment in the face of labour-market changes.

Question 49

Long-term labour contracts are an important feature of ________ theories of the labour market.In contrast to a world with continuous bargaining of wages and employment,the existence of such contracts leads to a labour market in which involuntary unemployment is ________.

A)non-market-clearing; possible
B)non-market-clearing; impossible
C)market-clearing; possible
D)market-clearing; impossible
E)market-clearing; always present

Question 50

The theory of "efficiency wages" provides

A)a way in which firms can pay workers less than the market-clearing wage.
B)an explanation for the high wages that unions are able to extract from firms.
C)many firms with a good reason to dismiss workers.
D)most workers with a good reason to quit.
E)one explanation for why wages do not readily fall in response to excess supply in labour markets.

Question 51

The labour market in the diagram below begins in equilibrium with a real wage of $10 and quantity employed of 1000. FIGURE 30-1
Refer to Figure 30-1.The economy begins with D₀ and S₀.Suppose there is a positive shock to the economy,which shifts the demand for labour curve to D₂,and the wage rate rises to $11.The result is

A)cyclical unemployment of 200 workers.
B)excess supply of labour of 300 workers.
C)excess demand for labour of 300 workers.
D)excess supply of labour of 200 workers.
E)excess demand for labour of 200 workers.

Question 52

A central argument of non-market-clearing theories of unemployment is that

A)labour markets will clear and unemployment will thereby be eliminated.
B)all unemployment is caused by government intervention in the economy.
C)all unemployment arises from firms being unwilling to hire extra workers.
D)even competitive labour markets cannot be relied upon to eliminate involuntary unemployment.
E)monetary policy is rarely effective at reducing unemployment.

Question 53

The theory of "efficiency wages" suggests that a pool of involuntarily unemployed workers

A)quickly disappears because perfectly-flexible wages eliminates this inefficient waste of resources.
B)exists only between sessions of wage re-negotiation.
C)is comprised solely of workers who have failed to meet the productivity standards of potential employers.
D)is irrelevant to the behaviour of employed workers.
E)provides an incentive for employees to work hard so they are not laid off.

Question 54

The labour market in the diagram below begins in equilibrium with a real wage of $10 and quantity employed of 1000. FIGURE 30-1
Refer to Figure 30-1.The economy begins with D₀ and S₀.Suppose there is a negative shock to the economy,which shifts the demand for labour curve to D₁.An outcome consistent with non-market-clearing theories of unemployment is

A)the wage rate would fall to $8,employment would fall to 800,causing involuntary unemployment of 200 workers.
B)wages would be sticky and would adjust downward to,perhaps $9,causing involuntary unemployment of 300 workers at that wage.
C)the wage rate would fall to $8,employment would fall to 800 and there would be no unemployment.
D)wages would be sticky and would adjust downward to,perhaps $9,causing involuntary unemployment of 200 workers at that wage.
E)all markets would clear,causing the demand for labour curve to shift back to D₀ and the wage rate and employment levels would return to their original levels.

Question 55

In non-market-clearing theories of the labour market an important explanation for the existence of involuntary unemployment is that labour markets exhibit

A)an elastic labour demand curve.
B)perfectly flexible wages.
C)rigid or sticky wages.
D)unshifting labour demand.
E)unshifting labour supply.

Question 56

What economists call "involuntary unemployment" occurs when

A)a job is available but the worker has not yet found it.
B)the level of real GDP is at or above the economy's potential output.
C)a person is willing to accept a job at the going wage rate but cannot find one.
D)a person enters the job market for the first time.
E)a person is not willing to accept an available job at the going wage rate.

Question 57

The labour market in the diagram below begins in equilibrium with a real wage of $10 and quantity employed of 1000. FIGURE 30-1
Refer to Figure 30-1.The economy begins with D₀ and S₀.Suppose there is a negative shock to the economy,which shifts the demand for labour curve to D₁.In the market-clearing theory of unemployment,

A)wages would be sticky and would adjust downward to,perhaps $9,causing involuntary unemployment of 200 workers.
B)the wage rate would fall to $8,employment would fall to 800,causing involuntary unemployment of 200 workers.
C)wages would be sticky and would adjust downward to,perhaps $9,causing involuntary unemployment of 300 workers.
D)the wage rate would fall to $8,employment would fall to 800 and there would be no unemployment.
E)all markets would clear,causing the demand for labour curve to shift back to D₀ and the wage rate and employment levels would return to their original levels.

Question 58

The main difference between market-clearing and non-market-clearing models of the economy is

A)the long-run path of wages.
B)the long-run path of employment.
C)the degree of wage and price flexibility in the short run.
D)the long-run path of output.
E)the tendency for output to return to potential in the long run.

Question 59

Retaining a core group of experienced employees that feels entitled to some degree of job security requires that in a recession firms hold wages ________ the market-clearing level,thus ________ involuntary unemployment.

A)above; avoiding
B)above; creating
C)equal to; avoiding
D)below; avoiding
E)below; creating

Question 60

The labour market in the diagram below begins in equilibrium with a real wage of $10 and quantity employed of 1000. FIGURE 30-1
Refer to Figure 30-1.Given the labour supply and labour demand curves, and ,which of the following statements is true in the market-clearing theory of unemployment?

A)At any wage above $10,there is an excess demand for labour,and the wage will be driven down.
B)At any wage above $10,there is an excess supply of labour,and the wage will be driven down.
C)At any wage above $10,there is persistent,involuntary unemployment.
D)At any wage below $10,there is an excess supply of labour,and the wage will be driven up.
E)At any wage below $10,there is an excess demand for labour,and the wage will be driven down.

Question 61

Suppose there are 2000 unemployed textile workers in Quebec and 2000 vacant positions in Alberta oil production.We say that this unemployment is

A)cyclical.
B)hysteresis.
C)efficient.
D)structural.
E)frictional.

Question 62

The normal turnover of workers and the usual time it takes to find a satisfactory job causes ________ unemployment to persist even at potential GDP.

A)excess
B)cyclical
C)frictional
D)involuntary
E)structural

Question 63

Another name for "frictional" unemployment is

A)economic unemployment.
B)real-wage unemployment.
C)recessional unemployment.
D)search unemployment.
E)structural unemployment.

Question 64

The concept of "full employment" refers to a situation in which there exists

A)an unemployment rate of less than 5%.
B)no job vacancies at the time.
C)only structural and/or frictional unemployment.
D)only involuntary unemployment.
E)a measured unemployment rate of zero.

Question 65

Other things being equal,improvements in the efficiency of labour markets that make it easier for firms to advertise prospective jobs and which reduce the effort of workers to search for jobs will

A)decrease cyclical unemployment.
B)decrease frictional unemployment.
C)increase frictional unemployment.
D)increase structural unemployment.
E)increase NAIRU.

Question 66

Suppose a free-trade agreement with Central America eliminates all tariffs on imported textiles from those countries.Which type of unemployment will be affected in Canada?

A)frictional unemployment
B)structural unemployment
C)cyclical unemployment
D)seasonal unemployment
E)hidden unemployment

Question 67

Suppose the NAIRU in April,2015 is 7.2%.If the actual unemployment rate is 8.1%,then

A)there is an inflationary gap.
B)0.9 percentage points are due to cyclical factors.
C)the sum of frictional and structural unemployment is greater than the NAIRU.
D)the NAIRU has increased by 0.9 percentage points.
E)cyclical unemployment is 8.1%.

Question 68

Suppose that in PetroLand the oil fields in the western region suddenly stop producing,causing oil companies to shift activities to their fields in the eastern region.This is bound to cause some ________ unemployment in the western region of the country's economy.

A)cyclical
B)efficiency-wage
C)frictional
D)structural
E)voluntary

Question 69

Technological changes over time caused workers who in the past produced such things as telephone books,video cassettes,or worked as travel agents to become ________ unemployed,at least until they could be re-employed in other industries.

A)frictionally
B)cyclically
C)seasonally
D)structurally
E)voluntarily

Question 70

When the total number of unfilled job openings in the economy is equal to the total number of persons unemployed,________ is zero.

A)cyclical unemployment
B)frictional unemployment
C)involuntary unemployment
D)the NAIRU
E)structural unemployment

Question 71

The kind of unemployment that results when actual real GDP is less than potential GDP is known as ________ unemployment.

A)cyclical
B)frictional
C)natural
D)structural
E)voluntary

Question 72

An unemployed worker can be identified as being "cyclically" unemployed if

A)minimum wage laws prevent the worker from finding a job.
B)the worker has a different set of skills than what is desired by firms.
C)the worker quits a job in order to search for a better one.
D)the worker wants to work only during certain months of the year.
E)there is an economic downturn and the worker is laid off.

Question 73

Which of the following statements about frictional unemployment is most accurate?

A)The only way to reduce it is to shift the AD curve to the left.
B)The only way to reduce it is to shift the AD curve to the right.
C)Its source is that unemployed workers and the employers with suitable job vacancies have not yet found each other.
D)It exists when only there are no jobs for the unemployed people in the economy.
E)Its source is a mismatch between the needs of employers with job vacancies and the unemployed workers.

Question 74

Other things being equal,a macroeconomic shock that leads to an inflationary output gap results in

A)a decrease in cyclical unemployment.
B)a decrease in NAIRU.
C)an increase in NAIRU.
D)a decrease in frictional unemployment.
E)a decrease in structural unemployment.

Question 75

An unemployed worker can be identified as being "frictionally" unemployed if

A)minimum wage laws prevent the worker from finding a job.
B)the worker has a different set of skills than what is desired by firms.
C)the worker quits a job in order to search for a better one.
D)the worker wants to work only during certain months of the year.
E)there is a recession and the worker is laid off.

Question 76

An unemployed worker can be identified as being "structurally" unemployed if

A)minimum wage laws prevent the worker from finding a job.
B)the worker has a different set of skills than what is desired by firms.
C)the worker quits a job in order to search for a better one.
D)the worker wants to work only during certain months of the year.
E)there is a recession and the worker is laid off.

Question 77

The best description of the cause of "cyclical" unemployment is that

A)firms engage in race,gender and sex discrimination in their hiring practices.
B)some individuals do not have marketable skills for the jobs that do exist.
C)the AD curve shifts to the right.
D)the level of overall economic activity falls below its potential level.
E)workers often voluntarily quit a job to look for a better job.

Question 78

In macroeconomic theories of national-income determination,short-run changes in real GDP are typically associated with changes in ________ unemployment.

A)frictional
B)structural
C)cyclical
D)voluntary
E)efficiency-wage

Question 79

Other things being equal,when changes in technology cause some industries to decline and other industries to expand the result is

A)a decrease in cyclical unemployment.
B)a decrease in NAIRU.
C)an increase in NAIRU.
D)an increase in frictional unemployment.
E)an increase in structural unemployment.

Question 80

Consider Canada's employment insurance (EI)program,which provides benefits to eligible unemployed workers.If the program is designed such that benefits are more generous in regions with higher rates of unemployment,then we can expect that

A)cyclical unemployment will increase.
B)frictional unemployment will decrease because workers have more time to find a well-suited job.
C)the NAIRU will decrease.
D)labour markets will adapt to changes more quickly as a result.
E)structural unemployment will increase and the NAIRU will be higher than otherwise.