Deck 18: Rotter and Mischel: Cognitive Social Learning Theory

Question 1

Kelly's belief that alternative constructions are always possible reflects the philosophical position of

A)the plasticity corollary.
B)Rep test revisionism.
C)the phenomenological postulate.
D)radical behaviorism.
E)none of these.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which set of terms is most consistent with Kelly's concept of personal constructs?

A)early childhood experiences
B)archetypes, complexes, and instincts
C)individualized rewards and punishments
D)adolescent development
E)interpretation and explanation of events

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Kelly held that

A)scientific inquiry should be limited to trained scientists.
B)nonscientists make observations and draw conclusions in much the same way as scientists.
C)an overemphasis on scientific method has restricted the growth of psychology.
D)an underemphasis on scientific method has restricted the growth of psychology.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Kelly became a psychotherapist

A)when he found out that the University of Edinburgh had no other openings.
B)because of a chance encounter with Sigmund Freud.
C)to help Kansas students cope with the dust bowl and the Great Depression.
D)to supplement his meager pay as a college professor.

Question 5

Kelly's early background reveals a

A)definitely irregular formal education.
B)close relationship with an older sister.
C)close relationship with an older brother.
D)strong dependence on his parents until he was 30 years old.

Question 6

Kelly's constructive alternativism assumes that

A)people use past events to construct a philosophy of life.
B)people build obstacles in the path toward success.
C)people's conclusions are subject to revision and change.
D)truth is acquired by a piecemeal accumulation of facts.
E)truth is acquired in large pieces by rapid breakthroughs.

Question 7

Kelly called the interpretations people place on events

A)constructs.
B)alternatives.
C)postulates.
D)corollaries.

Question 8

Like Carl Rogers, Kelly believed that his theory of personality

A)emphasizes the importance of unconscious motivation.
B)explains both human and animal behavior.
C)is not subject to change or revision.
D)was tentative and subject to restructuring.
E)does not account for abnormal personality development.

Question 9

Kelly's theory of personal constructs can MOST accurately be called

A)a behavioral theory.
B)a metatheory.
C)an existential theory.
D)a cognitive theory.

Question 10

According to Kelly, a construct is built on at least

A)one comparison and one contrast.
B)one comparison and two contrasts.
C)two comparisons and one contrast.
D)two comparisons and two contrasts.

Question 11

Kelly believed that the conclusions of scientists should be regarded

A)as truth.
B)with skepticism.
C)as folly.
D)as guidelines by which to live a self-fulfilling life.
E)as theories.

Question 12

Kelly called the transparent templates or patterns that help us make sense out of the world

A)paradoxical vision.
B)facts.
C)philosophies.
D)personal constructs.
E)principles of organization.

Question 13

Kelly would agree with Adler

A)that interpretation of events is more important than the events per se.
B)concerning the importance of an individual's early childhood experiences.
C)that personal superiority is the one dynamic force behind people's actions.
D)that the value of a person's life should be judged from the viewpoint of social interest.

Question 14

Define Kelly's concept of role, including core role.

Question 15

Discuss the fundamental postulate of Kelly's theory.

Question 16

The notion that the ONLY reality is our perception reflects the

A)psychoanalytic approach.
B)behavioral view.
C)phenomenological system.
D)personal construct approach.
E)dichotomous view.

Question 17

According to Kelly, facts

A)determine a person's future.
B)are determined by past events.
C)dictate our view of the world.
D)carry meaning for us to discover.
E)are acquired solely through the scientific method.

Question 18

Kelly believed that people's attempts to interpret and explain events is similar to that of

A)teachers.
B)psychologists.
C)artists.
D)scientists.
E)therapists.

Question 19

Unlike Adler, Kelly pointed out that our interpretation of events receive meaning through

A)social interest.
B)self-perception.
C)creative power.
D)a causal view of the universe.
E)the dimension of time.

Question 20

Discuss Kelly's philosophical position.

Question 21

"Persons differ from each other in their construction of events." This is a statement of Kelly's ______ corollary.

A)organization
B)individuality
C)dichotomy
D)choice

Question 22

Kelly held that, generally speaking, people

A)attempt to validate and improve their constructs.
B)are usually unaware of their personal constructs.
C)rarely or never attempt to change their constructs.
D)are totally conscious of their personal constructs.

Question 23

Kelly's organization corollary assumes which type of relationship among constructs?

A)ordinal
B)nominal
C)ratio
D)proportional
E)interval

Question 24

Kelly's basic postulate assumes that behavior is guided by

A)present memories of past experiences.
B)past experiences.
C)future events.
D)present perceptions of future events.

Question 25

Personal construct theory assumes that behavior is

A)shaped by one's past experiences.
B)lawful and predictable.
C)molded by heredity.
D)guided by anticipation of events.

Question 26

Which situation best illustrates Kelly's individuality corollary?

A)Kevin and Ramona both describe rats as "filthy."
B)Kevin observes that plants growing above ground are usually some shade of green.
C)Ramona notices that dogs come in a wide variety of sizes, shapes, and colors.
D)Kevin likes Miss Dawson, his first-grade teacher, but Ramona dislikes her.

Question 27

Regan and Carter are tall; Jeff is fat.Kelly would say that these statements illustrate the incorrect use of a construct because constructs

A)only point to similarities.
B)only emphasize differences.
C)must occur within the same context.
D)must be multidimensional comparisons.

Question 28

Personal constructs, according to Kelly, are

A)convenient for a limited range of events.
B)directed primarily toward the reorganization of past experiences.
C)unnecessary personal communication.
D)made up of ambiguous rather than clear-cut events.

Question 29

According to Kelly, the minimum number of events required to form a construct is

A)one.
B)two.
C)three.
D)four.
E)five.

Question 30

Kelly's notion that a person construes similar events as if those events were identical is what Kelly called the ______ corollary.

A)construction
B)individuality
C)dichotomy
D)comprehensive
E)organization

Question 31

According to Kelly, because individuals have personal investments in their established constructs, they

A)are motivated to perceive reality correctly.
B)are willing to modify their constructs instantly.
C)behave in an adaptive manner.
D)are resistant to changing them.
E)behave in a self-serving manner.

Question 32

Kelly's insistence that a construct is an either/or proposition is reflected in which corollary?

A)dualistic
B)bimodal
C)contrast
D)symmetry
E)dichotomy

Question 33

The idea that people interpret future events according to recurrent themes reflects Kelly's _____ corollary.

A)construction
B)similarity
C)individuality
D)organization

Question 34

Kelly's choice corollary allows people to extend and define

A)future constructs.
B)past experiences.
C)their physiological needs.
D)their superegos.

Question 35

Kelly's theory of personal constructs assumes all BUT:

A)an ever-changing world.
B)an unchanging world.
C)a real world.
D)all of these.
E)none of these.

Question 36

All women are humans: all humans are mammals: all mammals are animals.This statement expresses Kelly's ______ corollary.

A)organization
B)commonality
C)sociality
D)fragmentation
E)individuality

Question 37

According to Kelly, a person's construct system

A)is mostly inherited.
B)is a finite number of opposite constructs.
C)prevents free choice.
D)anticipates an infinite range of events.
E)cannot tolerate incompatible subsystems.

Question 38

Kelly's personal construct theory emphasizes the notion that

A)people are motivated by basic needs, instincts, and drives.
B)human beings are basically social animals.
C)people are constantly changing the way they view events.
D)the world has no objective existence.

Question 39

Kelly's fundamental postulate of personal construct theory

A)states that personality is fictional.
B)reflects objective, scientifically established facts.
C)is a tentative assumption about personality.
D)illustrates a phenomenological approach.
E)points to the biological origins of personality.

Question 40

People arrange their constructs to avoid conflicts and transcend contradictions.This illustrates Kelly's ______ corollary.

A)dichotomy
B)construction
C)choice
D)individuality
E)organization

Question 41

While talking with Connor, Matt anticipates what Connor will say next.This event is best accounted for by Kelly's ______ corollary.

A)sociality
B)modulation
C)dichotomy
D)range

Question 42

According to Kelly, our pattern of behavior that results from our understanding of the constructs of others is our

A)personality.
B)role.
C)trait.
D)socioeconomic status.

Question 43

Grant tends to see all his experiences with women as power struggles.Which of Kelly's corollaries is best illustrated by Grant's refusal to change his attitude toward women?

A)dichotomy corollary
B)choice corollary
C)range corollary
D)modulation corollary
E)fragmentation corollary

Question 44

According to Kelly, people's processes will be psychologically similar if these people

A)experience the same event.
B)experience a similar but not identical event.
C)construe similar events differently.
D)construe events in a similar manner.

Question 45

Kelly might explain client resistance and negative transference during psychotherapy as a means of reducing

A)fear.
B)threat.
C)anxiety.
D)guilt.
E)constructs.

Question 46

Psychological disorders, Kelly said, result from

A)trauma experienced during an individual's early childhood.
B)genetic defects.
C)an underdeveloped personal construction system.
D)personal constructs that are too permeable or too inflexible.
E)too many personal constructs.

Question 47

For Kelly, "any personal construction that is used repeatedly in spite of consistent invalidation" defines

A)stupidity.
B)psychological disorder.
C)a learning disability.
D)unmotivated behavior.
E)adaptation.

Question 48

Which of these statements would Kelly say represents a construct as opposed to a concept?

A)Roses are red.
B)Chris is taller than Pat, but not as heavy.
C)Jupiter is both a planet and a Roman god.
D)Trees lose their leaves in the autumn.

Question 49

To Kelly, our actions are shaped by

A)our past experiences.
B)environmental events.
C)our anticipation of events.
D)positive and negative reinforcers.

Question 50

Kelly's fragmentation corollary

A)assumes the rigidity of behavior.
B)accounts for all behaviors not explained by his other corollaries.
C)is his fundamental postulate.
D)accounts for people holding seemingly incompatible constructs.

Question 51

Kelly called those roles that give us a sense of identity and provide guidelines for living ______ roles.

A)core
B)peripheral
C)central
D)personal
E)cardinal

Question 52

Kelly believed that our definition of our self in terms of who we really are is

A)our core role.
B)our peripheral role.
C)our subjective role.
D)our objective role.

Question 53

Kelly's fragmentation corollary allows for

A)an absence of dichotomous constructs.
B)a blending of similar constructs.
C)coexistence of incompatible elements.
D)the lack of permeable constructs.

Question 54

Kelly stated that people belong to the same cultural group because they

A)behave in a similar fashion.
B)choose to do so.
C)construe their experience in the same way.
D)are bound together by time and geography.

Question 55

Kelly believed that psychologically healthy people are similar to

A)competent scientists.
B)skillful mechanics.
C)creative artists.
D)helpful therapists.
E)writers of fiction.

Question 56

It is not what happens around us that make us experienced; it is successive construing and reconstruing that enriches our lives.This statement reflects Kelly's ______ corollary.

A)range
B)fragmentation
C)commonality
D)experience

Question 57

The fact that two people may see two different events in a similar fashion is explained by Kelly's _______ corollary.

A)fragmentation
B)sociality
C)modulation
D)range
E)commonality

Question 58

According to Kelly, a permeable construct

A)results in delusions and hallucinations.
B)facilitates change and adaptation.
C)leads to rigid, inflexible opinions.
D)leads to rigid, inflexible actions.

Question 59

According to Kelly, dichotomies will ______ a construct's range of convenience.

A)limit
B)expand
C)contrast
D)energize

Question 60

According to Kelly, psychologically unhealthy people

A)have few, if any, personal constructs.
B)have too many personal constructs.
C)cling to outdated personal constructs.
D)reject invalid personal constructs.

Question 61

The awareness of an immediate and basic change to our core structures is Kelly's definition of

A)anxiety.
B)threat.
C)fear.
D)doubt.
E)guilt.

Question 62

The purpose of Kelly's fixed-role therapy is to

A)solve specific problems.
B)reconstruct permeable personal constructs.
C)allow clients to discover hidden aspects of themselves.
D)help clients function more productively in their jobs.
E)help clients function more productively in their marriages.

Question 63

According to Kelly, what results when incompatible constructs become intolerable and people's construction system breaks down?

A)pathological anxiety
B)learning disability
C)minor stress
D)permanent insanity
E)core structure strength

Question 64

As a scientific theory, Kelly's psychology of constructs is rated highest on its

A)organizing knowledge.
B)generating research.
C)guidance of action.
D)internal consistency.

Question 65

According to Kelly, why should a therapist help clients change their construct systems?

A)to increase their number of core roles
B)to decrease their number of core roles
C)to improve their efficiency in making predictions
D)to enable them to understand the nature of mental illness

Question 66

Before developing fixed-role therapy, Kelly used an unusual procedure for modifying constructs.This procedure involved

A)encouraging his clients to act out their dreams.
B)offering "preposterous interpretations" to explain clients' behavior.
C)using himself as the model to be imitated in therapy.
D)refusing to see clients for six months after the initial therapy session.

Question 67

A student is given a Role Title List and asked to designate people who fit the various role titles on the list.This is part of the procedure for the

A)Role Construct Repertory Test.
B)Construct Aptitude Test.
C)Role Construct Orientation.
D)Construct Evaluation Survey.
E)Core Construct Checklist.

Question 68

According to Kelly, when people act in ways inconsistent with their core roles, they experience

A)threat.
B)anxiety.
C)fear.
D)guilt.
E)shame.

Question 69

The purpose of Kelly's Rep test is to

A)reconstruct patients' obsolete personal constructs.
B)learn how clients construe significant people in their lives.
C)provide the therapist with a differential diagnosis of patients.
D)uncover previously repressed conflicts.

Question 70

Personal constructs on Kelly's repertory grid consist of two poles:

A)conscious and unconscious.
B)adaptive and maladaptive.
C)unitary and dichotomous.
D)emergent and implicit.
E)permeable and impermeable.

Question 71

When incompatible constructs can no longer be tolerated, a person is said to become

A)threatened.
B)anxious.
C)frightened.
D)frustrated.
E)fragmented.

Question 72

accurately predicted that

A)those using gender most were more likely to stereotype.
B)women were more likely to employ stereotypes than men.
C)men were more likely to employ stereotypes than women.
D)none of these.

Question 73

According to Kelly, fear is unlike threat in that fear

A)involves a comprehensive change in core structures.
B)requires a comprehensive change in peripheral structures.
C)involves incidental modification of personal constructs.
D)is a product of fixed-role therapy.

Question 74

Kelly's view of human nature was essentially

A)optimistic.
B)pessimistic.
C)deterministic.
D)causal.
E)biological.

Question 75

With Kelly's fixed-role therapy,

A)the client and therapist work out a predetermined role for the client to play.
B)the construction systems of other people are anticipated.
C)neither of these occurs.
D)both of these occur.