Deck 10: Rogers: Person-Centered Theory

Question 1

Discuss the necessary and sufficient conditions for psychological growth,as postulated by Rogers.

Answer 1

A.Rogers believed that for therapeutic growth to take place,certain conditions are necessary,three of which are both necessary and sufficient.
B.For therapeutic growth to take place,an anxious or vulnerable person must come into contact with a congruent person who demonstrates empathy and unconditional positive regard for the first person.The first person must recognize the empathy and unconditional positive regard of the other person.In addition,the relationship must be of some undetermined duration.
C.Congruence exists when a person's organismic experiences are matched by an awareness of them and by an ability and willingness to express these feelings openly.Rogers also use the terms genuine,authentic,and real to express this concept.
D.Positive regard is the need to be liked,prized,loved,or accepted by another,and when that need is fulfilled with no strings attached,a person experiences unconditional positive regard.Rogers also used the terms nonpossessive warmth and acceptance to express unconditional positive regard.
E.Empathy exists when one person accurately senses the feelings of another and is able and willing to communicate these perceptions so that the second person feels that the other has entered into his or her world of feelings without prejudice or evaluation.Rogers also used the term empathic listening to express this concept.

Question 2

Rogers's early approach to therapy was most influenced by
A)Otto Rank.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)E.L.Thorndike.
D)Alfred Adler.
E)Erich Fromm.

A)Otto Rank.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)
D)Alfred Adler.
E)Erich Fromm.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What condition did Rogers believe must be present in a relationship that leads to psychological growth?

A)genuineness
B)unconditional acceptance
C)empathy
D)All of these are correct.
E)None of these is correct.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Rogers's theory of personality evolved out of

A)his experiences as a client-centered therapist.
B)his training in the physical and biological sciences.
C)his period of education at Union Theological Seminary.
D)the philosophical influence of John Dewey.

Question 5

As an adolescent,Rogers

A)was closer to his father than to his mother.
B)was shy and socially incompetent.
C)was greatly admired by family and friends.
D)aspired to become a psychologist.

Question 6

Rogers called the tendency for matter (organic and inorganic) to evolve from simpler to more complex forms

A)the formative tendency.
B)the actualizing tendency.
C)self-actualization.
D)the transcendent function.

Question 7

"I lived my childhood as a middle child in a large,close-knit family,where hard work and a highly conservative (almost fundamentalist) Protestant Christianity were about equally revered.When the family moved to a farm,I became less interested in farming and more deeply involved in religious activities on my college campus".The author of this quote is most likely

A)Carl Rogers.
B)Gordon Allport.
C)Harry Stack Sullivan.
D)A.H.Maslow.
E)Rollo May.

Question 8

During the early phase of his counseling career,Rogers was influenced by the practice,but not the theory,of

A)John Dewey.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)Alfred Adler.
D)A.H.Maslow.

Question 9

Before entering Columbia University to study psychology and education,Carl Rogers had planned to become

A)a minister.
B)a lawyer.
C)an actor.
D)a psychiatrist.
E)a football coach.

Question 10

Describe Rogers' notion of the self and self-actualization.

Question 11

Rogers's approach to therapy is best termed

A)nondirective.
B)cognitive.
C)social learning.
D)client-centered.
E)rational-emotional.

Question 12

According to Rogers,a portion of one's experience becomes differentiated into

A)the individual's ego.
B)sense of self-identity.
C)the Imperial Me.
D)the phenomenal field.

Question 13

Rogers believed that infants evaluate their experiences as positive or negative by the criteria of

A)the formative tendency.
B)the actualization tendency.
C)the self-actualization tendency.
D)the ideal self.
E)their parents' ideals.

Question 14

Describe Rogers's concepts of the formative and actualizing tendencies.

Question 15

A person's inner abilities to solve problems,alter self-concept,and become more self-directed reflect Rogers's concept of

A)the formative tendency.
B)the actualizing tendency.
C)genuineness.
D)the ideal self.

Question 16

In Rogers's theory,self-actualization is

A)synonymous with the actualizing tendency.
B)synonymous with the formative tendency.
C)a subsystem of the actualizing tendency.
D)the process of forming the perceived self.

Question 17

Carl Rogers is best known as

A)a philosopher of science.
B)the first president of the American Psychological Association.
C)the originator of the first projective technique of personality assessment.
D)the founder of client-centered therapy.

Question 18

Rogers's therapeutic approach at the University of Chicago emphasized

A)the advantages of a psychoanalytic approach.
B)a blend of psychological and psychiatric approaches.
C)the use of untrained laypersons to treat patients.
D)the importance of the therapist-client relationship.
E)the use of extensive psychological testing to classify mental disorders.

Question 19

For Rogers,all behavior is relative to the

A)cognitive self.
B)ideal self.
C)genuine self.
D)formative tendency.
E)actualizing tendency.

Question 20

According to Rogers,

A)everyone possesses the actualizing tendency.
B)fewer than 5 percent of the population possess the actualizing tendency.
C)everyone achieves self-actualization.
D)about half of the population possesses the actualizing tendency.

Question 21

Rogers said that an established self-concept

A)facilitates psychological growth.
B)is usually congruent with the organismic self.
C)is ordinarily more inflated than the ideal self.
D)renders change and growth more difficult.

Question 22

Laura has just complimented Mitzi for her cooking.Mitzi regards herself as a very mediocre cook.According to Rogerian theory,Laura's remarks will

A)be easily accepted into Mitzi's self-concept.
B)alter Mitzi's organismic self.
C)be distorted by Mitzi.
D)allow Mitzi to experience some congruence.
E)be repressed by Mitzi.

Question 23

According to Rogers,when people are unaware of the discrepancy between their self and their experience,they become

A)anxious.
B)threatened.
C)vulnerable.
D)apathetic.

Question 24

Rogers claimed that incongruence exists when a person

A)lacks empathy.
B)feels a discrepancy of self-concept versus ideal self.
C)lacks the ability to actualize the formative tendency.
D)receives only a minimal level of external evaluation.

Question 25

For Rogers,the source of people's positive self-regard is

A)other people's positive regard toward them.
B)outstanding personal achievements.
C)the conditions of worth they receive from others.
D)a pattern of successfully responding to other's criticisms.

Question 26

Rogers believed that conflict and inner tension are a result of a discrepancy between the

A)formative and actualizing tendencies.
B)formative and self-actualization tendencies.
C)actualizing and self-actualization tendencies.
D)ego and ego-ideal.
E)ego and superego.

Question 27

For Rogers,the ideal self

A)includes the formative tendency.
B)is the ultimate goal of the actualizing tendency.
C)is one's view of how one would like to be.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 28

According to Rogers,positive external evaluations

A)do not foster psychological health.
B)enhance the organismic self.
C)minimize incongruence.
D)lead to satisfaction of the actualization tendency.
E)None of these is correct.

Question 29

Rogers believed that healthy individuals evaluate their experience from the viewpoint of

A)their ideal self.
B)their organismic self.
C)their significant others.
D)their self-concept.
E)their society.

Question 30

According to Rogers,experiences inconsistent with one's self-concept are

A)not readily accepted into the self-concept.
B)often denied.
C)often accepted only in distorted forms.
D)All of these are correct.
E)None of these is correct.

Question 31

"The symbolic representation (not necessarily in verbal symbols) of some portion of our experience" is Rogers' definition of

A)awareness.
B)ideal self.
C)self-concept.
D)self-actualization.

Question 32

According to Rogers,for a psychologically healthy person,

A)there is a close agreement between ideal self and perceived self.
B)the organismic self learns to be consistent with the self-concept.
C)the ideal self remains on a higher level than the organismic self.
D)there is a wide gap between the ideal self and the perceived self.

Question 33

According to Rogers,the ______ includes all those aspects of one's being and one's experience that are perceived in awareness.

A)self-concept
B)ideal-self
C)real self
D)organismic self
E)imaginary self

Question 34

Rogers believed that people's positive self-regard

A)can exist independently of other people's attitudes toward them.
B)depends on other people's continual positive attitude toward them.
C)depends on other people's continual negative attitude toward them.
D)blocks their growth toward self-actualization.

Question 35

According to Rogers,______ is a person's need to be loved,liked,or accepted by another person.

A)enhancement
B)positive regard
C)social reinforcement
D)empathy
E)conditions of worth

Question 36

To Rogers,the basic ingredient of maladjustment is

A)sexual experiences that have been repressed.
B)discrepancy of organismic vs.perceived self.
C)a low expectation of success by the individual.
D)an approach-avoidance conflict in the individual.
E)insecurity in the individual.

Question 37

Rogers said that evaluations of a person by others tend to

A)be readily incorporated into the person's self-concept.
B)enhance change and growth.
C)distort the person's self-concept.
D)have a positive influence on the self-concept.

Question 38

According to Rogers,the two subsystems of the self are the

A)ego and the superego.
B)self-concept and the ideal self.
C)self-system and the real self.
D)proprium and the ego.

Question 39

Lauren perceives another person's evaluation of her.Rogers believed that Lauren will

A)deny the evaluation.
B)experience conditions of worth.
C)learn something of value from the experience.
D)develop unconditional positive regard for that person.

Question 40

According to Rogers,compliments and positive feedback

A)will not usually enhance a person's self-concept.
B)seldom have a positive influence on self-concept.
C)may be denied or distorted by the person receiving them.
D)All of these are correct.
E)None of these is correct.

Question 41

According to Rogers,when therapists experience "a warm,positive and accepting attitude toward what is the client",they

A)have unconditional positive regard for that client.
B)experience conditions of worth toward that client.
C)demonstrate feelings of empathy for that client.
D)possess positive self-regard for that client.

Question 42

In describing psychological maladjustment,Rogers preferred to speak of it in terms of

A)ego defense mechanisms.
B)traditional psychological and psychiatric classifications.
C)diagnostic labels applied to individuals.
D)defensive and disorganized behavior.

Question 43

When a person becomes vaguely aware that the discrepancy between experience and self may become conscious,Rogers said that he or she will develop a feeling of

A)congruence.
B)negative self-regard.
C)anxiety.
D)vulnerability.

Question 44

Rogers believed that the successful therapist

A)must be congruent in all human relationships.
B)must be congruent in the counseling relationship.
C)should withhold negative feelings toward clients.
D)will have a Ph.D.in clinical psychology.

Question 45

According to Rogers,which of these conditions would be MOST therapeutic?

A)sympathy
B)advice
C)conditions of worth
D)empathy
E)diagnosis

Question 46

Rogers' basic assumption in therapy was that

A)people will move toward self-actualization only when they completely understand,through therapy,the reasons for their behavior.
B)people will become psychologically adjusted when they resolve their sexual conflicts.
C)psychological growth is enhanced when clients receive empathy and unconditional positive regard from a congruent therapist.
D)anxiety and threat must be extinguished within the therapeutic relationship before psychological growth can take place.

Question 47

Which of these conditions did Rogers NOT see as a "necessary and sufficient" ingredient in therapeutic growth?

A)empathy
B)problem solving
C)unconditional positive regard
D)counselor congruence

Question 48

Rogers believed the most basic condition for psychological growth is

A)conditions of worth.
B)self-regard.
C)congruence.
D)unconditional positive regard.

Question 49

Disorganization exists,Rogers said,when

A)a person becomes overly defensive.
B)an individual's perception of some threat becomes conscious.
C)an individual's perception of some threat becomes unconscious.
D)normal defenses do not reconcile experiences with view of self.
E)negative regard from others becomes conscious in an individual.

Question 50

Rogers believed that after client-centered counseling is successful,clients ideally will

A)become their own therapists.
B)solve their interpersonal problems.
C)feel conditions of worth.
D)understand the reasons for their illness.
E)extinguish fear and anxiety responses.

Question 51

According to Rogers's view of the therapeutic process,psychological growth appears to be irreversible at the _____ stage.

A)7^th
B)6^th
C)5^th
D)4^th

Question 52

To Rogers,congruent people are

A)almost perfectly adjusted to their environment.
B)aware of and able to express their feelings.
C)not completely adjusted to their environment.
D)unmotivated.

Question 53

What stage of Rogers's therapeutic process is characterized by avoidance of present feelings and a discussion limited to past or future emotions?

A)1^st
B)2^nd
C)3^rd
D)6^th
E)7^th

Question 54

45 In a state of disorganization,people's behavior may be consistent with their

A)actualizing tendency.
B)shattered self-concept.
C)formative tendency.
D)disorganizational tendency.

Question 55

Rogers would say that unconditional positive regard is at greatest variance with

A)prizing.
B)nonpossessive warmth.
C)external evaluation.
D)love.

Question 56

For Rogers,empathy is an effective part of therapy because it

A)actualizes the formative tendency.
B)enhances conditions of worth.
C)helps clients listen to their organismic self.
D)activates the ideal self.
E)facilitates development of adaptive incongruence.

Question 57

Rogers stated that therapists will be more effective if they communicate ______ to the client.

A)all genuine feelings
B)only positive genuine feelings
C)only negative genuine feelings
D)conditions of worth

Question 58

According to Rogers,the two most frequent defensive reactions are

A)repression and regression.
B)denial and distortion.
C)fixation and sublimation.
D)withdrawal and aggression.
E)denial and regression.

Question 59

The misinterpretation of an experience in order to make it fit some aspect of one's self-concept matches Rogers' concept of

A)distortion.
B)denial.
C)sublimating tendency.
D)condition of worth.

Question 60

Rogers held that if certain therapeutic conditions are present,then people will

A)move toward psychological growth.
B)experience anxiety and fear.
C)be free of anxiety and fear.
D)experience incongruence between self and ideal self.

Question 61

In general,the Chicago studies demonstrated that client-centered therapy

A)is ineffective.
B)is likely to produce a fully-functioning individual.
C)is more effective than psychoanalysis.
D)led to long-term positive growth for some clients.

Question 62

Rogers's concept of humanity is basically

A)deterministic and pessimistic.
B)biological.
C)positive and optimistic.
D)idealistic.

Question 63

In his philosophy of science,Rogers argued that methodology must be

A)intuitive.
B)subjective.
C)resacralized.
D)objective.

Question 64

Rogers referred to the tendency for the person of tomorrow to live in the present moment as

A)self-actualization.
B)positive regard.
C)existential living.
D)transcendence of time.

Question 65

Research measuring congruency between our perceived selves and our ideal selves has found

A)that individuals in an incongruent state are more likely to turn to alcohol other unhealthy behaviors as means of coping.
B)that individuals with high levels of self-discrepancy are most likely to experience high levels of negative affect (i.e.,depression and anxiety).
C)Neither of these is correct.
D)Both of these are correct.

Question 66

The research on the effectiveness of client-centered therapy reported by Rogers and Dymond indicated that after therapy,clients

A)showed greater discrepancy between self and ideal self.
B)showed more movement to growth than a matched group of control participants.
C)were more psychologically healthy than a matched group of control participants.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 67

Which term is LEAST appropriate as applied to Carl Rogers?

A)scientist
B)philosopher
C)researcher
D)therapist
E)theorist

Question 68

Which of these is NOT characteristic of Rogers's "person of tomorrow"?

A)openness to experience
B)trust in other individuals
C)constant state of change
D)harmonious relations with others

Question 69

In studies of the relationship between self and ideal self,Rogers found that

A)psychologically healthy people show little discrepancy between self and ideal self.
B)paranoid schizophrenic patients showed little discrepancy between self and ideal self.
C)the real self is seldom rated higher than the ideal self.
D)the ideal self is never rated higher than the real self.