Deck 19: Regulation of Metabolism

Question 1

Which of the following minerals is needed only in trace amounts by the body?

A)sodium
B)potassium
C)iron
D)calcium

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT an essential amino acid?

A)leucine
B)valine
C)lysine
D)proline

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Individuals consuming diets containing omega-3 fatty acids are less likely to develop cardiovascular disease.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Wound healing would be delayed due to a lack of

A) vitamin E.
B) vitamin C.
C) potassium.
D) vitamin A.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of derivatives of water-soluble vitamins?

A)coenzymes in metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
B)forming hydrogen carriers NAD and FAD
C)cofactors for enzymes
D)intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate

Question 6

One gram of fat contains more energy than 2 grams of protein.

Question 7

Which of the following acts as an antioxidant within the body?

A)vitamin C
B)vitamin A
C)vitamin K
D)niacin

Question 8

Blood clotting requires

A) vitamin C.
B) vitamin D.
C) vitamin K.
D) vitamin E.

Question 9

Fatty acids which have double bonds between the carbons are called saturated fatty acids.

Question 10

Strict vegetarians may be susceptible to

A)pernicious anemia.
B)night blindness.
C)pellagra.
D)scurvy.

Question 11

The main factor determining differences in energy requirements of individuals of similar gender and weight is the difference in

A)physical activity.
B)genetics.
C)body temperature.
D)height.

Question 12

If an individual consumes excess calories in the form of carbohydrates, the excess energy is stored as

A)glycogen.
B)structural carbohydrates.
C)fat.
D)skeletal muscle.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?

A)vitamin E
B)vitamin A
C)vitamin C
D)vitamin D

Question 14

The vitamin D derivative calcipotriene is used to treat the skin condition

A)pellagra.
B)beriberi.
C)scurvy.
D)psoriasis.

Question 15

The metabolic rate of an awake, relaxed person, 12 to 14 hours after eating, at a comfortable temperature is known as the

A)average metabolic rate.
B)basal metabolic rate.
C)oxidative metabolic rate.
D)metabolic rate.

Question 16

A positive energy balance occurs when

A)energy expenditures are greater than the calorie value of food.
B)energy expenditures balance the calorie value of food.
C)the calorie value of food is greater than energy expenditures.
D)you lose weight.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT true of oxidative stress?

A)protects from development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
B)contributes to aging and degenerative diseases associated with aging.
C)promotes the malignant growth of cancers.
D)contributes to all inflammatory diseases.

Question 18

Metabolic rate can be measured by the

A)amount of heat generated by the body.
B)heart and respiration rates.
C)amount of oxygen consumed by the body.
D)amount of heat generated and the amount of oxygen consumed by the body.

Question 19

Which vitamin and its deficiency is NOT correctly matched?

A)vitamin B₁ - beriberi
B)folate - pernicious anemia
C)niacin - pellagra
D)vitamin D - rickets

Question 20

There are nine essential amino acids and 2 essential fatty acids.

Question 21

Exercising at low or moderate intensity promotes use of fatty acids by skeletal muscle.

Question 22

Destruction of which cell type in the fetus would affect adipocyte number in the adult?

A)myoblasts
B)neuroblasts
C)epiblasts
D)fibroblasts

Question 23

Oxidative stress is associated with many diseases because of the buildup of free radicals in the nucleus of aerobic cells.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT an enzymatic protection against oxidative stress?

A)catalase
B)superoxide dismutase
C)alpha-tocopherol
D)glutathioneperoxidase

Question 25

The nuclear receptor protein required for differentiation of ________ is PPARy (perioxisome proliferator activated receptor y).

A)erythrocytes
B)fibroblasts
C)adipocytes
D)reticulocytes

Question 26

Insulin resistance may be stimulated by elevated concentrations of all of the following EXCEPT

A)tumor necrosis factor alpha.
B)resistin.
C)adiponectin.
D)retinol binding protein 4.

Question 27

Which of the following are NOT roles of leptin?

A)decline in helper T abilities
B)regulate onset of puberty
C)menstrual abnormalities
D)increased hunger

Question 28

Superoxide radicals have which of the following beneficial effects?

A)killing bacteria
B)promote proliferation of fibroblasts
C)promote proliferation of lymphocytes
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 29

The preferred energy source for resting skeletal muscle is (are)

A)glucose.
B)glycogen.
C)fatty acids.
D)protein.

Question 30

Primary energy reserves include glycogen and fat.

Question 31

The nitric oxide radical promotes vasodilation.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a circulating energy substrate?

A)glucose
B)glycogen
C)fatty acids
D)amino acids

Question 33

The risk of cardiovascular disease is increased

A)in someone with a "pear shaped" body.
B)in someone with an "apple shaped" body.
C)in someone with a BMI less than 30.
D)in someone with little intraabdominal fat.

Question 34

__________ is an adipose tissue hormone that stimulates glucose utilization and fatty acid oxidation in muscle cells thereby producing an insulin-sensitizing, antidiabetic effect.

A)Leptin
B)Adiponectin
C)TNF alpha
D)Resistin

Question 35

A free radical has

A)paired electrons.
B)unpaired electrons.
C)unbonded electrons.
D)bonded electrons.

Question 36

Low leptin levels are found in cases of starvation, anorexia, and bulimia.

Question 37

Tissue damage by free radicals is prevented to some extent by all of the following EXCEPT

A) beta-carotene.
B) vitamin C.
C) vitamin D.
D) vitamin E.

Question 38

Obesity in adults results primarily from adipocyte hyperplasia.

Question 39

Excessive production of free radicals that can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA is called

A)inflammation.
B)antioxidation.
C)oxidative stress.
D)quenching.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a nonenzymatic protection against oxidative stress?

A)hydrogen peroxide
B)glutathione
C)ascorbic acid
D)alpha-tocopherol

Question 41

Starvation decreases metabolic rate by as much as

A)10%.
B)20%.
C)40%.
D)65%.

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT true of metabolic syndrome?

A)hypotension
B)insulin resistance
C)dyslidipemia
D)central obesity

Question 43

One of the factors that increases body heat during adaptive thermogenesis is the production of ___________ by skeletal muscle.This product causes leakage of protons from the intermembrane space of the mitochondria.

A)uncoupling protein
B)insulin
C)glycogen
D)glucagon

Question 44

Which of the following components of energy expenditure is greatest in an average, sedentary adult?

A)basal metabolic rate.
B)adaptive thermogenesis.
C)physical activity.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 45

A female with a BMI of 25.0 would be considered

A)obese.
B)overweight.
C)healthy.
D)too thin.

Question 46

Satiety would be induced by all of the following EXCEPT

A)cholecystokinin.
B)naloxone.
C)morphine.
D)serotonin.

Question 47

Fat cells are less sensitive to insulin in

A)obese individuals.
B)anorexic individuals.
C)individuals who do not exercise.
D)individuals at their optimal weight.

Question 48

Ghrelin is postulated to be important as a satiety factor.

Question 49

A BMI of over ____ is considered obese.

A)20
B)25
C)30
D)35

Question 50

Which of the following are involved in long-term regulation of hunger?

A)leptin and CCK
B)ghrelin and CCK
C)insulin and PYY
D)leptin and insulin

Question 51

The BMI of a female weighing 130 pounds with a height of 68 inches would be

A)2.4
B)20.4
C)76.5
D)34.8

Question 52

A tumor suppressing the activity of which brain area could induce obesity?

A)ventromedial hypothalamus
B)lateral hypothalamus
C)dorsomedial hypothalamus
D)anterior hypothalamus

Question 53

The arcuate nucleus is a region of the thalamus involved in hunger regulation.

Question 54

Activation of the sympathoadrenal system would cause

A)hypoglycemia.
B)diabetes insipidus.
C)hyperglycemia.
D)excessive weight gain.

Question 55

Ablation of the thyroid gland would cause a drop in basal metabolic rate.

Question 56

To decrease hunger, MSH must bind to its receptor, ______ in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.

A)neuropeptide Y
B)agouti-related protein
C)melanocortin 4
D)PYY

Question 57

Hyperphagia is produced by destroying the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus.

Question 58

_______ is a satiety factor that acts to suppress neuropeptide Y and stimulate MSH release.

A)Leptin
B)MSH
C)Glucose
D)Insulin

Question 59

Adaptive thermogenesis is the heat energy expended by the body in response to all of the following EXCEPT

A)increase in ambient temperature.
B)digestion of food.
C)physical activity.
D)decrease in ambient temperature.

Question 60

Which of the following are involved in short-term regulation of hunger?

A)leptin and CCK
B)ghrelin and CCK
C)insulin and PYY
D)leptin and insulin

Question 61

Lipolysis is increased by

A)epinephrine.
B)growth hormone.
C)glucagon.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 62

The effects of glucagon are _____________ by insulin.

A)enhanced
B)opposed
C)synergized
D)agonized

Question 63

Insulin secretion is stimulated by _____________ blood glucose concentrations.

A)increased
B)decreased
C)unchanged

Question 64

Destruction of which pancreatic cells would cause hyperglycemia?

A)alpha cells
B)beta cells
C)delta cells
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 65

Which of the following increase(s) lipogenesis?

A)insulin
B)growth hormone
C)glucagon
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 66

Elevated blood glucose triggers insulin secretion.

Question 67

Which hormone has no effect on blood glucose levels?

A)insulin
B)thyroid hormone
C)growth hormone
D)epinephrine

Question 68

The oral glucose test is a measure of the ability of the alpha cells to secrete insulin and of the ability of insulin to increase blood glucose levels.

Question 69

During the absorptive state, catabolic reactions are favored over anabolic reactions.

Question 70

Lipolysis and gluconeogenesis are stimulated when

A)insulin and glucagon are both decreasing.
B)insulin and glucagon are both increasing.
C)insulin is increasing and glucagon is decreasing.
D)insulin is decreasing and glucagon is increasing.

Question 71

What is the major function of brown adipose tissue?

A)shivering thermogenesis
B)nonshivering thermogenesis
C)decreasing metabolic rate
D)decrease body temperature

Question 72

Stress hyperglycemia results from the effects of epinephrine and glucagon.

Question 73

Insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose by inserting these channels into plasma membranes.

A)uncoupling protein
B)glucagon
C)Glut4
D)leptin

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT a caloric energy expenditure of the body?

A)BMI
B)physical activity
C)BMR
D)adaptive thermogenesis

Question 75

Destruction of the alpha cells of the pancreas would decrease glucagon secretion.

Question 76

____________ is made by the delta cells of the pancreas.

A)Glucose
B)Somatostatin
C)Glucagon
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 77

Epinephrine increases lipolysis and ketogenesis.

Question 78

The hormone that antagonizes the effect of growth hormone is

A)glucagon.
B)thyroxin.
C)insulin.
D)epinephrine.

Question 79

Elevated concentrations of glucagon would result in

A)decreased lipolysis.
B)decreased glycogen synthesis.
C)increased gluconeogenesis.
D)increased lipogenesis.

Question 80

What hormone is important in adaptive thermogenesis?

A)calcitonin
B)thyroxine
C)insulin
D)MSH