Deck 11: Endocrine Glands

Question 1

Most lipid-soluble hormones are derived from cholesterol.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Those hormones that are nonpolar can pass through the plasma membrane and are called

A)hydrophilic.
B)hydrophobic.
C)lipophilic.
D)Both hydrophobic and lipophilic are correct.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Endocrine glands secrete their products into ducts.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Which of the following is the most senior precursor molecule?

A)a prehormone
B)a prohormone
C)a hormone
D)a hormone receptor

Question 5

The hypothalamus secretes neurohormones.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT true about a chemical functioning in physiological regulation?

A)There must be a mechanism to turn off the chemical's action.
B)The chemicals must be secreted by endocrine glands.
C)Target cell must have specific receptor molecules for the chemical.
D)The combination of the chemical and its receptor must cause specific changes to occur in the target cell.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a polypeptide or glycoprotein hormone?

A)cortisol
B)glucagon
C)antidiuretic hormone
D)parathyroid hormone

Question 8

Molecules secreted by endocrine glands that are inactive until changed by their target cells are

A)prohormones.
B)lipophilic hormones.
C)prehormones.
D)tissue hormones.

Question 9

Biologically active molecules in the blood are called hormones.

Question 10

Testosterone receptors would be ____________ in response to anabolic steroid abuse.

A)inhibited
B)primed
C)upregulated
D)downregulated

Question 11

A chronically high hormone concentration often leads to an increased receptor number.

Question 12

Many polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones are secreted in discrete bursts called pulsatile secretions.

Question 13

Hormones which enhance the responsiveness of a target organ to a second hormone have

A)complementary effects.
B)synergistic effects.
C)antagonistic effects.
D)permissive effects.

Question 14

Responsiveness of cells to hormones is determined by the presence or absence of specific hormone receptor proteins.

Question 15

When two or more hormones work together to produce a particular result, their effects are

A)permissive.
B)antagonistic.
C)synergistic.
D)inhibitory.

Question 16

Polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones can be taken orally.

Question 17

Polypeptide hormones are synthesized from tyrosine and tryptophan.

Question 18

Most polypeptide and protein hormones are synthesized as prohormones.

Question 19

Mixed glands have both endocrine and exocrine functions.

Question 20

Melatonin can pass through plasma membranes since it is derived from the nonpolar amino acid tryptophan.

Question 21

Inhibition of phosphodiesterase would potentiate increase the effects of hormones that activate adenylate cyclase.

Question 22

To induce full cellular effects thyroid hormones also require the actions of

A)adrenocorticotropin.
B)melatonin.
C)9-cis-retinoic acid.
D)somatomedins.

Question 23

Pharmacological concentrations of hormones causes normal tissue responses.

Question 24

Nuclear receptors that have been identified and their genes cloned before their hormone ligands are known are called

A)transcription factors.
B)unknown ligands.
C)orphan receptors.
D)nongenomic receptors.

Question 25

The process of two steroid hormones binding to their nuclear receptors at two half-sites on DNA to initiate transcription is called

A)synergism.
B)antagonism.
C)translocation.
D)dimerization.

Question 26

Caffeine raises intracellular cAMP concentrations by inhibiting phosphodiesterase.

Question 27

Steroid hormone receptors may be found

A)in the cytoplasm.
B)in the nucleus.
C)on the cell surface.
D)Both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus.

Question 28

Hormone receptors have a high capacity and a low affinity.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a second messenger system activated by lipophobic hormones?

A)9-cis-retinoic acid
B)tyrosine kinase
C)adenylate cyclase
D)phospholipase C

Question 30

Lipophilic hormones travel in the blood bonded to carrier proteins.

Question 31

Thyroid hormone receptors form a ___ on their DNA half-sites.

A)homodimer
B)autodimer
C)pseudodimer
D)heterodimer

Question 32

Which of the following is a selective estrogen receptor modulator?

A)tamoxifen.
B)raloxifene.
C)progesterone.
D)Both tamoxifen and raloxifene.

Question 33

Thyroid hormones bind to receptors which

A)activate tyrosine kinase.
B)regulate gene transcription.
C)stimulate production of cyclic AMP.
D)stimulate production of diacyl glycerol diaclyglycerol.

Question 34

Steroid hormones interact with receptors that are transcription factors.

Question 35

Steroid hormone receptors form a ____ on their DNA half-sites.

A)homodimer
B)autodimer
C)pseudodimer
D)heterodimer

Question 36

Thyroid hormone receptor proteins are found

A)on the plasma membrane.
B)in the cytoplasm.
C)in the nucleus.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 37

Steroid hormone influence on gene expression is known as

A)genomic action.
B)nongenomic action.
C)dimerization.
D)translocation.

Question 38

Viagra is a drug that creates penile erection by

A)directly decreasing the breakdown of cGMP.
B)directly increasing cGMP production.
C)directly decreasing nitric oxide levels.
D)directly increasing nitric oxide levels.

Question 39

Carrier proteins would be required by

A)aldosterone.
B)cholecystokinin.
C)follicle stimulating hormone.
D)prolactin.

Question 40

Protein hormones bind to receptors located within the plasma membrane.

Question 41

What is the action of the signaling molecules activated by insulin-tyrosine kinase second messenger system?

A)insertion of glucose carrier proteins into the plasma membrane
B)hydrolysis of glycogen and secretion of glucose
C)transport of insulin into the cell
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 42

Epinephrine can act through two second-messenger systems (cAMP and Ca²⁺).

Question 43

Mutating the calmodulin gene would alter the ability of ____________ to act as a second messenger.

A)calcium
B)sodium
C)potassium
D)cAMP

Question 44

Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion would inhibit testosterone synthesis.

Question 45

Activated calmodulin will, in turn, activate protein kinases.

Question 46

Which of the following directly initiates the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum?

A)G-proteins
B)phospholipase C
C)inositol triphosphate (IP₃)
D)calmodulin

Question 47

Inhibition of G-proteins would cause an increase in hormone-induced intracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations.

Question 48

Protein synthesis is usually stimulated when luteinizing hormone binds to its receptor.

Question 49

cAMP activates ______ that activates other enzymes in the cell.

A)protein kinase
B)calcium
C)calmodulin
D)tyrosine kinase

Question 50

Adenohypophyseal function is regulated by the hypothalamus.

Question 51

The anterior pituitary gland is also called the neurohypophysis.

Question 52

Prolactin injections may be used to induce labor.

Question 53

Binding of epinephrine to beta-adrenergic receptors in the plasma membrane will activate the ______ second messenger system.

A)calcium
B)IP₃
C)adenylate cyclase (cAMP)
D)DAG

Question 54

Protein kinase catalyzes the ___________ of other enzymes in the cytoplasm.

A)hydrolysis
B)phosphorylation
C)synthesis
D)decarboxylation

Question 55

The posterior pituitary gland produces two hormones.

Question 56

G-proteins are needed to stimulate the activation of protein kinase.

Question 57

In the phospholipase C mechanism, most of the increased intracellular calcium comes from

A)outside the cell.
B)within the plasma membrane.
C)the endoplasmic reticulum.
D)extracellular fluid.

Question 58

Cellular actions of insulin could be inhibited by

A)decreasing intracellular calmodulin.
B)stimulating protein kinase activity.
C)inhibiting translation.
D)inhibiting receptor dimerization.

Question 59

Second messengers generated by the actions of phospholipase C

A)are inhibited by the actions of caffeine.
B)are stimulated by phosphodiesterases.
C)may activate calmodulin.
D)stimulate gene transcription.

Question 60

Many growth factors use

A)cyclic AMP as a second messenger.
B)tyrosine kinase as a second messenger.
C)calmodulin as a second messenger.
D)cyclic GMP as a second messenger.

Question 61

Adrenocorticotropin would be synthesized in

A)the pars distalis.
B)the pars tuberalis.
C)the pars intermedia.
D)the neurohypophysis.

Question 62

The vascular link between the hypothalamus and the __________ is called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.

A)posterior pituitary
B)anterior pituitary
C)pineal gland
D)thalamus

Question 63

Pheromones act through the gustatory sense to modify the physiology or behavior of another member of the same species.

Question 64

Higher brain centers can influence pituitary secretions and therefore the target organ through the pituitary-target organ axis.

Question 65

The hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and the various target glands control the functions of each other, so there is no "master gland."

Question 66

The hypersecretion of corticosteroids results in

A)Addison's disease.
B)diabetes insipidus.
C)Grave's disease.
D)Cushing's disease.

Question 67

The adrenal cortex is NOT involved in

A)regulation of blood glucose.
B)regulation of Na⁺ balance.
C)regulation of Ca²⁺ balance.
D)regulation of reproduction.

Question 68

Most target organ control on the anterior pituitary gland is due to

A)positive feedback effect.
B)negative feedback.
C)negative feedback inhibition.
D)positive feedback inhibition.

Question 69

Oxytocin synthesis occurs in the neurohypophysis.

Question 70

Increased circulating concentrations of testosterone would stimulate

A)decreased secretion of growth hormone.
B)decreased secretion of adrenocorticotropin.
C)decreased secretion of luteinizing hormone.
D)decreased secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone.

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Addison's disease?

A)skin discoloration (bronzing)
B)hyperglycemia
C)hypotension
D)sodium and potassium imbalances

Question 72

Cortisol secretion would cease if the _________ no longer secreted ACTH.

A)posterior pituitary gland
B)hypothalamus
C)anterior pituitary gland
D)adrenal cortex

Question 73

Growth would be inhibited by

A)increasing prolactin secretion.
B)increasing somatostatin secretion.
C)increasing somatomedin secretion.
D)increasing thyroid hormone secretion.

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT one of the three functional categories of corticosteroids?

A)mineralocorticoids
B)glucocorticoids
C)thyrocorticoids
D)sex steroids

Question 75

Pituitary dwarfism is caused by adult hyposecretion of growth hormone.

Question 76

__________ is a potent mineralocorticoid that helps increase blood volume and pressure.

A)Antidiuretic hormone
B)Aldosterone
C)Hydrocortisone
D)Norepinephrine

Question 77

The hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids results in

A)Addison's disease.
B)diabetes insipidus.
C)Grave's disease.
D)Cushing's disease.

Question 78

The ____________ has a cortex medulla derived from ectoderm and a cortex derived from mesoderm.

A)adrenal gland
B)pancreas
C)thyroid gland
D)pituitary gland

Question 79

Regulation of mineral homeostasis would be inhibited due to decreased secretion of

A)corticotropin releasing hormone.
B)dopamine.
C)gondadotropin releasing hormone.
D)growth hormone releasing hormone.

Question 80

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex secretes the mineralocorticoids.