Deck 10: Sensory Physiology

Question 1

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Our senses can perceive a wide range of energies.
B)Different modalities of sensations have different types of impulses.
C)Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses.
D)The brain cannot distinguish between impulses of cold and heat.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Damage to cutaneous receptors would limit the ability to detect all of the following except

A)pain.
B)thermal sensations.
C)body position.
D)touch.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The law of specific nerve energies can be used to explain

A)phantom limbs.
B)paradoxical cold.
C)sensory adaptation.
D)lateral inhibition.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The magnitude of the generator potential is indirectly proportional to the frequency of the action potentials being produced.

Question 5

The potential produced by sensory receptors is called a

A)local potential.
B)generator potential.
C)receptor potential.
D)Both generator and receptor potentials are correct.

Question 6

Which type of receptor responds to physical deformation of its cell membrane?

A)chemoreceptors
B)photoreceptors
C)thermoreceptors
D)mechanoreceptors

Question 7

_____________ receptors undergo slow adaptation.

A)Tonic
B)Phasic

Question 8

Which of the following is a special sense?

A)touch
B)vision
C)pain
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 9

Nociceptors may be either myelinated or unmyelinated and function to carry pain sensations to the spinal cord using ____________ and ________________ as neurotransmitters.

A)substance P, norepinephrine
B)glutamate, acetylcholine
C)substance P, glutamate
D)acetylcholine, substance P

Question 10

The ________________________ is a membrane ion channel on sensory neurons that responds to cold in the 8º to 28ºC range by producing a depolarization.

A)capsaicin receptor
B)two-point threshold
C)cold and menthol receptor
D)pacinian corpuscle

Question 11

As the magnitude of a generator potential increases the _____________ of action potentials in the sensory neuron increases.

A)adaptation
B)frequency
C)amplitude
D)sensitivity

Question 12

Acute itch is produced by _______ binding to its receptors.

A)capsaicin
B)menthol
C)histamine
D)glutamate

Question 13

The capsaicin receptor produces both heat and pain sensations by allowing Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ to diffuse into the neuron through transient receptor potential channels.

Question 14

An individual would normally perceive pain when the chemoreceptors are stimulated.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a cutaneous receptor?

A)muscle spindle
B)touch receptor
C)heat receptor
D)pain receptor

Question 16

Proprioceptors allow for individuals to determine the position of a limb or body part.

Question 17

Functional classes of sensory receptors include chemoreceptors and thermoreceptors.

Question 18

The capsaicin receptor serves as both an ion channel and a receptor for the molecule in chili peppers that causes sensations of

A)heat and pain.
B)cold and pain.
C)pressure and pain.
D)heat and pressure.

Question 19

Encapsulated cutaneous receptors are used to detect thermal sensations.

Question 20

Phasic receptors adapt rapidly to maintained stimuli.

Question 21

The __________ fibers are thin myelinated axons that carry sensations of heat, cold, and pain to the spinal cord.

A)A-delta
B)B-gamma
C)C
D)A-beta

Question 22

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT conveys gustatory information?

A)facial
B)glossopharyngeal
C)hypoglossal
D)Both the facial and glossopharyngeal are correct.

Question 23

Monosodium glutamate and other sources stimulate bitter taste receptors.

Question 24

Damage to cranial nerve _____________ would limit the ability to taste sweet substances.

A)VII
B)V
C)IX
D)XII

Question 25

The ________________ phenomenon refers to amputees reporting sensations in limbs that are no longer there.

A)phantom limb
B)lateral inhibition
C)referred pain
D)adaptation

Question 26

A given gustatory sensory neuron may be stimulated by more than one taste cells located in a number of different taste pores.

Question 27

Nociceptors relay sensory information to the cortex via the lateral spinothalamic tract.

Question 28

Depolarization of sweet, umami, and bitter taste buds activates gustducin proteins.

Question 29

Areas of the skin with small receptive fields would have a greater sensory acuity.

Question 30

Transmission of thermal sensations to the sensory cortex would be impaired by damage to the

A)lateral spinothalamic tract.
B)anterior spinothalamic tract.
C)medial lemniscus tract.
D)anterior spinocerebellar tract.

Question 31

Chemoreceptors that respond to chemical changes in the external environment are called

A)interoceptors.
B)nociceptors.
C)proprioceptors.
D)exteroceptors.

Question 32

Gustducin

A)is an olfactory G-protein.
B)is related to transducin of the eye.
C)activates second-messenger systems that hyperpolarize the receptor cell.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 33

_____________ is the perception of pain in a somatic location that is caused by damage to an internal organ and not by the activity somatic nociceptors.

A)Sensory adaptation
B)Lateral inhibition
C)Referred pain
D)Phantom limb

Question 34

How many neurons conduct sensory impulses from the periphery to the postcentral gyrus?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 35

The palm of the hand would have a higher receptor density than the upper arm.

Question 36

Sensations are sharpened via

A)two-point discrimination.
B)adaptation.
C)lateral inhibition.
D)phantom limb.

Question 37

Impulses of pain are also transmitted to the _____ which is part of the limbic system.

A)cingulate gyrus
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)caudate nucleus

Question 38

Solutions containing a high concentration of hydrogen ions would maximally stimulate taste buds for sweet.

Question 39

Secondary neurons from the medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tracts synapse in the thalamus.

Question 40

As ____________ increases, the two-point threshold decreases.

A)receptor number
B)receptor density
C)receptor sensitivity
D)receptor sensation

Question 41

The hertz is a measure of

A)distance.
B)frequency.
C)duration.
D)intensity.

Question 42

Which taste modality involves membrane receptors that are coupled to G-proteins?

A)umami
B)salty
C)sour
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 43

Damage to the stapedius muscle can lead to nerve damage within the cochlea.

Question 44

Nodding your head up and down would stimulate receptors in the utricle.

Question 45

Specialized cells on the tongue that distinguish salty, sour, sweet, or bitter flavors are called

A)taste buds.
B)umami cells.
C)gustducin.
D)taste cells.

Question 46

The cupula is part of the

A)semicircular canals.
B)utricle.
C)saccule.
D)cochlea.

Question 47

Which of the following is true of vestibular nystagmus?

A)It consists of involuntary oscillations of the eyes.
B)It may be a symptom of Ménière's disease.
C)It is loss of equilibrium.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 48

As the endolymph in the semicircular canals bends the cupula, the stereocilia are stimulated.

Question 49

The softest sound which could be heard would have an intensity of

A)0 decibels.
B)0.1 decibels.
C)1 decibel.
D)10 decibels.

Question 50

When stereocilia are bent toward the kinocilium, the cell membrane will be

A)hyperpolarized.
B)depolarized.
C)releasing increased amounts of NT.
D)Both depolarized and releasing increased amounts of NT are correct.

Question 51

Otoliths are associated with the

A)crista ampullaris.
B)cupula
C)macula
D)semicircular canals.

Question 52

Stimulation of the hair cells of the vestibular apparatus sends impulses to the cerebellum and _________ by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

A)cerebrum
B)midbrain
C)pons
D)medulla oblongata

Question 53

Each glomerulus receives input from several types of olfactory receptors.

Question 54

Which of the following is true of olfaction?

A)There may be as many as a 1000 different olfactory receptor proteins.
B)Humans can distinguish up to 10,000 different odors.
C)Humans have the most acute sense of smell of all the mammals.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 55

Information obtained via _____________ is transmitted directly to the limbic system.

A)gustation
B)audition
C)olfaction
D)touch

Question 56

Olfactory receptor proteins are especially located on the membrane of their nonmotile cilia and are coupled to

A)cAMP.
B)cGMP.
C)Ca²⁺.
D)G-proteins.

Question 57

Inability to detect rotational acceleration occurs when the saccule is damaged.

Question 58

Vertigo occurs due to activation of the

A)utricle.
B)semicircular canals.
C)saccule.
D)cochlea.

Question 59

The structures that function in equilibrium are known as the

A)vestibular apparatus.
B)cochlea.
C)bony labyrinth.
D)organ of Corti.

Question 60

Which of the special senses is most closely linked with the limbic system?

A)hearing
B)olfaction
C)taste
D)vision

Question 61

Long term blockage of the canal of Schlemm can induce

A)glaucoma.
B)cataracts.
C)macular degeneration.
D)detached retina.

Question 62

What structure connects the scala vestibuli with the scala tympani?

A)round window
B)helicotrema
C)oval window
D)cochlear duct

Question 63

Vibrations in the stapes directly induce vibrations in the

A)tympanic membrane.
B)incus.
C)round window.
D)oval window.

Question 64

Sensorineural deafness can be caused by all of the following except

A)excessively loud noises.
B)build up of wax in the ears.
C)damage to the cochlear nerve.
D)loss of hair cells in the cochlea.

Question 65

Conduction deafness occurs due to loss of hair cells in the cochlea.

Question 66

Which of the following is the correct neural pathway for hearing?

A)vestibulocochlear nerve, inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, thalamus, temporal lobe
B)vestibulocochlear nerve, medulla oblongata, inferior colliculus, thalamus, temporal lobe
C)vestibulocochlear nerve, thalamus, inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, temporal lobe
D)None of the choices is correct.

Question 67

Which of the following is true of the auditory tube?

A)It is a passageway from the middle ear to the oropharynx.
B)It is usually collapsed.
C)It opens due to the action of the tensor tympani muscle.
D)Both it is usually collapsed and it opens due to the action of the tensor tympani muscle.

Question 68

A cochlear implant may help someone with conduction deafness.

Question 69

Ablation of the superior colliculus of the midbrain would induce deafness.

Question 70

The structure for hearing is the

A)vestibular apparatus.
B)spiral organ.
C)organ of Corti.
D)Both the spiral organ and the organ of Corti are correct.

Question 71

A greater bending of the stereocilia will increase the frequency of action potentials and will be perceived as a louder sound.

Question 72

The bending of the stereocilia of the organ of Corti opens membrane channels that are permeable to mainly _____, which causes depolarization.

A)Na⁺
B)K⁺
C)Ca²⁺
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 73

Destroying the ciliary body would prevent the _____________ from receiving nutrients.

A)cornea sclera
B)iris
C)pupil
D)lens and cornea

Question 74

The scala vestibuli is filled with

A)endolymph.
B)perilymph.
C)ectolymph.
D)mesolymph.

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT part of the organ of Corti?

A)vestibular membrane
B)tectorial membrane
C)basilar membrane
D)hair cells with sensory fibers

Question 76

Age-related hearing impairment is known as

A)presbycusis.
B)presbyopia.
C)conduction deafness.
D)otosclerosis.

Question 77

The function of the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti is to amplify low sound intensities.

Question 78

Damage to the tectorial membrane near the oval window would limit an individual's ability to detect high frequency sounds.

Question 79

Sympathetic stimulation is responsible for pupil _____________ in _________ light.

A)dilation, bright
B)dilation, dim
C)constriction, bright
D)constriction, dim

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT an auditory ossicle?

A)incus
B)malleus
C)otolith
D)stapes