Deck 12: Biodiversity: Preserving Landscapes

Question 1

Which of the following statements about old-growth forests is true?

A)Humans do not reside in old-growth forests.
B)Old-growth forests have been without disturbance of any kind for at least 100 years.
C)The largest remaining areas of old-growth forests are in North America.
D)They include temperate rainforests, tropical rainforests, boreal forests, and deciduous forests.
E)None of the above is true.

Answer 1

They include temperate rainforests, tropical rainforests, boreal forests, and deciduous forests.

Question 2

After losing nearly all its trees in World War II, South Korea is now

A)Beginning to plan replanting
B)Nearly 10% reforested
C)About 70% reforested
D)An eroded wasteland
E)Under tremendous pressure for fuelwood harvests

Answer 2

About 70% reforested

Question 3

On a global scale, fuelwood harvests

A)Make up about half of all wood harvests
B)Make up only 1% of industrial timber harvests
C)Are far greater than industrial timber harvests
D)Make up about 10% of all wood harvests
E)Are mainly in developed countries

Answer 3

Make up about half of all wood harvests

Question 4

_________, ___________, and ___________ are the largest producers of both paper pulp and industrial wood.

A)Costa Rica; Ecuador; Mexico
B)Canada; Europe; the United Kingdom
C)Brazil; Africa; Southeast Asia
D)Russia; Canada; the United States
E)Europe; Russia; Central Africa

Question 5

What does REDD stand for?

A)Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Dust
B)Removing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation
C)Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation
D)Reducing Exploitation from Deforestation and forest Degredation

Question 6

A disadvantage of monoculture forestry is that it is

A)Difficult to harvest with clear-cut methods
B)Deficient in providing ecological services
C)Difficult to replant
D)Economically inefficient
E)More time-consuming to replant

Question 7

The main difference in wood products produced in the U.S.compared to those in China, is that __________.

A)The U.S.'s wood comes from deforestation, whereas Chinese products come from managed tree farms.
B)China only produces pulp wood products, whereas the U.S.produces wood for building supplies.
C)China's wood comes from deforestation, whereas U.S.products come from managed tree farms.
D)The U.S.only produces pulp wood products, whereas China produces wood for building supplies.

Question 8

A promising approach to encourage conservation and preservation in developing countries is

A)Utilitarian conservation
B)Biocentric preservation
C)Debt-for-nature swaps
D)Ecosystem management
E)Pastoralism

Question 9

International lending institutions are willing to cooperate in debt-for-nature swaps because

A)They want to encourage indigenous lifestyles
B)They do not really expect to recover much of their loans
C)They are concerned about the greenhouse effect
D)The size of the loans is negligible
E)They are attempting to support green business

Question 10

"Closed canopy" forests are those in which tree crowns

A)Include all sizes of trees
B)Crowd out smaller vegetation
C)Cover about 20 percent of the ground surface
D)Cover most of the ground
E)Cover less than 10 percent of the ground surface

Question 11

Economically, monoculture forestry is advantageous because

A)It produces large quantities of a single type of tree for a particular use, such as building timber or paper pulp
B)It is labor-intensive and thus increases job opportunities for local people
C)High levels of pesticides and herbicides may be needed; therefore, more money is spent and is in the system
D)The increase in wildlife diversity is beneficial to the tourism industry
E)A mix of the different trees leads to a good resource base if the market for one type of timber falls

Question 12

When fuelwood demand exceeds supplies,

A)Forest regeneration becomes more difficult
B)Fewer people rely on fuelwood
C)Closed canopy forests are greatly threatened
D)Agricultural land usually improves and expands
E)Technology for alternative ways of cooking improves dramatically

Question 13

The world land use pie graph shown here lets you know

A)How many hectares are devoted to each type of land use
B)Approximately what proportion of earth's land surface is used in each of the four ways
C)The relative amounts of land use for different parts of the world
D)Precisely what percentage of land uses exist
E)Approximately what proportion of the earth's biomes are used in each of the four ways

Question 14

Although most of the world's forests are shrinking, biologists are especially concerned about tropical forest loss because

A)They contain such high biodiversity
B)Tropical trees are the biggest trees in the world
C)They contain irreplaceable wood resources
D)There are fewer remaining tropical forests than any other forest type
E)All of these are reasons that biologists are especially concerned about tropical forest loss

Question 15

Monoculture forestry involves

A)Harvesting a single type of tree in the forest and then using the land for agriculture
B)Multiple-species plantations whose trees are highly resistant to disease
C)Single-species tree plantations that are efficient but offer little biodiversity
D)Harvesting only a single type of tree in the forest that is especially useful
E)Harvesting a single type of tree in the forest and then using the land for agriculture, and harvesting only a single type of tree in the forest that is especially useful

Question 16

India's Chipko Andolan movement

A)Saved a large portion of forests in watersheds
B)Failed to actually save any forests
C)Used children to plant trees in a reforestation project
D)Is now no longer active
E)Emphasized force to save forests in watersheds

Question 17

Developed countries produce __________ of all industrial wood and account for ________ of its consumption.

A)More than half; less than half
B)Less than half; about 80%
C)More than half; about 80%
D)Less than half; about half
E)Less than half; about 20%

Question 18

"Forest management" means planning for

A)Gaining maximum, quick profit from trees
B)Sustainable harvests and forest regeneration
C)A continual increase in forest complexity
D)Building the maximum biodiversity in a forest
E)Old-growth status in the managed forests

Question 19

Which nation currently has the highest deforestation rate?

A)Burundi
B)Russia
C)Japan
D)India
E)Canada

Question 20

Satyagraha movements in India work to achieve social and environmental goals

A)By controlling national politics
B)By force
C)Using large amounts of money
D)Through passive, peaceful methods
E)Any way that they can, depending on the context of the situation

Question 21

Most public rangelands are in poor condition due to

A)Excessive populations of wild ungulates
B)Overcrowding of private livestock
C)Too many publicly-owned animals on public lands
D)Excessive urban settlement in the west
E)The lack of water

Question 22

Which of the preserve shapes shown is the worst shape for a species that requires a core area?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)All of the shapes have about the same measurements

Question 23

Rotational grazing allows grazing livestock to

A)Use the most fertile pastures continuously
B)Use a small area for a short time
C)Produce more young animals with less range
D)Depend more on domestic pastures
E)Use only the most nutritious plants in a pasture

Question 24

The first symptom of range overgrazing is usually

A)Gullying
B)The absence of trees
C)The compaction of soils
D)Desertification
E)The disappearance of palatable plant species

Question 25

Which of the preserve shapes shown has the greatest interior area relative to perimeter area?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)All of the shapes have about the same interior/perimeter measurements

Question 26

Most commercial loggers prefer "clear-cut" harvesting because it

A)Is the most environmentally sustainable type of harvest
B)Is the most efficient way to get valuable small timber without disturbing the larger early successional trees
C)Is the most efficient, cheapest harvest method using large, fast machinery instead of costly labor
D)Is the most effective way to refresh soil with sun and rain
E)Does not waste any trees

Question 27

Which of the following perspectives is NOT a principle of ecosystem management?

A)Managing across a region over ecological time
B)Maintaining biodiversity
C)Using scientific knowledge as the basis for management since science is free from bias
D)Utilizing cooperative institutional arrangements
E)Adapting management over time, as needed

Question 28

Corridors have the potential to effectively enlarge which of the following?

A)Preserve areas
B)Genetic pools
C)Feeding ranges
D)Areas of refuge against natural disasters (e.g., fire)
E)All of the above are correct

Question 29

What conclusions can you make from examining the graph?

A)Ecosystem "a" has the most biodiversity.
B)Ecosystem "a" has the most threatened plant species.
C)Humans use ecosystem "a" much more than ecosystem "b".
D)Ecosystem "c" is used by humans about twice as much as ecosystem "d".
E)None of these conclusions is supported by the data.

Question 30

Poor people in developing countries often threaten wildlife preserves because

A)They dislike unsettled territory
B)They need the resources to survive
C)They enjoy sport hunting
D)Vandalism is a popular use of spare time
E)Their religion often emphasizes the action of dominating wildlife

Question 31

Debt-for-nature swaps are beneficial mainly to

A)Lending institutions
B)Governments of developing countries
C)Environmental groups
D)All of these are correct
E)None of these is correct

Question 32

If managed carefully, ecotourism benefits natural areas by giving economic value to land and water resources

A)That have no other value
B)That no one is interested in
C)That never existed before
D)Without destroying them
E)All of these are economic benefits of carefully managed ecotourism

Question 33

Spotted owls became the subjects of national controversy in 1989 because the Forest Service was forced to

A)Plant thousands of acres of new habitat
B)Limit logging to save habitat
C)Halt all mineral exploration
D)Cease issuing hunting permits
E)Build roads into forests

Question 34

Of all the old-growth forests that stood in the United States before the European settlement, how much remains today?

A)About 50%
B)About 35%
C)Slightly over 25%
D)About 15%
E)Less than 10%

Question 35

Places MOST susceptible to desertification are

A)Jungle clearings
B)Desert margins
C)Temperate deciduous forests
D)Boreal landscapes
E)Open woodlands

Question 36

World deserts are

A)Decreasing as world climate becomes wetter
B)Increasing because of the increase in global carbon dioxide
C)Increasing because of logging and grazing
D)Decreasing because of massive reforestation
E)About the same in area but have many threatened species of plants

Question 37

Nomadic pastoralists live by

A)Foraging and hunting
B)Raising seasonal crops
C)Herding grazing animals
D)Raising chickens, ducks, and pigs
E)All of these are correct

Question 38

One possible solution to the problem of insufficient land area for preserves is to use ____________ to link smaller habitat areas.

A)Highways
B)Eco-bridges
C)Edge effects
D)Corridors
E)None of these is correct

Question 39

Why is there a need to reeducate people about the role of fire in natural systems?

A)People are still throwing away cigarette butts that can start forest fires.
B)People who camp are not putting their campfires out causing fires in inaccessible areas.
C)People do not understand that fire is a natural part of many biological ecosystems.
D)People are well educated about fire and do not need to be reeducated.
E)People are starting fires in wilderness areas to make the area available for logging.

Question 40

Grazing fees on public lands have changed little because

A)Political pressures ensure they remain low
B)They remain at market value, so there is no reason to change them
C)The public feels that the price is right
D)Livestock owners cannot afford higher fees
E)Political pressures ensure they remain high

Question 41

What are the most endangered aquatic areas?

A)Mangrove forests
B)Tide pools
C)Coral reefs
D)Sea mounts

Question 42

A large portion of industrial timber comes from managed, replanted forests in North America and Europe.

Question 43

The loss of forests can affect rainfall patterns.

Question 44

Which of the preserve shapes shown would support the most species that require a core area?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)All of the shapes have about the same measurements

Question 45

Compare and contrast the preservation of the Amazon Basin and the Pantanal, both in Brazil.

Question 46

What is the science that examines the relationship between the spatial patterns and ecological processes?

A)Systems ecology
B)Landscape ecology
C)Biology
D)Conservation biology

Question 47

Compare and contrast an old-growth (primary) forest with a tree farm.

Question 48

The amount of interior area in a preserve is important because

A)Humans and other hardy species encroach on preserve margins
B)It is more economical to buy large land areas
C)Many threatened species cannot survive environmental conditions on preserve margins
D)Humans and other hardy species encroach on preserve margins and many threatened species cannot survive environmental conditions on preserve margins
E)Humans and other hardy species encroach on preserve margins, it is more economical to buy large land areas, and many threatened species cannot survive environmental conditions

Question 49

A "woodland" is an open canopy forest where tree crowns cover less than 20% of the ground.