Deck 10: Extension B: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

According to arousal theory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)An individual becomes uncomfortable when arousal is too low or too high.
B)The right mix of activities prevents boredom and overstimulation.
C)Stimulus drives are non-homeostatic.
D)Most adults vary their activities to keep arousal at a comfortable level of activation.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

_____ refers to the activation of the body and the nervous system.

A)Bio-stimulation
B)Organic initiation
C)Estrus
D)Arousal

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the sex drive is TRUE?

A)The sex drive in human females is closely tied to the menstrual cycle.
B)The sex drive in humans is completely liberated from the influence of hormones.
C)The sex drive in humans can be aroused at virtually any time by almost anything.
D)Recent sexual activity prevents sexual desire from occurring again until after a certain amount of deprivation time has occurred.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Regarding the arousal theory, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)An individual becomes uncomfortable when arousal is too low or too high.
B)There is an ideal level of arousal for various activities.
C)Stimulus drives are homeostatic because they allow individuals to attain moderate levels of arousal.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 5

The need for information, exploration, manipulation, and sensory input are closely related to

A)acquired needs.
B)episodic needs.
C)primary motives.
D)stimulus needs.

Question 6

Regarding the human sex drive, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The human sex drive refers to the strength of one's motivation to engage in sexual behavior.
B)The human sex drive is necessary for individual survival.
C)The human sex drive is non-homeostatic.
D)The human sex drive is affected by hormones, but not as directly as in lower animals.

Question 7

Which of the following drives is non-homeostatic?

A)hunger
B)thirst
C)sleep
D)sex

Question 8

The human sex drive, unlike hunger and thirst,

A)shows no clear relationship to deprivation.
B)is non-homeostatic.
C)is unusual in that its arousal is sought as well as its reduction.
D)is characterized by all of these.

Question 9

The position that there is an ideal level of arousal for various activities and that individuals attempt to keep arousal near this ideal level is called the

A)arousal theory.
B)activation hypothesis.
C)equilibration hypothesis.
D)biorhythm theory.

Question 10

A cat caged in complete darkness learns to press a lever to briefly turn on a light.In terms of the cat's motivation, the light serves as a(n)

A)stimulus motive.
B)homeostatic drive.
C)primary motive.
D)external cue.

Question 11

Arousal is _____ at death and _____ during sleep.

A)zero; zero
B)zero; low
C)zero; moderate
D)low; moderate

Question 12

Which statement concerning stimulus drives is FALSE?

A)Stimulus drives are homeostatic.
B)Stimulus drives are observed only in humans.
C)Stimulus drives include drives for exploration and manipulation.
D)The drive for stimulation is already present during infancy.

Question 13

The human sex drive

A)is less affected by hormones than the sex drive of lower animals.
B)is homeostatic.
C)is necessary for individual survival.
D)shows a clear relationship to deprivation, that is, the amount of time that has passed since the drive was last satisfied.

Question 14

Which statement concerning stimulus drives is FALSE?

A)Your level of arousal is closely linked with your motivation.
B)Animals will work at tasks where no visible reward is given.
C)Stimulus drives are considered non-homestatic.
D)The drive for stimulation is already present during infancy.

Question 15

Regarding the Coolidge Effect, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)The Coolidge Effect expresses the non-homeostatic quality of the sex drive.
B)The Coolidge is the pattern of behavior shown by male animals whereby they show higher sexual activity once a new sexual partner is introduced.
C)The Coolidge was named after former U.S.President Calvin Coolidge.
D)All of these are true statements.

Question 16

A _____ drive is one that is relatively independent of physical deprivation cycles or bodily need states.

A)homeostatic
B)non-homeostatic
C)cyclic
D)primary

Question 17

Regarding the human sex drive, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)In humans, the sex drive can be aroused at virtually anytime by almost anything.
B)The Coolidge effect regarding the non-homeostatic quality of the sex drive was named after former U.S.President Calvin Coolidge.
C)The strength of the sex drive is directly related to deprivation, or the amount of time since the drive was last satisfied.
D)People may seek to arouse the sex drive as well as to reduce it.

Question 18

Arousal is _____ during normal daily activities and _____ at times of excitement, emotion, or panic.

A)zero; zero
B)low; moderate
C)moderate; high
D)high; chaotic

Question 19

Concerning stimulus drives, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Both humans and animals exhibit stimulus drives.
B)Stimulus drives explain our need for new forms of entertainment.
C)Stimulus drives help us survive by identifying sources of food and danger.
D)All of these are true.

Question 20

After an animal is allowed to copulate until it has no further interest, it will resume sexual activity when a new partner is provided.This is called

A)a stimulus need.
B)a neo-cyclic drive.
C)the Coolidge effect.
D)the Estrus effect.

Question 21

Thrill and adventure-seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility are areas assessed by the

A)Social Readjustment Rating Scale.
B)Sensation-Seeking Scale.
C)Adaptive Behaviors Test.
D)Thematic Apperception Test.

Question 22

Darrius is a college student, who enjoys going to wild, "uninhibited" parties and getting high on marijuana.He also enjoys riding his motorcycle fast and wants to be an EMT after college.On Zuckerman's test, Darrius would probably score high on

A)sensation-seeking.
B)the immaturity factor.
C)extroverted-intuitive dimension.
D)self-actualization.

Question 23

People who are _____ tend to be bold and independent, to value change, to be more likely to smoke and to have more sexual partners, and to prefer spicy, sour, and crunchy foods.

A)self-actualized
B)high achievers
C)high sensation seekers
D)low sensation seekers

Question 24

Zuckerman's test consists of items that measure all of the following categories EXCEPT for

A)disinhibition.
B)boredom susceptibility.
C)extroverted action and speech.
D)experience seeking.

Question 25

Jan and her husband Dean are going on a vacation to the beach.Jan wants to lie on the beach and read a good book, while Dean wants to scuba dive and surf.Jan appears to be _____, while Dean appears to be _____.

A)self-actualized; fixated
B)fixated; self-actualized
C)a high sensation seeker; a low sensation seeker
D)a low sensation seeker; a high sensation seeker

Question 26

Debbie cannot stand to watch a movie that she has seen before and prefers people who are sharp and witty, even if they insult others.She also likes to try new foods and to explore the cities that she travels to on business by herself, even if it means getting lost.On Zuckerman's test, Debbie would score high on

A)the immaturity factor.
B)sensation-seeking.
C)extroverted-intuitive dimension.
D)self-actualization.

Question 27

Persons who score low on Zuckerman's Sensation-Seeking Scale tend to

A)enjoy the company of others.
B)be more likely to smoke.
C)prefer sour and crunchy foods.
D)report more sexual partners than high scores do.

Question 28

Vicki is a college freshman, who most people would characterize as orderly, kind, and giving.She enjoys going out to eat with her friends, although she does not enjoy the spicy foods that they keep wanting her to try.Vicki would most likely score _____ on Zuckerman's Sensation-Seeking Scale.

A)low
B)moderate
C)high
D)extreme

Question 29

Persons scoring high on Zuckerman's Sensation-Seeking Scale (SSS) tend to be more likely to

A)smoke.
B)engage in substance abuse.
C)engage in casual unprotected sex.
D)do all of these.

Question 30

Scores on Zuckerman's Sensation-Seeking Scale (SSS) tend to be higher among

A)women.
B)younger people.
C)people from South Africa, Slovakia, Sicily, or Gabon than American, Israel, or Ireland.
D)people who are nurturant and enjoy the company of others.

Question 31

Regarding sensation seekers, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)People learn to seek particular levels of arousal.
B)Whether you are high or low in sensation seeking is probably based on how your body responds to new, unusual, or intense stimulation.
C)Most people fall somewhere between the extremes of sensation seeking.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 32

People who are _____ tend to be orderly, nurturant, and giving, and tend to enjoy the company of others.

A)self-actualized
B)high achievers
C)high sensation seekers
D)low sensation seekers

Question 33

Most adults try to vary their activities to maintain a _____ level of arousal.

A)zero
B)high
C)low
D)comfortable

Question 34

Jordan plays his two new video games everyday.After a month of continually playing these games, Jordan starts finding these games boring and wants some new ones.Jordan's behavior is consistent with which theory of motivation?

A)arousal theory
B)opponent-process theory
C)drive reduction theory
D)Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Question 35

Scores on Zuckerman's Sensation-Seeking Scale (SSS) tend to be higher among

A)men.
B)younger people.
C)people from America, Israel, and Ireland than people from South Africa, Slovakia, Sicily, or Gabon.
D)all of these groups.

Question 36

Jeremiah is a college sophomore, who most people would characterize as bold and independent.He has dated many women without making a serious commitment.Jeremiah has been smoking since high school and prefers spicy, sour, and crunchy food.Jeremiah would most likely score _____ on Zuckerman's Sensation-Seeking Scale.

A)very low to zero
B)low
C)moderate
D)high

Question 37

Persons with low scores on the Zuckerman's Sensation-Seeking Scale (SSS) are more likely to

A)engage in high-risk behaviors.
B)be from places, such as Ireland and Israel.
C)be female.
D)be younger people.

Question 38

Zuckerman developed a test to measure the particular levels of arousal that different people find comfortable.He called his test the

A)Social Readjustment Rating Scale.
B)Sensation-Seeking Scale.
C)Adaptive Behaviors Test.
D)Thematic Apperception Test.

Question 39

Persons high in sensation seeking tend to

A)be independent and value change.
B)prefer sweet, bland foods.
C)be nurturant and giving.
D)be orderly and restrained.

Question 40

Regarding sensation seekers, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Low sensation-seekers tend to prefer spicy, sour, and crunchy foods over bland foods.
B)High and low sensation-seeking probably reflects differences in how a person's body responds to new, unusual, surprising, or intense stimulation.
C)High sensation-seekers enjoy the company of others.
D)All of these are true.

Question 41

At the state fair, you enter a couple of different contests.The first is a blueberry pie eating contest, in which the person who eats the most pies in two minutes wins.The second is a 100-yard dash in which you must balance an egg on a spoon with one hand and in the other hand carry a tray with eight glasses on it, and the person who reaches the finish line first while not spilling either the egg or the glasses wins.Given your knowledge of the Yerkes-Dodson Law, your arousal should be _____ for the first contest and _____ for the second contest.

A)low; high
B)high; low
C)moderate; moderate
D)moderate; high

Question 42

Buford complains that he can play his tuba beautifully at home, but each time he tries to play at the local talent show, he sounds like a bull elk in rutting season.His problem is explained by

A)the Yerkes-Dodson Law.
B)the effects of homeostasis.
C)habituation.
D)biorhythms.

Question 43

If we set aside individual differences, most people perform best on most daily tasks when their arousal level is

A)high.
B)moderate.
C)low.
D)at the zero stress level.

Question 44

Regarding test anxiety, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Test anxiety involves heightened physical symptoms, such as sweating, nervousness, and a pounding heart.
B)Test anxiety tends to distract students with a rush of upsetting thoughts and feelings.
C)Students are typically more anxious when they do not know the material.
D)The lower your arousal level, the better most people perform on a test.

Question 45

Regarding arousal during testing, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Some arousal during testing is healthy because it helps focus students on the task at hand.
B)Only when arousal interferes with performance is it referred to as test anxiety.
C)Overpreparation is usually the main cause of test anxiety.
D)One of the best ways to avoid test anxiety is to improve one's study skills.

Question 46

For more sensitive and complex tasks, _____ levels of arousal can improve performance.

A)lower
B)maintaining moderate
C)higher
D)excessive

Question 47

In general, effective performance for most people is shown by a(n)

A)U-shaped curve, illustrating performance is best when arousal is either high or low.
B)inverted U, illustrating performance is best when arousal level is moderate.
C)slope, illustrating performance is better when arousal is high and worse when arousal is low.
D)horizontal line, illustrating performance is best when arousal is very low to zero.

Question 48

The _____ is a summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance.

A)James-Lange theory
B)Maslow's hierarchy of needs
C)Yerkes-Dodson Law
D)Schachter's two-factor theory

Question 49

Kierra is about to take her first test in psychology.If she is feeling "test anxious" and her arousal level is very high, we can expect her

A)focus and attention to detail on the test to be high.
B)text anxiety to be due to overpreparation.
C)performance on the test to be low.
D)performance on the test to be very good.

Question 50

Regarding test anxiety, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Test anxiety is a mixture of heightened physiological arousal and excessive worry.
B)Test anxiety tends to distract students with a rush of upsetting thoughts and feelings.
C)Students are typically more anxious when they do not know the material.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a procedure students should use to reduce test anxiety?

A)Start studying earlier for a test.
B)Talk over your worries with others.
C)Try not to study too much or overprepare for the test.
D)Rehearse how you would handle "going blank" on a test.

Question 52

For relatively simple tasks, _____ levels of arousal can improve performance.

A)lower
B)maintaining moderate
C)higher
D)excessive

Question 53

Twla is a young adult, but has always seemed "older and more settled." Although she has always had a lot of friends, they know that she is not the type to experiment with drugs or "get drunk" and do something foolish.On Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale, Twyla would most likely have a(n) _____ score.

A)low
B)moderate
C)high
D)inconsistent

Question 54

Jumping rope very fast would require a _____ level of arousal, while playing the piano requires a _____ level of arousal.

A)low; high
B)high; low
C)minimum; high
D)high; high

Question 55

On the day of the test, Eddie was very sleepy, while Petra was in a state of panic about the test.According to the arousal theory,

A)both Eddie and Petra will probably perform well on the test, since test-taking is not influenced by arousal levels.
B)both Eddie and Petra will probably perform well since they are both functioning at their optimal arousal levels.
C)both Eddie and Petra will probably perform poorly on the test, because his arousal is too low and hers is too high.
D)Petra will probably perform well since she is focused, while Eddie will probably perform poorly due to a low arousal level.

Question 56

Test anxiety is a combination of

A)low arousal level and lack of focus.
B)overpreparation and literal interpretations.
C)high arousal level and excessive worry.
D)overpreparation and excessive worry.

Question 57

Which of the following theories suggests that performance on tasks is best when the arousal is appropriate to the difficulty of the task?

A)James-Lange theory
B)Maslow's hierarchy of needs
C)Yerkes-Dodson Law
D)Schachter's two-factor theory

Question 58

When you are running on the track team in the "20-Yard Dash," your arousal level should be _____, while "sinking a put" on the golf team requires your arousal to be _____.

A)low; high
B)high; low
C)minimum; high
D)high; high

Question 59

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, optimum performance occurs at _____ levels of arousal for simple tasks and _____ levels of arousal for complex tasks.

A)higher; lower
B)lower; higher
C)minimum; high
D)average; high

Question 60

The inverted U function describes the relationship between

A)deprivation and sex drive.
B)stimulation and curiosity.
C)arousal and performance.
D)reinforcement and performance.

Question 61

Coping statements are a way to directly correct which part of test anxiety?

A)overpreparation
B)under-arousal
C)excessive worry
D)compulsive rehearsal

Question 62

The technique for combating test anxiety, known as "rehearsal," involves

A)efforts to actively recall material in preparation for the exam.
B)repeating single words during the test to produce relaxation.
C)practice in dealing with possible test crises before taking the exam.
D)incorporating successful test-taking strategies of others in your own routine.

Question 63

You are taking a test and begin to think thoughts, such as "I'm going to fail and everyone will think I'm stupid." You immediately combat these statements with calming, rational replies, such as "If I fail this test, it won't be the end of the world, and I'll try to improve on the next test." These rational replies are called _____ statements.

A)sensate focus
B)biofeedback
C)coping
D)denial

Question 64

The _____ theory explains how skydiving, rock climbing, ski jumping, and other hazardous pursuits become reinforcing.

A)drive reduction
B)Yerkes-Dodson
C)opponent-process
D)Cannon-Bard

Question 65

When Jeremy first tried heroin, he felt a "rush" of pleasure.However, as the drug wore off, discomfort and craving occurred, so he began using heroin more often.Now that Jeremy is addicted to heroin, he finds that the drug has stopped producing pleasure, but it will end the withdrawal symptoms he now suffers, at least for a while.Jeremy's experience is best explained by the _____ theory.

A)drive reduction
B)opponent-process
C)Yerkes-Dodson
D)Cannon-Bard

Question 66

Regarding test anxiety, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Overpreparing for a test creates nervousness that leads to test anxiety.
B)Students who cope well with exams try to do the best they can, even under trying circumstances.
C)Becoming a more confident test taker can actually increase your scores, because it helps you remain calm.
D)To reduce nervousness, rehearse how you will cope with upsetting events during the test, such as "going blank" or "running out of time."

Question 67

Good suggestions for reducing test anxiety include which of the following?

A)Start studying earlier for a test.
B)Rehearse how you will cope with upsetting events.
C)Keep your attention on the task, by focusing on one question at a time.
D)All of these are good suggestions.

Question 68

If you are a big fan of horror movies and carnival rides and find them "thrilling" rather than "terrifying," then your addiction to these pursuits is probably best explained by the _____ theory.

A)drive reduction
B)Yerkes-Dodson
C)opponent-process
D)Cannon-Bard

Question 69

According to _____ theory, if a stimulus causes a strong emotion, such as fear or pleasure, the opposite emotion tends to occur when the stimulus ends.

A)Solomon's opponent-process
B)the drive reduction
C)the Yerkes-Dodson
D)the Cannon-Bard

Question 70

Which of the following can be used to reduce test anxiety?

A)relaxation
B)preparation
C)restructuring thoughts
D)all of these

Question 71

Solomon's theory, which attempts to explain drug addiction and other learned motives, is called the _____ theory.

A)opponent-process
B)drive reduction
C)activation
D)arousal

Question 72

The chief antidote (cure) for test anxiety is

A)hard work through overpreparation.
B)thought suppression.
C)learning to relax.
D)discussing the problem with other students who also failed the test.

Question 73

The best solution for test anxiety is

A)overpreparation.
B)relaxation.
C)social support.
D)coping statements.

Question 74

Jack has always suffered from test anxiety.This semester he began studying for his first psychology test over a week before the scheduled test.This overpreparation will most likely cause Jack to

A)have less test anxiety and score higher on the test.
B)have slightly more test anxiety and score lower on the test.
C)create excessive worry, but will not change his performance on the test.
D)feel extreme panic to the point of "going blank" on the test.

Question 75

_____ motives are acquired in complex ways, such as cultural conditioning, and include the desire for status, money, success, achievement, and dominance.

A)Social
B)Primary
C)Stimulus
D)Homeostatic

Question 76

Opponent-process theory predicts that repeated bungee jumping will result in

A)a gradual conditioning of fear to jumping.
B)an increase in the jumper's set point level.
C)an increase in sensation-seeking.
D)less fear and more euphoria.

Question 77

Sarina is a sky-diving for the first time.She is terrified; and when she finally reaches the ground safely, she feels a brief but exhilarated sense of relief.After several weeks of repeated jumps, her fear decreases and she now gets a "rush" of euphoria that lasts for hours after a jump.Sarina's experience is best explained by the _____ theory.

A)drive reduction
B)opponent-process
C)Yerkes-Dodson
D)Cannon-Bard

Question 78

You have a friend who freezes on tests.What is the most direct remedy you could recommend?

A)Take deep breaths and practice progressive muscle relaxation.
B)Overprepare by studying long before the test date.
C)Rehearse your reactions to a failure on this test.
D)Talk to a counselor or a trusted friend.

Question 79

Solomon assumes that when a stimulus is repeated, our response to it _____.Thus, first-time skydivers are almost always terrified, but with repeated jumps, fear decreases, until finally the skydiver feels a "thrill" instead of terror.

A)intensifies
B)habituates
C)recapitulates
D)resurfaces

Question 80

The _____ states that strong emotions tend to be followed by an opposite emotional state with the strength of both emotional states changing over time.

A)opponent-process
B)drive reduction
C)Yerkes-Dodson
D)Cannon-Bard