Deck 18: Extension A: Applied Psychology

Question 1

Zach is using psychological principles and research methods to determine methods for athletes to reach their peak performance, while Anna is utilizing psychological principles in developing ways to alleviate traffic jams in growing cities.Both of these psychologists are working in the field known as _____ psychology.

A)basic research
B)comparative
C)applied
D)forensic

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Areas of applied psychology include

A)counseling psychology.
B)military psychology.
C)sports psychology.
D)all of these.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Industrial-organizational psychologists are often employed by

A)the government.
B)industries.
C)businesses.
D)all of these.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The largest areas of applied psychology are _____ psychology.

A)clinical and counseling
B)business and industrial
C)educational and sports
D)environmental and health

Question 5

_____ psychologists typically work in two major areas: (1) studying jobs to identify underlying skills, which can then guide efforts to select people and train them for those jobs; and (2) studying organizations to understand how to create structures and company cultures that will improve worker performance.

A)Industrial/organizational
B)Environmental
C)Comparative
D)Sociological

Question 6

Whether it is the click wheel, the computer mouse, voice-activated computers, or computerized systems that disabled users can control, _____ psychologists depend on an understanding of human behavior to design better computer tools.

A)humanistic
B)human factors
C)comparative
D)developmental

Question 7

Jared is a psychologist who is studying the problems that people face at work that could lead to job stress and burnout.Jared is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.

A)clinical
B)industrial/organizational
C)sociological
D)community

Question 8

Which two areas are the main ones for industrial-organizational psychologists?

A)design and implementation of new products and personnel information
B)handling personnel difficulties and increasing worker efficiency
C)studying jobs to identify underlying skills and creating structures that will improve worker efficiency
D)human resources and information technology

Question 9

_____ psychologists study the behavior of people at work as well as their behavior within the structure and culture of each particular business or company.

A)Industrial/organizational
B)Environmental
C)Comparative
D)Sociological

Question 10

Which type of psychologist is likely to be interested in studying job satisfaction and how to motivate persons at work?

A)engineering psychologist
B)industrial/organizational psychologist
C)environmental psychologist
D)social psychologist

Question 11

Areas of applied psychology include

A)community psychology.
B)space psychology.
C)educational psychology.
D)all of these.

Question 12

The definition of applied psychology is

A)the use of psychological principles to solve practical problems.
B)the use of humanistic methods to solve practical problems.
C)applying psychoanalytic theories to real-world issues.
D)using classic behaviorism with consumers.

Question 13

Industrial-organizational psychologists are interested primarily in human relations at work, and

A)market research.
B)consumer psychology.
C)personnel psychology.
D)clinical diagnostics.

Question 14

As part of his job, Joseph has been observing iPod users and surveying them regarding their use of the iPod.He will use this information to modify the click wheel, a touch-sensitive ring that allows a person to quickly locate a desired song among thousands on an iPod.Joseph would be best described as a _____ psychologist.

A)human factors
B)humanistic
C)comparative
D)developmental

Question 15

The work of _____ psychologists is likely to affect how you are selected for a job and tested, trained, or evaluated for promotions.

A)engineering
B)industrial/organizational
C)environmental
D)sociological

Question 16

The use of psychological principles and research methods to solve practical problems defines _____ psychology.

A)pure research
B)applied
C)experimental
D)basic research

Question 17

The _____ part of I/O psychology involves studying jobs to identify underlying skills, which can then guide efforts to select people and train them for those jobs, while the _____ part of I/O psychology involves creating structures and company cultures that will improve worker performance.

A)(human) integration; (job) orientation
B)(job) orientation; (human) integration
C)organizational; industrial
D)industrial; organizational

Question 18

Jenna is using psychological principles to help students with learning disabilities, while Jack is developing ways to help employees reduce job stress and avoid burnout.Both of these psychologists are working in the field known as _____ psychology.

A)basic research
B)comparative
C)applied
D)forensic

Question 19

A psychologist who is attempting to improve human relations in a work setting is likely to be identified as a(n) _____ psychologist.

A)community
B)counseling
C)clinical
D)industrial-organizational

Question 20

A psychologist who is interested in studying the effect of video display terminals in an office on typists would be a(n) _____ psychologist.

A)industrial-organizational
B)consumer
C)clinical
D)biodata

Question 21

Fredrick Taylor's approach to improve worker efficiency by standardizing work routines and stressing careful planning is referred to as

A)psychological efficiency.
B)participative management.
C)job enrichment.
D)scientific management.

Question 22

The term Theory X has been used to refer to an approach known as

A)psychological efficiency.
B)participative management.
C)job enrichment.
D)scientific management.

Question 23

Which of the following is typical of Theory X?

A)participative management
B)worker autonomy
C)management by objectives
D)job specialization

Question 24

A shortcoming of the Theory X approach to management seems to be that it fails to consider

A)psychological efficiency.
B)work efficiency.
C)management rights.
D)workplace design.

Question 25

Which of the following would NOT be a topic of special interest to industrial-organizational psychologists?

A)absenteeism
B)pay schedules
C)management styles
D)market research

Question 26

_____ refers to maintaining good morale, labor relations, employee satisfaction, and similar aspects of work behavior.

A)I/O quota
B)Psychological biodata
C)Psychological efficiency
D)Work efficiency

Question 27

_____ is defined as maximum output at lowest cost.

A)I/O
B)Biodata
C)BMI
D)Work efficiency

Question 28

Which of the following would be a topic of special interest to industrial-organizational psychologists?

A)leadership
B)machine design
C)job enrichment
D)all of these

Question 29

One of the earliest attempts to improve worker efficiency was made in 1923 by _____, an engineer who sped up production by standardizing work routines and stressed careful planning, control, and orderliness.

A)Fredrick Taylor
B)Douglas McGregor
C)Irving Janis
D)John Holland

Question 30

If, as a manager, you alter workers' time schedules, quotas, or bonuses, you are trying to affect

A)job specialization.
B)psychological efficiency.
C)participatory leadership.
D)work efficiency.

Question 31

If, as a manager, you are concerned with the maintenance of good morale, labor relations, employee satisfaction, you are trying to affect

A)work efficiency.
B)psychological efficiency.
C)scientific management.
D)Theory X.

Question 32

Studies have consistently found that

A)psychological efficiency is important because happy workers are productive workers.
B)work efficiency is much more important than psychological efficiency.
C)emphasizing psychological efficiency has led to decreased production.
D)scientific management produces the happiest and most productive workers.

Question 33

Managers who assume that workers must be coerced or guided into being productive use _____ techniques.

A)participative management
B)Theory X
C)management by objectives
D)Theory Y

Question 34

Scientific management, which uses task analysis and job specialization, is also called

A)management by objectives.
B)Theory X.
C)Theory Y.
D)participative management.

Question 35

Theory X emphasizes

A)work efficiency.
B)productivity.
C)task analyses.
D)all of these.

Question 36

Concerns with worker retention, minimizing absenteeism, and sustaining good morale and labor relations are all part of

A)psychological efficiency.
B)creative management.
C)work efficiency.
D)participatory leadership.

Question 37

_____ is known for developing an approach for improving worker efficiency known as scientific management.

A)Fredrick Taylor
B)Douglas McGregor
C)Irving Janis
D)John Holland

Question 38

Family therapist and rabbi Edwin Friedman stated that _____ can be thought of as a capacity to define oneself to others in a way that clarifies and expands a vision of the future.

A)self-esteem
B)leadership
C)self-actualization
D)integrity

Question 39

Versions of Fredrick Taylor's approach to improve worker efficiency are referred to as _____ leadership.

A)Theory X
B)Theory Y
C)Type A
D)Type B

Question 40

Industrial plant managers who conduct time-and-motion studies and task analyses, and who use assembly lines to improve productivity, probably believe in

A)Theory X.
B)Theory Y.
C)psychological efficiency.
D)participative management.

Question 41

A company that focuses on psychological efficiency is likely to

A)have good morale among workers.
B)have productive workers.
C)believe workers are willing to accept responsibility.
D)be characterized by all of these.

Question 42

Jessie is a college professor and also a writer.Jessie would be considered to be a

A)Theory X leader.
B)scientifically-managed worker.
C)knowledge worker.
D)Type A leader.

Question 43

Douglas McGregor coined the term _____ as a way to distinguish the leadership style associated with scientific management from _____, a newer approach, which emphasizes human relations at work.

A)Theory X; Theory Y
B)Theory Y; Theory X
C)Type A; Type B
D)Type B; Type A

Question 44

A company that applies Theory Y style of management is likely to consist of ALL of the following EXCEPT

A)encouraging people to be industrious and creative.
B)finding it beneficial to separate employees by their job position.
C)the meshing of workers' goals and those of the company.
D)giving workers some degree of freedom and responsibility.

Question 45

_____ leaders have a person orientation rather than a task orientation and tend to assume that workers enjoy autonomy and are willing to accept responsibility.

A)Type A
B)Type B
C)Theory X
D)Theory Y

Question 46

An employer who lets employees make as many decisions as possible about what they do with their time probably believes in

A)Theory X.
B)Theory Y.
C)scientific management.
D)biodata.

Question 47

_____ leaders assume people are industrious, creative, and rewarded by challenging work and that workers' needs and goals can be meshed with the company's goals.

A)Type A
B)Type B
C)Theory X
D)Theory Y

Question 48

To increase psychological efficiency, a business manager would be well-advised to apply the concepts of

A)Theory X management.
B)task analysis and assembly lines.
C)Theory Y management.
D)scientific management.

Question 49

Ian is a manager of a local company. He holds departmental meetings daily in order to get input from the employees about ways to improve quality and safety. Ian often works alongside his employees and eats with them at lunch. All employees work as a team to produce the best product possible. Ian's management style would be classified as

A) Type A.
B) Type B.
C) Theory X.
D) Theory Y.

Question 50

Work efficiency is to psychological efficiency as _____ is to _____.

A)job enrichment; job satisfaction
B)Theory X; Theory Y
C)management by objectives; job enrichment
D)job enrichment; Theory X

Question 51

Bankers, teachers, lawyers, computer engineers, writers, and scientists are considered

A)Theory X leaders.
B)scientifically-managed workers.
C)knowledge workers.
D)Type A leaders.

Question 52

Over the last 85 years, _____ has increased in North America.

A)manufacturing
B)knowledge companies
C)Theory X leadership
D)scientific management

Question 53

Which of the following would be considered knowledge workers?

A)bankers and lawyers
B)scientists and computer engineers
C)teachers and writers
D)all of these

Question 54

Which is an assumption made by Theory Y managers?

A)Workers' needs and goals are incompatible with the company's goals.
B)People are industrious, creative, and rewarded by challenging work.
C)Workers must be coerced or goaded into being productive.
D)Time-and-motion studies and job specialization increase productivity.

Question 55

With the economic downturn, Craig has increased quotas and the number of hours employees work to cut costs, while William has turned to his employees and given them more control and decision-making ability to effect change in the company and to come up with solutions to deal with the shortfall.Craig is most concerned with _____, while William is more concerned with _____.

A)Theory Y management; scientific management
B)scientific management; Theory X management
C)psychological efficiency; work efficiency
D)work efficiency; psychological efficiency

Question 56

Theory X is to work efficiency as Theory Y is to

A)inefficiency.
B)psychological efficiency.
C)scientific management.
D)impersonalization.

Question 57

_____ coined the term Theory X as a way to distinguish the leadership style associated with scientific management from Theory Y, a newer approach, which emphasizes human relations at work.

A)Frederick Taylor
B)Douglas McGregor
C)Irving Janis
D)John Holland

Question 58

Regarding knowledge workers, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Knowledge workers tend to work hard to gain competence and to use their talents.
B)Today in North America, two of every five people in the workforce would be considered knowledge workers.
C)Knowledge workers usually think of their work as a career rather than a job.
D)Bankers, teachers, and lawyers are examples of knowledge workers.

Question 59

Which of the following is typical of Theory Y?

A)worker autonomy
B)job specialization
C)rigid time-management
D)assembly lines

Question 60

_____ add value to their company by creating and manipulating information.

A)Theory X leaders
B)Scientifically-managed workers
C)Knowledge workers
D)Work efficiency experts

Question 61

Today in North America, _____ out of every five people in the workforce are knowledge workers.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 62

_____ think of their work as a career rather than a job and will work hard to gain competence and use their talents.

A)Theory X workers
B)Scientifically-managed workers
C)Knowledge workers
D)Today, about two our of five workers in North America

Question 63

A automobile manufacturer who relies on management by objectives allows employees to choose

A)production goals.
B)production procedures.
C)employment criteria.
D)product standards.

Question 64

In the Honda plant in Marysville, Ohio, all the employees, regardless of their position, wear identical white uniforms and hold the title of associate. There are no private offices, separate dining rooms, or reserved parking spaces for executives. In fact, employees work alongside company executives, with every employee having a "say" in and responsibility for quality control and safety. This management style would be classified as

A) Type A.
B) Type B.
C) Theory X.
D) Theory Y.

Question 65

Armando, who is a software engineer, has been working long hours trying to develop a new way to more quickly predict hurricane activity for a satellite weather system.Armando quit his last job because the leadership of that company made him feel like he was "punching the clock." The woman who is the chief executive officer of his new company believes that people are industrious, creative, and rewarded by challenging work.Regarding Armando's current and previous job situations, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)The work efficiency of Armando's current job is probably being measured by time-and-motion studies.
B)Armando is now being scientifically-managed at his new company.
C)Armando's work and psychological efficiency would have been higher had he stayed with his old company.
D)Armando has moved from a job with a Theory X leader boss to a career with a Theory Y leader boss.

Question 66

Regarding management by objectives, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Workers choose the specific goals they will meet, although the method for reaching this goal is set by management.
B)Workers become confused and productivity decreases when workers are required to devise methods for meeting quotas.
C)Workers feel more independent and take personal responsibility for their work.
D)Workers tend to get stressed by receiving feedback about their progress toward their goals.

Question 67

Recently George switched jobs to the new automaker in town.At the old plant, he was constantly watched by an egotistical boss who expected him to work "like a machine." In contrast, his new job expects him to be a part of a team and be involved at all levels of decision-making.Regarding George's old and new jobs, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)George left a company that emphasized Theory Y management.
B)George has switched to a company that emphasizes participatory management.
C)George's productivity and job satisfaction will decline at his new job.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 68

_____ has been shown to increase productivity, involvement at work, and job satisfaction, and to reduce job-related stresses.

A)Participative management
B)Task-analyzed management
C)Scientific management
D)Job specialization

Question 69

The leadership approach in which employees at all levels are directly involved in decision making is

A)Theory X management.
B)participative management.
C)scientific management.
D)management by objectives.

Question 70

Janie works for a company in which she is part of a group that is allowed to choose its own methods of achieving results, as long as the results are effective.Janie is a part of a

A)Theory X management group.
B)scientific management group.
C)quality circle.
D)self-managed team.

Question 71

In the company that Carlos works for, he is given a goal of making a certain number of items, while reducing waste by a specific percentage.However, Carlos is allowed the freedom to choose how he will achieve these goals.Carlos' company is utilizing

A)management by objectives.
B)scientific management.
C)job specialization and task analysis.
D)Theory X leadership.

Question 72

_____ are allowed to choose their own methods of achieving results, as long as they are effective.This results in better teamwork and cooperation within organizations and better uses of the talents and strengths of individual employees.

A)Theory X management groups
B)Scientific management groups
C)Self-managed teams
D)Quality circles

Question 73

Shared leadership has been shown to

A)increase productivity.
B)create greater job involvement.
C)increase job satisfaction and reduce job-related stress.
D)do all of these.

Question 74

In order to incorporate many of the features of Theory Y leadership, the Honda plant in Marysville, Ohio, made which of the following changes?

A)Employees, regardless of their position, wear identical white uniforms and hold the title of associate and work alongside company executives.
B)Private offices, separate dining halls, and reserved parking spaces for executives were abolished.
C)Departmental meetings are held daily with decisions being made and thoughts freely shared.
D)All of these changes were made.

Question 75

If you are given specific goals to meet, and are allowed free choice of how you will meet the goals, you are working under the _____ approach.

A)management by objectives
B)scientific management
C)management by skills
D)Theory X

Question 76

A _____ is a group of employees who work together toward shared goals and have a high degree of freedom with respect to how these goals are achieved.

A)Theory X management group
B)scientific management group
C)quality circle
D)self-managed team

Question 77

Two elements that make Theory Y leadership methods effective are

A)shared leadership and management by objectives.
B)time-and-motion studies and task analysis.
C)scientific management and variable pay schedules.
D)job specialization and task analysis.

Question 78

Which of the following is associated with Theory Y?

A)management by authority figure
B)shared leadership
C)scientific management
D)psychological inefficiency

Question 79

Which of the following is typical of Theory Y?

A)management by objectives
B)participative management
C)quality circles
D)all of these

Question 80

One of the anticipated consequences of Theory Y management philosophy is

A)increased interest in formalizing employer-employee relationships through negotiated contracts.
B)workers who are able to anticipate and respond to the needs of their employer.
C)workers who develop preferences for specialization in performing a single task very well.
D)workers who view work as a cooperative effort.