Deck 11: Sexuality and Gender

Question 1

In the psychology of health and stress,Hans Selye is associated with the study of:

A) the hardy personality.
B) coping strategies.
C) the general adaptation syndrome.
D) Type A and Type B personalities.

Answer 1

the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 2

Approximately how many soldiers returning from Iraq show symptoms of PTSD?

A) 50%
B) 25%
C) 20%
D) 16%

Answer 2

16%

Question 3

Which category of stressor is correctly matched with an example?

A) Background stressor-the 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
B) Personal stressor-being fired
C) Cataclysmic event-spending time on hold on the phone
D) Personal stressor-realizing that there is no fuel in your car when you have to rush to work

Answer 3

Personal stressor-being fired

Question 4

Which of the following is true of stress?

A) Although adaptation is often major,it requires minimal effort when stress is very severe or long lasting.
B) Stress is a very personal thing.
C) Positive events never produce stress.
D) Our attempts to overcome stress may produce biological and psychological responses that improve our overall health.

Question 5

Misplacing one's keys illustrates a:

A) personal stressor.
B) background stressor.
C) cataclysmic event.
D) catastrophic event.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of stress?

A) The greater the number of uplifts we experience,the fewer the psychological symptoms we report later.
B) Stress increases the immune system response.
C) Stress is very helpful to the immune system as it overstimulates the system.
D) Stress is a universal phenomenon and not a personal thing.

Question 7

Which of the following statements best expresses the position of most health psychologists with regard to the mind-body issue?

A) The mind and the body are separate entities.
B) The mind and the body are one and the same.
C) The mind and the body are clearly linked.
D) Health psychologists are concerned only with the body.

Question 8

PTSD may result from:

A) cataclysmic events and severe personal stressors.
B) personal stressors only.
C) cataclysmic events only.
D) any type of stressor.

Question 9

Which of the following are strong stressors that occur suddenly and typically affect many people at once?

A) Personal stressors
B) Cataclysmic events
C) Background stressors
D) Daily hassles

Question 10

Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between background stressors and daily hassles?

A) Background stressors are less severe than are daily hassles.
B) Background stressors and daily hassles are the same thing.
C) Daily hassles are less severe than background stressors.
D) Daily hassles are a type of background stressor.

Question 11

Which of the following would qualify as an example of a cataclysmic event?

A) Being stranded in an earthquake affected area
B) Getting ready for the first day at work
C) Getting irritated due to slow Internet connection at work
D) Suffering from a severe headache

Question 12

Sally was irritated as her cell phone got switched off due to low battery.This is an example of a _____.

A) personal stressor
B) background stressor
C) cataclysmic event
D) catastrophic event

Question 13

The number of hassles people experience is _____ correlated with the frequency of such problems as the flu,a sore throat,and backaches.The number of uplifts people experience is _____ correlated with the frequency of these sorts of problems.

A) not;not
B) not;negatively
C) positively;not
D) positively;negatively

Question 14

Susan has been working tirelessly for the past few weeks due to tight deadlines.She is also being pressurized by her parents to get married and settle in life.Susan is stressed and has been detected with high blood pressure,skin rashes,and fatigue.She is in a helpless state and thinks her life is messed up.Susan is suffering from a(n)_____.

A) emotional insulation
B) defense mechanism
C) psychophysiological disorder
D) general adaptation syndrome

Question 15

Which of the following would qualify as an example of a background stressor?

A) Losing one's sibling in a train accident
B) Getting married to one's childhood crush
C) Getting irritated as one's headphones are not working
D) Losing an eye during a bomb blast

Question 16

Which of the following is true of the consequences of stress?

A) Only negative stressors affect you physiologically.
B) Stress produces both biological and psychological consequences.
C) Stress does not have direct physiological results.
D) Stress increases the immune system response.

Question 17

The suicide rate for veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars is _____ the general population.

A) twice as high as
B) the same as
C) less than half
D) three times as high as

Question 18

Dr.Alastair examines the relationship among psychological factors,the immune system,and the brain.Dr.Alastair is a:

A) psychoimmunologist.
B) psychoneuroimmunologist.
C) psychoneurologist.
D) neuroimmunologist.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of a personal stressor?

A) Getting stuck in a severe traffic jam
B) Waiting in a restaurant for a long duration for an order to be taken
C) Being informed about a suicide bomb attack
D) Giving birth to a baby

Question 20

Which of the following sequences correctly orders the stages of the general adaptation syndrome,from first to last?

A) Alarm → exhaustion → resistance
B) Alarm → resistance → exhaustion
C) Resistance → alarm → exhaustion
D) Exhaustion → resistance → alarm

Question 21

Efforts to control,reduce,or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress are termed:

A) coping.
B) adaptation.
C) resistance.
D) reactance.

Question 22

Which of the following is true regarding emotion-focused coping?

A) In emotion-focused coping,a person may use wishful thinking to reduce stress or use more direct escape routes.
B) Taking time-out from stress by creating positive events is a type of emotion-focused coping.
C) Emotion-focused coping may be more effective than problem-focused coping when the situation is uncontrollable.
D) Emotion-focused coping attempts to modify the source of stress.

Question 23

Which of the following is found to be the least successful coping method for dealing with stress?

A) Avoidant coping
B) Proactive coping
C) Emotion-focused coping
D) Problem-focused coping

Question 24

During the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome,the body is actively fighting the stressor on a biological level.

A) exhaustion
B) resistance
C) alarm
D) mobilization

Question 25

People enter the last stage of the general adaptation syndrome,exhaustion,when:

A) resistance is inadequate.
B) they just become aware of the presence of a stressor.
C) their sympathetic nervous system starts to become energized.
D) they attempt to cope with the stressor.

Question 26

Faced with overlapping,unrealistic deadlines at work,Ivan recruits his friends to perform some of the routine clerical tasks associated with the projects.Ivan is engaged in _____ coping.

A) problem-focused
B) emotion-focused
C) avoidant
D) proactive

Question 27

Some health psychologists have criticized the general adaptation syndrome because:

A) it suggests that one's physiological reaction to stress is rapidly changing,which may not be true.
B) it does not take into account how an individual interprets or appraises a stressful event.
C) they believe people's biological responses are not specific to the way they appraise a stressful event.
D) they believe that the physiological response to stress follows the same set pattern regardless of the cause of stress.

Question 28

Which of the following is true about the general adaptation syndrome?

A) In the mobilization stage,people use a variety of means to cope with the stressor-sometimes successfully but at a cost of some degree of physical or psychological well-being.
B) In the alarm stage,the sympathetic nervous system becomes weak due to the sudden onset of stress.
C) The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome is known as the alarm and mobilization stage.
D) If exhaustion is inadequate,people enter the resistance stage to cope with stress.

Question 29

Wishful thinking and the use of drugs exemplify the use of _____ coping.

A) problem-focused
B) emotion-focused
C) avoidant
D) proactive

Question 30

Stress may impair our production of disease-fighting white blood cells called:

A) leukocytes.
B) lymphocytes.
C) monocytes.
D) hemocytes.

Question 31

Which of the following is true of defense mechanisms?

A) Defense mechanisms deal with reality.
B) Defense mechanisms are personality characteristics associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness.
C) Defense mechanisms permit people to avoid stress by acting as if the stress were not even there.
D) People who practice defense mechanisms are generally optimistic,good-natured,and have good social skills.

Question 32

Which of the following is true about problem-focused coping?

A) Problem-focused coping leads to changes in behavior or to the development of a plan of action to deal with stress.
B) People use problem-focused strategies more frequently when they perceive circumstances as being unchangeable.
C) Problem-focused coping includes strategies such as accepting sympathy from others and looking at the bright side of a situation.
D) In problem-focused coping,a person may use wishful thinking to reduce stress or use more direct escape routes.

Question 33

A study conducted by Lehman and Taylor reports that California students living in dormitories unlikely to withstand an earthquake were more likely to doubt earthquake predictions than were students living in safer structures.This example best illustrates:

A) avoidant coping.
B) a projection.
C) emotion-based coping.
D) a defense mechanism.

Question 34

Which of the following refer to unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source from themselves and others?

A) Subjective well-being tactics
B) Defense mechanisms
C) Cataclysmic events
D) Type B behavior patterns

Question 35

Steve gets himself a couple of drinks at his favorite pub,every day after work,in order to reduce his stress.Steve is engaging himself in _____ coping.

A) problem-focused
B) emotion-focused
C) proactive
D) avoidant

Question 36

Eve was stressed as she had got transferred to Italy.She decided to look at the brighter side of her relocation by telling herself that it will be a new experience,that she will be able to meet different people,and see new places.Eve is observing _____ coping.

A) emotion-focused
B) proactive
C) avoidant
D) defensive

Question 37

Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome model is correctly matched with an example?

A) Alarm-drinking coffee and energy drinks to stay up late each night,writing that political science paper
B) Resistance-realizing that a major term paper is due in 2 weeks in your political science course
C) Exhaustion-coming down with a bad cold the day after you hand in that political science paper
D) Alarm-visiting the library daily to do reference and research work to write that political science paper

Question 38

At which stage of Selye's general adaptation model (GAS)are individuals the most likely to show negative consequences of stress?

A) Exhaustion
B) Resistance
C) Alarm
D) Mobilization

Question 39

Which of the following is true of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) During exhaustion,the sympathetic nervous system becomes energized,which helps a person cope initially with the stressor.
B) During the exhaustion stage,a person's ability to fight the stressor is highest.
C) In some cases,exhaustion allows people to escape a stressor.
D) During the exhaustion stage,the body is actively fighting the stressor on a biological level.

Question 40

Following an ugly confrontation with a coworker,Simon seeks sympathy from his friends.Simon is practicing _____ coping.

A) problem-focused
B) emotion-focused
C) avoidant
D) proactive

Question 41

The _____ behavior pattern is characterized by a patient and nonaggressive manner.

A) Type A
B) Type B
C) Type C
D) Type D

Question 42

Despite growing up in an environment characterized by unemployment,violence,drug abuse,and poverty,Geoff finished college and is successful and thriving today.Geoff is:

A) hostile.
B) hardy.
C) luck.
D) fortunate.

Question 43

Eric has a Type A behavior pattern.Which of the following characteristics would be observed in Eric?

A) Patience
B) Time urgency
C) Lack of stress
D) Cooperation

Question 44

Patrick is a typical Type B personality.Patrick would be characterized by _____ behavior.

A) hostile
B) competitive
C) insecure
D) nonaggressive

Question 45

Martha has a Type B behavior pattern.Which of the following characteristics would be observed in Martha?

A) Hostility
B) Time urgency
C) Competitiveness
D) Cooperation

Question 46

People sometimes stop even trying to cope with stress if they feel that they have no control over the bad things that happen to them;that is,people might experience:

A) emotional insulation.
B) learned helplessness.
C) avoidant reactance.
D) denial.

Question 47

The _____ behavior pattern is a cluster of behaviors involving hostility,competitiveness,time urgency,and feeling driven.

A) Type B
B) Type D
C) Type C
D) Type A

Question 48

Kim is aggressive,competitive,and ambitious;Lonnie is relaxed,cooperative,and patient;and Morrie is anxious,tense,and pessimistic.Which individual is correctly paired with the behavior pattern he or she reflects?

A) Lonnie - Type B
B) Morrie - Type A
C) Kim - Type D
D) Kim - Type C

Question 49

Katie was very excited about the athletics event to be held in her school.She got injured just a few days before the event and was asked by her physician to take rest for one full day.She was very frustrated and worried that she might be replaced by her friend,Elaine,if she misses her daily practice.She ignored her physician's advice,went ahead with her practice,and worsened the injury.Katie is most likely a _____ personality.

A) Type B
B) Type A
C) Type C
D) Type D

Question 50

Agreeing with the statement: "Sometimes I feel like I can't do anything about my life" would reflect which of the following?

A) Learned helplessness
B) Emotion-focused coping
C) Emotional insulation
D) Problem-focused coping

Question 51

Jane is a calm and composed person,who believes in working patiently.She hates the idea of employees working aggressively to win more incentives than their coworkers.She is cooperative with her coworkers and helps them whenever they are in need.Jane is a _____ individual.

A) Type C
B) Type A
C) Type B
D) Type D

Question 52

Which of the following behavior types is correctly matched with an adjective?

A) Type A: insecure
B) Type B: cooperative
C) Type D: hostile
D) Type A: noncompetitive

Question 53

Which of the following should be followed to cope with a stressful situation?

A) One should stick to one's goals.
B) One should change one's appraisal of the situation.
C) One should avoid taking physical action.
D) One should try to turn a challenge into a threat.

Question 54

Which of the following is true of resilience?

A) Resilient people are not able to work with what they have and tend to complain about whatever situation they find themselves in.
B) Resilient people conclude that there is no link between the responses they make and the outcomes that occur.
C) Resilience occurs when people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled.
D) Resilience results in the release of the hormone cortisol which is helpful in responding to challenges,although too much can produce damage.

Question 55

Annie is a Type A individual.She would be characterized by _____ behavior.

A) hostile
B) patient
C) cooperative
D) noncompetitive

Question 56

Which of the following refers to the ability to withstand,overcome,and actually thrive after profound adversity?

A) Emotional insulation
B) Avoidant coping
C) Hostility
D) Resilience

Question 57

Vivian always makes sure that he submits his class assignments before anybody else does.Also,he aims at getting the highest score among his classmates.Vivian has a _____ behavior pattern.

A) Type C
B) Type B
C) Type A
D) Type D

Question 58

Neil,a team lead in an advertising firm,is a harmonious person who provides constant support to his teammates without any hassles.Neil is most likely a _____ personality.

A) Type D
B) Type A
C) Type C
D) Type B

Question 59

The strategy of preparing for stress before it happens is termed _____ coping.

A) anticipatory
B) proactive
C) preventive
D) reactive

Question 60

"Don't wait for the storm to pass-learn to dance in the rain," exhorts an inspirational poster you notice in an office.This quote most directly relates to the _____ component of hardiness.

A) commitment
B) challenge
C) control
D) coping

Question 61

In the long term,the most effective means of reducing smoking may be:

A) using the patch or nicotine replacement gum.
B) going cold turkey.
C) changes in societal norms and attitudes toward the habit.
D) using Zyban or similar drugs.

Question 62

The average smoker tries to quit about _____ times before being successful.

A) 3-4
B) 5-6
C) 8-10
D) 12-15

Question 63

According to the World Health Organization,about what percentage of the world's population will die as a result of smoking?

A) 2%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 20%

Question 64

After a year of avoiding cigarettes,the probability of relapse is:

A) 10%.
B) 25%.
C) 35%.
D) 50%.

Question 65

Blythe takes the medication prescribed by her doctor.However,she takes an increased dose and combines the drug with other medications based on her past experience.Blythe is practicing:

A) reactance.
B) creative nonadherence.
C) modified compliance.
D) hardiness.

Question 66

Approximately _____% of high school students are active cigarette smokers by the time they graduate.

A) 10
B) 15
C) 25
D) 35

Question 67

The key component of the Type A behavior pattern,hostility,is highly toxic because it:

A) produces excessive physiological arousal in stressful situations.
B) affects the course of cancer through links to the immune system.
C) decreases heart rate and blood pressure.
D) results in decreased production of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 68

Approximately what percentage of current smokers report that they would like to quit?

A) 90%
B) 75%
C) 65%
D) 50%

Question 69

Smoking is the number _____ preventable cause of death in the United States;one in _____ deaths in the United States is/are caused by smoking.

A) one;five
B) one;four
C) two;five
D) two;four

Question 70

Which of the following is true of the Type A behavior pattern?

A) Men who display the Type A behavior pattern suffer significantly less fatal heart attacks than those classified as having the Type B pattern.
B) Patience is the key component of the Type A behavior pattern which is related to non-aggressiveness.
C) The importance of the Type A behavior pattern lies in its links to coronary heart disease.
D) The Type A behavior pattern is characterized by a patient,cooperative,noncompetitive,and nonaggressive manner.

Question 71

Owen is a Type B personality.Owen would be characterized by _____ behavior.

A) noncompetitive
B) stressful
C) hostile
D) panicky

Question 72

Insecure,negative,and anxious personality traits are characteristics of which personality style?

A) Type A
B) Type B
C) Type D
D) Type C

Question 73

Mick is a dedicated basketball player who believes in cultivating his sports skills by competing with others.He always feels driven to practice and improve his techniques of shooting,passing,and rebounding.Also,he is extremely patient and cooperative when he teaches the technique to his teammates.Mick's behavior:

A) has a Type B behavior pattern.
B) falls between Type A and Type B behavior patterns.
C) has a combination of Type C and Type D behavior patterns.
D) represents insecurity,anxiety,and hostility.

Question 74

The component of the Type A pattern most strongly linked to coronary heart disease is that of:

A) hostility.
B) competitiveness.
C) time urgency.
D) ambitiousness.

Question 75

Which of the following is supposed to be the most successful method of quitting smoking?

A) Using the patch or nicotine replacement gum
B) Going cold turkey
C) Attending counseling,along with using nicotine replacement patches or gums
D) Using Zyban or similar drugs

Question 76

The Type A and Type B behavior patterns are best seen as:

A) distinct categories.
B) overlapping categories.
C) ends of a continuum.
D) orthogonal dimensions.

Question 77

Overall,about _____ of those who try to quit smoking actually succeed over the longer term.

A) 25%
B) 15%
C) 5%
D) 1%

Question 78

The rate of lung cancer among African-American smokers is _____ than it is among white smokers.

A) 75% lower
B) 25% higher
C) 50% higher
D) 50% lower

Question 79

Linda was suffering from an eye infection.Her doctor prescribed her eye drops that she had to use 4 times a day,and advised her to apply warm compresses 5 times every day.The doctor also asked her to avoid using eye makeup.However,Linda used the solution only once a day and rarely applied warm compresses to her eye.She also continued to use eye makeup.Linda is practicing:

A) reactance.
B) modified compliance.
C) creative nonadherence.
D) hardiness.

Question 80

Which of the following is true of cancer?

A) Development of cancer is directly related to the Type A behavior pattern.
B) Cancer is a disease which cannot be cured even if detected early.
C) Cancer spreads when certain cells in the body become altered and multiply rapidly in an uncontrolled fashion.
D) Conclusive evidence suggests that cancer patients are less emotionally reactive,suppress anger,and lack outlets for emotional release.