Deck 4: Individual Behavior and Differences

Question 1

There are no compelling data suggesting that men or women are better job performers.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Behavior is anything a person does.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The term cognitive dissonance describes a situation where there's a discrepancy between the affect and behavioral components of an attitude.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The behavioral component of an attitude refers to a person's intention to act toward someone or something in a certain way.

Question 5

Job analysis defines a job in terms of tasks required.Expected behaviors are not included in this analysis but instead are placed in a job description.

Question 6

Mental abilities + span of knowledge = intelligence.

Question 7

The cognitive component of an attitude consists of the person's emotional segment,perceptions,opinions,and beliefs.

Question 8

Perception involves receiving stimuli,organizing them,and translating or interpreting the organized stimuli to influence behavior and form attitudes.

Question 9

Kurt Lewin proposed B = f(I,E)

Question 10

Abilities are task-related competencies.

Question 11

Diversity describes human qualities such as race,gender,and ethnicity that are different from our own and that are outside the groups to which we belong.

Question 12

An attitude is a positive or negative feeling or mental state of readiness.

Question 13

A skill is a trait that permits a person to do something mental or physical.

Question 14

Affect is the emotional,or "feeling," component of an attitude.It is learned from parents,teachers,and peer group members.

Question 15

Dispositional attributions emphasize the environment's effect on behavior.

Question 16

Most people tend to make positive evaluations of others.This is referred to as a general positivity or the Pygmalion effect.

Question 17

People have a tendency to take credit for successful work and deny responsibility for poor work.This is called positivity.

Question 18

A situational attribution emphasizes some aspect of the individual such as ability,skill,or internal motivation.

Question 19

Individuals use five senses to experience the environment: sight,touch,hearing,taste,and smell.Organizing the information for the environment so that it makes sense is called "discernment."

Question 20

The fundamental attribution error occurs because it is easier to explain behavior in terms of traits than to a manager's style,system,or situation.

Question 21

The person's perception process starts with a(n)_________.

A)cognitive attitude
B)evaluation
C)observation of the stimuli
D)stimuli

Question 22

Researchers generally agreed that ___________.

A)behavior is caused
B)behavior can be observed
C)behavior is goal directed
D)All of the above

Question 23

Carol was late for work.Her manager assumes Carol's tardiness was due to traffic.This is an example of a(n)__________.

A)emotional attribution
B)fundamental attribution
C)situational attribution
D)dispositional attribution

Question 24

Pat sees a new student on campus that is 6'11".Pat assumes that this student must be on the basketball team.Pat has just applied a ___________.

A)self-serving bias
B)stereotype
C)realistic perception
D)self-selection bias

Question 25

Those with "HIGH MACH" scores would seem better suited for structured,routine,and nonemotional situations.

Question 26

While numerous dimensions have been associated with job satisfaction,five in particular have crucial characteristics.Surprisingly,pay is not included in this set.

Question 27

To understand individual differences managers must ____________.

A)study variables that influence individual behavior
B)discover relationships among the variables
C)observe and recognize the differences
D)All of the above

Question 28

Some people believe that they're autonomous-that they're masters of their own fate and bear personal responsibility for what happens to them.Rotter called these people internals.

Question 29

In Kurt Lewin's formula B = f(I,E); I refers to __________.

A)individual
B)interest
C)involvement
D)None of the above

Question 30

Three theoretical approaches to understanding personality are the trait approach,the psychological approach,and the humanistic approach.

Question 31

Many culturally diverse groups from around the world are spread throughout the workforce.Which of the following statements regarding this diversity is correct?

A)European cultural groups tend to have higher levels of creativity than other cultural groups.
B)Western vs.Eastern cultural groups exhibit different work performance.
C)No significant differences in job performance across culturally diverse groups.
D)Whether significant differences in job performance across diverse groups exist isn't known.

Question 32

While Sam's work results are excellent he often interfaces with management in a cynical and negative manner.When completing Sam's performance evaluation,his manager focuses on Sam's attitude and does not consider his results,and assigns Sam a poor rating.__________ may have influenced the assignment of the low rating.

A)Pollyanna error
B)Selective perception
C)Fundamental attribution error
D)A and B

Question 33

There are no compelling data suggesting that men or women are better job performers.Research however indicates that there may differences between genders regarding _________.

A)reasoning
B)creativity
C)absenteeism
D)No differences are indicated in the research

Question 34

Generalizing research findings from a dominant group (white males)to other groups ____________.

A)is an appropriate extension of our knowledge
B)is needed to face the growing diversity of today's workforce
C)isn't sound
D)None of the above

Question 35

A(n)________ is a trait (innate or learned)that permits a person to do something mental or physical.

A)skill
B)ability
C)attribute
D)characteristic

Question 36

Most research studies indicate a clear link between satisfaction and performance.

Question 37

Jan stereotypes people from a particular region as lazy.While she fails to notice that three of the best students in her class are from that region she is quick to make the association for the students from the region that are doing poorly.This is an example of how stereotypes are ________.

A)self-perpetuating
B)formed
C)weakened
D)self-fashioned

Question 38

Carol was late for work.Her manager attributes Carol's tardiness to a lack of motivation.This is an example of a(n)__________.

A)emotional attribution
B)general negativity in attribution
C)situational attribution
D)dispositional attribution

Question 39

When attempting to attribute behaviors to either the person or the surroundings,Kelley proposed which of the following as criteria for consideation?

A)Consensus
B)Distinctiveness
C)Consistency
D)All of the above

Question 40

A "knack" to negotiate a merger or operate a computer is an example of a(n)_________.

A)skill
B)ability
C)knack
D)aptitude

Question 41

Research shows that satisfied employees _______ customer satisfaction and loyalty.

A)increase
B)are tangentially related to
C)have no clear relationship to
D)when accompanied by perceived high levels of pay increase

Question 42

Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is conflict between _________ of an attitude.

A)the behavioral component(s)
B)the cognitive component(s)
C)the cognitive component and group members attitudes regarding
D)the cognitive and behavioral components

Question 43

Dissatisfied customers appear to _________ employee job dissatisfaction.

A)have no clear relationship to
B)when accompanied by perceived high levels of pay,have no impact on
C)when accompanied by perceived low levels of pay,decrease
D)decrease

Question 44

Sam sees that a subordinate has failed to meet a deadline.He assumes that the problem is due to the employee's procrastination.Sam has committed the ________.

A)fundamental cognition error
B)fundamental attribution assessment
C)fundamental attribution error
D)Pollyanna error

Question 45

Carol has never been late for work.When Carol arrived late to work today,the department supervisor assumed it was due to a situation beyond Carol's control.Using Kelley's criteria,this assignment of Carol's behavior to the situation and not to the individual may be due to the __________ of the observed behavior.

A)incongruity
B)distinctiveness
C)uniformity
D)All of the above

Question 46

Chris has just completed a research project on a particular type of foam insulation and has determined that it should not be used in that its key component is a possible human carcinogen.This is an example of _________________.

A)the behavioral component of his attitude towards the product
B)the affective component of his attitude towards the product
C)the cognitive component of his attitude towards the product
D)a dispositional bias

Question 47

Research has suggested a correlation between job satisfaction and ____________.

A)the quantity of work
B)the quality of performance
C)turnover
D)None of the above

Question 48

Chris was bitten by a dog last year and has since crossed the street whenever he sees a stray dog.This is an example of _______________.

A)the behavioral component of his attitude towards dogs
B)the affective component of his attitude towards dogs
C)the cognitive component of his attitude towards dogs
D)a dispositional bias

Question 49

Which of the following is not a determinant of personality?

A)Social class and other membership forces
B)Cultural forces
C)Hereditary forces
D)All of these answers are determinants of personality

Question 50

Cattell,a leading researcher on trait personality theories,concluded that there _____________.

A)are five "factors" that encompass personality
B)are 16 basic traits that underline individual differences in behavior
C)are specific traits associated with the id and ego
D)is a trait explanation to the differences among cultures observed in the earlier work conducted by Hofsede

Question 51

A person that looks at personality as a dynamic interaction between two primary parts of personality is applying which of the primary theoretical approaches to personality?

A)Trait
B)Psychodynamic
C)Humanistic
D)Attribution

Question 52

Research has found "citizenship" behaviors are _________ satisfied workers.

A)to less prevalent among
B)modestly related to
C)more prevalent among
D)are not clearly related to

Question 53

Which of the following matches the researcher to the appropriate theoretical approach to personality?

A)Catell and trait,Freud and psychodynamic,Rodgers and humanistic
B)Allpost and trait,Freud and humanistic,Rodgers and psychodynamic
C)Catell and trait,Freud and psychodynamic,Allpost and humanistic
D)Allpost and trait,Freud and humanistic,Catell and psychodynamic

Question 54

Research has found ___________ between job satisfaction and job performance.

A)a strong association
B)a modest correlation
C)no clear link
D)contrary to expectations,a negative association

Question 55

Psychodynamic personality theory presents that conflict between the _______ and ________ are moderated but the _________.

A)ego,id,superego
B)id,ego,superid
C)id,superego,ego
D)id,ego,superego

Question 56

________ are the conscious,affective desires or wants of people that guide their behavior.

A)Attitudes
B)Values
C)Cognitions
D)Preconceptions

Question 57

Pat,a two pack a day smoker,understands that smoking is dangerous to his health but when challenged states that it helps him study.Pat is using a ______ to reduce dissonance regarding his smoking.

A)cognitive process
B)mental model
C)a behavioral process
D)None of the above

Question 58

The only thing that needs to be considered when attempting to improve job satisfaction is __________.

A)pay
B)supervisor interaction
C)job design
D)None of the above

Question 59

Chris was bitten by a toy poodle last year and has since disliked all dogs.This is an example of _______________.

A)the behavioral component of his attitude towards dogs
B)the affective component of his attitude towards dogs
C)the cognitive component of his attitude towards dogs
D)a dispositional bias

Question 60

While Pat is quick to take credit for favorable outcomes,he dismisses responsibility for poor performance instead attributing those to situational factors.This may be an example of a _______________________.

A)distinctiveness bias
B)fundamental attribution
C)self-serving bias
D)self-justifying bias

Question 61

Define the term attitude and describe the three components of an attitude.Provide an example for each of these components.

Question 62

Although it is not specifically stated in the employment contract,Jack believes that if he works hard and secures more business than his peers he will receive a larger holiday bonus than the others in the group.This is an example of ___________.

A)self-efficacy
B)a transactional based psychological contract
C)a relational contract
D)a self-filling prophecy

Question 63

Which of the following would be considered a "projective" personality test?

A)The Myers-Briggs test
B)Asking an individual to respond to an inkblot
C)Observing the response of the individual when asked to solve a specific work problem
D)Rodger's Humanistic Inventory

Question 64

Organizations can help develop creativity by ________.

A)buffering
B)organizational time-outs
C)encouraging innovative attitudes
D)All of the above

Question 65

Pat believes that the most basic drive of the human organism is towards self-actualization.Which of the primary theoretical approaches to personality is she applying?

A)Trait
B)Psychodynamic
C)Humanistic
D)Attribution

Question 66

What is an attribution bias and what are the primary types of attribution errors? How might a manager guard against these potentialities?

Question 67

Psychological contract violations are determined by _________.

A)the individual
B)the organization
C)the courts
D)Both A and B

Question 68

EQ refers to the ability to ____________________.

A)perceive emotions and feelings
B)perceive,evaluate and express emotions and feelings
C)perceive,evaluate,express and regulate emotions and feelings
D)evaluate,express and regulate emotions and feelings

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of EQ suggested by Goleman?

A)Self-regulation
B)Self-awareness
C)Empathy
D)Emotional stability

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT one of the "Big Five" personality dimensions?

A)Emotional stability
B)Extroversion-introversion
C)Humble-assertive
D)All of these are dimensions within the Big Five Model.

Question 71

Individuals with "HIGH MACH" scores may be best suited for a job involving _________ while those with "LOW MACH" may be better suited for a position involving ____________.

A)sales,negotiating
B)negotiating,planning
C)routine activities,novel situations
D)planning,purchasing

Question 72

Responses to psychological contract violations typically follow a sequential pattern.The sequence of response is: _______________________.

A)voice,retreat,destruction,exit
B)voice,silence,retreat,destruction,exit
C)voice,silence,retreat,organizing,destruction,exit
D)silence,voice,retreat,organizing,destruction,exit

Question 73

Psychological contracts are based on the concept _________.

A)of an ever expanding volume of case law concerning the employment relationship
B)that the psychological state of the employee is of sufficient importance to require formal inclusion in employment documents
C)of reciprocal obligations
D)None of the above

Question 74

"Internals," according to Rotter are those individuals with

A)high locus of control
B)high self-efficacy
C)high levels of MACH
D)tendencies towards introversion

Question 75

What is an attribution and what are the two general categories of attributions?

Question 76

What is cognitive dissonance? Provide an example of a situation that may produce cognitive dissonance and how an individual may react to reduce that dissonance.

Question 77

Psychological contracts are ______________.

A)not legally binding therefore of marginal interest to the employer
B)generally unimportant to the employer as violations are not typically addressed
C)generally thought to be an extension of Goleman's work
D)None of the above

Question 78

What is perception and what is the process by which stimuli lead to responses?

Question 79

A person that believes that predispositions direct individual behavior in a consistent pattern is applying which of the primary theoretical approaches to personality?

A)Trait
B)Psychodynamic
C)Humanistic
D)Attribution

Question 80

Absorbing the risk of creative decisions _________.

A)limits responsibility and promotes caviler attitudes
B)termed buffering,is thought to promote creativity
C)termed buffering,is thought to stifle creativity
D)diminishes the perceived organizational importance of creativity thus suppressing innovation