Deck 3: Philosophical Ethics and Business

Question 1

_____ typically assert that individual rights and duties are fundamental and thus can also be referred to as a rights-based,or duty-based approach to ethics.

A)Principle-based ethics
B)Role ethics
C)Virtue-based ethics
D)Pragmatic ethics

Answer 1

A
Explanation: Principle-based ethics typically assert that individual rights and duties are fundamental and thus can also be referred to as a rights-based,or duty-based (deontological)approach to ethics.It is often distinguished from consequentialist frameworks,which determine ethical decisions based on the consequences of our acts.

Question 2

Utilitarianism is a social philosophy that promotes the welfare of well-informed political minorities.

Answer 2

True
Explanation: The emphasis on producing the greatest good for the greatest number makes utilitarianism a social philosophy that opposes policies that aim to benefit only a small social,economic,or political minority.Historically,utilitarianism has provided strong support for democratic institutions and policies.

Question 3

Utilitarianism has been called a virtue-based approach to ethics and social policy.

Answer 3

False
Explanation: Utilitarianism has been called a consequentialist approach to ethics and social policy.It would consider a decision that promotes the greatest amount of these values for the greatest number of people as the most reasonable decision.

Question 4

The concept of a human or moral right is central to the utilitarian ethical tradition.

Question 5

The "market" version of utilitarianism argues that questions of safety and risk should be determined by experts who establish standards that the business is required to meet.

Question 6

Principle-based ethics direct us to consider the moral character of individuals and how various character traits can contribute to,or obstruct,a happy and meaningful human life.

Question 7

Ethics offers prescriptions for what a person should do while not seeking to provide justifications for such recommendations.

Question 8

Ethics attempts to answer the question of how we should live,but it does not give reasons to support its answers.

Question 9

The three major categories of an ethical framework are:

A)utility,virtue,and values.
B)universal rights,values,and moral principles.
C)universal rights,cultural norms,and morals.
D)consequences,principles,and personal character.

Question 10

Utilitarians would object to child labor as a matter of principle.

Question 11

Utilitarianism's fundamental insight is that we should decide what to do by:

A)considering the moral character of individuals.
B)following the rules,regardless of consequences.
C)acting only out of a self-interest.
D)considering the consequences of our actions.

Question 12

One of the major challenges to an ethics based on rights points to practical problems in applying a theory of rights to real-life situations.

Question 13

_____ directs us to decide based on overall consequences of our acts.

A)Deontology
B)Role ethics
C)Utilitarianism
D)Virtue ethics

Question 14

The rights of employees to minimum wage,equal opportunity,and to bargain collectively as part of a union are examples of their rights grounded in moral entitlements.

Question 15

The "administrative" version of utilitarianism considers competitive markets to be the most efficient means of maximizing happiness.

Question 16

A principle-based framework defines a set of rules that enforces us to act or decide in certain ways.

Question 17

An ethics of virtue focuses on the actions of a person rather than the person's characteristics.

Question 18

Virtue ethics directs us to act on the basis of moral principles such as respecting human rights.

Question 19

The study of various character traits that can contribute to,or obstruct,a happy and meaningful human life is part of _____.

A)Kantian tradition
B)virtue ethics
C)principle-based ethics
D)utilitarianism

Question 20

According to a principle-based ethical framework,social contract functions to organize and ease relations between individuals.

Question 21

Which of the following principles does utilitarianism emphasize?

A)Producing the greatest good for the greatest number
B)Acting only out of self-interest
C)Ensuring that a fair decision is an impartial decision
D)Obeying the law and keeping promises

Question 22

_____ ensure the integrity and proper functioning of the economic,legal,or financial systems.

A)Social functions
B)Administrative functions
C)Marketing functions
D)Gatekeeper functions

Question 23

Which of the following approaches emphasizes the need to follow legal rules regardless of unfavorable consequences?

A)Virtue ethics
B)Utilitarianism
C)Principle-based ethics
D)Egoism

Question 24

Which of the following is a fundamental moral duty according to Immanuel Kant?

A)To place principles over morals
B)To ponder over the nuances of ethics
C)To treat each person as an end in themselves
D)To continuously set moral examples for everyone to follow

Question 25

No group could function if members were free at all times to decide for themselves what to do and how to act.Which of the following functions to organize and ease relations between individuals?

A)Autocracy
B)Self-rule
C)Social contract
D)Personal norms

Question 26

Which of the following statements reflects the approach of a principle-based ethical tradition?

A)Obey the law
B)Ends justify the means
C)Maximize the overall good
D)Survival of the fittest

Question 27

Identify the statement that most accurately describes the difference between the market and the administrative versions of utilitarianism.

A)The administrative version of utilitarianism promotes policies that protect property rights and encourage competition.
B)The administrative version of utilitarianism uses social sciences to predict consequences.
C)The administrative version of utilitarianism turns to policy experts for the design and implementation of policies.
D)The administrative version produces those goods that the consumers want.

Question 28

The utilitarian tradition relies on _____ for deciding on the ethical legitimacy of alternative decisions.

A)intuition
B)experience
C)variable analysis
D)social sciences

Question 29

Free market economics is grounded in the _____.

A)rights-based framework of ethics
B)principle-based framework of ethics
C)utilitarian framework of ethics
D)legal framework of ethics

Question 30

"We ought to stop at a red light,even if no cars are coming and I could get to my destination that much sooner." Identify the ethical approach that follows this line of thought.

A)Virtue ethics
B)Utilitarianism
C)Role ethics
D)Ethics of principles

Question 31

Which of the following would be advocated by the "administrative" version of utilitarianism?

A)Deregulation of advertising standards
B)Reliance on free and competitive markets
C)Risk-taking by consumers
D)Government regulation of business

Question 32

The _____ goes against the ethical principle of obeying certain duties or responsibilities,no matter the end result.

A)rights-based framework of ethics
B)duty-based framework of ethics
C)deontological framework of ethics
D)utilitarian framework of ethics

Question 33

Utilitarianism has been called a(n):

A)commonsensical approach to ethics.
B)behavioral approach to ethics.
C)consequentialist approach to ethics.
D)intuitive approach to ethics.

Question 34

What is the difference between a principle-based framework of ethics and utilitarianism?

A)Ethics of principles is based on self-interest,whereas utilitarianism is based on human rights.
B)Ethics of principles is based on human rights,whereas utilitarianism is based on self-interest.
C)Ethics of principles is based on rules,whereas utilitarianism is based on consequences.
D)Ethics of principles is based on consequences,whereas utilitarianism is based on rules.

Question 35

_____ is commonly identified with the policy of "maximizing the overall good."

A)Stoicism
B)Deontology
C)Pragmatism
D)Utilitarianism

Question 36

Amanda and Jeremy argue about the employment of children in tobacco farms in a certain part of the world.Jeremy is of the view that this practice is ethical.He supports this view by stating facts about how the economic and social gains from employing children in these farms outweigh the long-term economic losses due to the health problems and lack of education suffered by these children.Jeremy is most likely an adherent of _____.

A)virtue ethics
B)deontological ethics
C)utilitarianism
D)classicism

Question 37

_____ are ethical rules that put values into action.

A)Morals
B)Attitudes
C)Virtues
D)Principles

Question 38

One of the problems of the utilitarian tradition of ethics is:

A)its need to count,measure,compare,and quantify consequences.
B)its lack of focus on the possible results of actions.
C)its tendency to excessively focus on individual welfare.
D)its reliance on unmeasurable and abstract actions.

Question 39

Utilitarianism determines ethical and unethical acts by their _____.

A)legality
B)consequences
C)fairness
D)nuances

Question 40

Which of the following is true of a market version of utilitarianism?

A)Questions of safety and risk are determined by experts.
B)Social science determines policies to maximize the overall good.
C)Individuals calculate for themselves what risks they wish to take.
D)A government regulator determines the safety standards in the marketplace.

Question 41

_____ understandings of social justice argue that freedom from coercion by others is the most central element of social justice.

A)Anarchist
B)Egalitarian
C)Libertarian
D)Conservative

Question 42

People endorsing child labor by justifying that it brings in foreign investment within poor countries are _____.

Question 43

An ethics of _____ shifts the focus from questions about what a person should do,to a focus on who that person is.

A)virtue
B)principle
C)stoicism
D)intuition

Question 44

Which of the following is a right granted to an employee on the basis of legislation or judicial rulings?

A)The right to a specific health care package
B)The right to bargain as part of a union
C)The right to pension funds
D)The right to a bonus

Question 45

The concept of human rights is central to which of the following ethical traditions?

A)Virtue-based ethical tradition
B)Consequence-based ethical tradition
C)Role-based ethical tradition
D)Principle-based ethical tradition

Question 46

_____ are fundamental to theories of social justice upon which capitalist economies have been built.

A)Liberty and equality
B)Fraternity and autocracy
C)Kinship and cooperation
D)Consideration and kindness

Question 47

The emphasis on producing the greatest good for the greatest number makes utilitarianism a _____.

Question 48

The _____ version of utilitarianism would be sympathetic with government regulation of business on the grounds that such regulation will ensure that business activities do contribute to the overall good.

Question 49

Identify the true statement about ethics based on rights.

A)Rights and duties can be easily defined.
B)There is no agreement on the scope and range of rights.
C)Application of theory to real-life situations is easy.
D)There exists a well-defined line between rights and desires.

Question 50

Identify the view which holds that people act only out of a self-interest.

A)Altruism
B)Egoism
C)Utilitarianism
D)Libertarianism

Question 51

Which of the following is a reason why a rights-based framework of ethics would object to child labor?

A)Such practices violate laws that are widely accepted in developed countries.
B)Such practices are not economically feasible in the modern era.
C)Such practices violate our duty to treat children with respect.
D)Such practices do not produce beneficial consequences to children.

Question 52

What is the difference between virtue ethics and principle-based ethics?

A)Virtue ethics is based on character traits,whereas principle-based ethics is based on a set of rules.
B)Virtue ethics is based on the consequences of actions,whereas principle-based ethics is based on character traits.
C)Virtue ethics is based on set of rules,whereas principle-based ethics is based on consequences of actions.
D)Virtue ethics is based on producing the greater good,whereas principle-based ethics is based on self-interest.

Question 53

The Kantian tradition claims that humans do not act only out of instinct and conditioning;they make free choices about how they live their lives,about their own ends.In this sense,humans are said to have a fundamental human right of:

A)dignity.
B)rationality.
C)autonomy.
D)dependency.

Question 54

Virtue ethics directs us to consider the _____ of individuals and how various character traits can contribute to,or obstruct a happy,meaningful life.

Question 55

_____ is commonly identified with the principle of "maximize the overall good" or,in a slightly different version,of producing "the greatest good for the greatest number."

Question 56

Which of the following focuses on the concept of business practices and what type of people these practices are creating?

A)Virtue ethics
B)Kantian ethics
C)Utilitarian ethics
D)Principle-based ethics

Question 57

Which of the following approaches shifts the focus from questions about what a person should do,to a focus on who that person is?

A)Altruism
B)Principle-based ethics
C)Utilitarianism
D)Virtue ethics

Question 58

_____ recognizes that our motivations are not the sorts of things that each of us chooses anew each morning.

A)Principle-based ethics
B)Pragmatic ethics
C)Role-based ethics
D)Virtue ethics

Question 59

_____ is a tradition within philosophical ethics that seeks a full and detailed description of those character traits that would constitute a good and full human life.

A)Kantian ethics
B)Deontological ethics
C)Role ethics
D)Virtue ethics

Question 60

The _____ tradition claims that our fundamental human rights,and the duties that follow from them,are derived from our nature as free and rational beings.

A)utilitarian
B)virtue-based
C)role-based
D)Kantian

Question 61

Explain Immanuel Kant's view on the ethical principles of human rights.

Question 62

What is a moral right?

Question 63

How do legal rules and principles bind us to act and take decisions in certain ways?

Question 64

How does utilitarianism contradict the fundamental ethical principle: the end does not justify the means?

Question 65

_____ rights protect individuals from being treated in ways that would violate their dignity and that would treat them as mere objects or means.

Question 66

How does a free and competitive market help in attaining utilitarian goals?

Question 67

_____ is a view that holds that people act only out of self-interest.

Question 68

What is an ethical framework? What does it address?

Question 69

How is the concept of moral right central to the principle-based ethical tradition?

Question 70

How does utilitarianism have a strong impact on business and business ethics?

Question 71

In the language of many philosophers,ethical duties should be _____ rather than hypothetical.

Question 72

Legal rules,organizational rules,role-based rules,and professional rules form a part of a _____,which functions to organize and ease relations between individuals.

Question 73

Explain how child labor may be justified in the eyes of a utilitarian.

Question 74

What is the biggest challenge posed by "egoism"?

Question 75

Briefly highlight the challenges associated with utilitarian thinking.

Question 76

Briefly explain the concept of virtue ethics.

Question 77

What is a social contract?

Question 78

What do principle-based,ethical frameworks address?

Question 79

Distinguish between legal and employee rights.

Question 80

Right to a minimum wage,equal opportunity,to bargain collectively as part of a union,and to be free from sexual harassment are examples of _____ rights.