Deck 2: National Differences in Political Economy

Question 1

Tribal totalitarianism is found in states where political power is monopolized by a party,group,or individual that governs according to religious principles.

Answer 1

False
Explanation: Tribal totalitarianism occurs when a political party that represents the interests of a particular tribe (and not always the majority tribe)monopolizes power.

Question 2

In the early twentieth century,the socialist ideology split into two broad camps: the communists and the capitalists.

Answer 2

False
Explanation: In the early twentieth century,the socialist ideology split into two broad camps,the communists and the social democrats.

Question 3

The fascist regimes that ruled Germany and Italy in the 1930s and 1940s are examples of theocratic totalitarianism.

Answer 3

False
Explanation: The fascist regimes that ruled Germany and Italy in the 1930s and 1940s were right-wing totalitarian states,which generally permit some individual economic freedom but restrict individual political freedom,frequently on the grounds that it would lead to the rise of communism.

Question 4

A common law system tends to be less adversarial than a civil law system.

Question 5

In a pure command economy,the goods and services that a country produces,the quantity in which they are produced,and the prices at which they are sold are all dictated by the interaction of demand and supply.

Question 6

The American Declaration of Independence embodies the ideals of collectivism.

Question 7

Largely,political systems that emphasize collectivism tend to be democratic,while political systems that place a high value on individualism tend to be totalitarian.

Question 8

Command economies are dynamic economic systems that encourage innovation.

Question 9

In a pure market economy,all productive activities are privately owned,as opposed to being owned by the state.

Question 10

Judges in a common law system have the power to interpret the law so that it applies to the unique circumstances of an individual case.

Question 11

Most right-wing dictatorships display an affinity towards socialist or communist ideas.

Question 12

The term political economy is used to stress the fact that the political,economic,and legal systems of a country are interdependent.

Question 13

In practical terms,individualism translates into an advocacy for democratic political systems and free market economics.

Question 14

Right-wing totalitarianism generally permits some individual economic freedom but restricts individual political freedom.

Question 15

Plato did not equate collectivism with equality.

Question 16

The most common form of theocratic totalitarianism is based on Islam and is exemplified by states such as Iran and Saudi Arabia.

Question 17

China,Vietnam,Laos,North Korea,and Cuba are no longer totalitarian states.

Question 18

One of the tenets of collectivism is that the welfare of society is best served by letting people pursue their own economic self-interest.

Question 19

The social democrats believed that socialism could be achieved only through violent revolution and totalitarian dictatorship.

Question 20

The United States practices pure democracy.

Question 21

Political systems can be assessed according to the degree to which they emphasize_____ and the degree to which they are _____.

A)equal opportunity and adult franchise;open to free trade versus protectionism
B)democratic versus individualistic;market oriented as opposed to being production oriented
C)capitalism over socialism;collectivist or individualistic
D)collectivism as opposed to individualism;democratic or totalitarian

Question 22

Protecting intellectual property has become increasingly problematic.

Question 23

A copyright grants the inventor of a new product or process exclusive rights to manufacture,use,or sale that invention.

Question 24

Many Muslim countries have legal systems that are a blend of Islamic law and a common or civil law system.

Question 25

Some totalitarian regimes have fostered a market economy and strong property rights protection and have experienced rapid economic growth.

Question 26

Both civil and criminal product liability laws exist.

Question 27

GNI per person figures consider differences in the cost of living and allow for a more direct comparison of living standards in different countries.

Question 28

In the context of property rights,public action refers to theft,piracy,blackmail,and the like by private individuals or groups.

Question 29

Property refers to a resource over which an individual or business holds a legal title.

Question 30

Public action to violate property rights can be done through legal and illegal mechanisms.

Question 31

Social unrest is less likely to be found in countries that contain more than one ethnic nationality.

Question 32

Gross national income (GNI)measures the total annual income received by residents of a nation.

Question 33

Collectively,we refer to the political,economic,and legal systems as constituting the _____ economy of a country,thus reflecting how these systems are interdependent.

A)domestic
B)civic
C)administrative
D)political

Question 34

The system of government in a nation is referred to as its:

A)common system.
B)political system.
C)domiciliary system.
D)legal system.

Question 35

It is more expensive to draw up contracts in a civil law jurisdiction.

Question 36

Contracts drafted under a common law framework tend to be very detailed with all contingencies spelled out.

Question 37

According to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act,it is illegal to make grease payments to expedite or secure the performance of a routine governmental action.

Question 38

Economic evidence suggests that high levels of corruption indirectly have a positive effect on foreign direct investment,level of international trade,and economic growth rate in a country.

Question 39

The Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has argued that development should be viewed purely as an economic process and not as a political one.

Question 40

Economic freedom does not necessarily equate with political freedom.

Question 41

The communist version of socialism reached its high point in:

A)the 1950s.
B)the late 1970s.
C)the period immediately following World War II.
D)the mid-1990s.

Question 42

To guarantee that elected representatives can be held accountable for their actions by the electorate,an ideal representative democracy has a number of safeguards.Which of the following is NOT an example of a safeguard in an ideal representative democracy?

A)A fair court system that is independent from the political system
B)Universal adult suffrage
C)An individual's right to freedom of expression,opinion,and organization
D)Unlimited terms for elected representatives

Question 43

_____ is a political philosophy that advocates substantial public involvement through government ownership,in the means of production and distribution.

A)Socialism
B)Capitalism
C)Individualism
D)Fascism

Question 44

In the early twentieth century,the socialist ideology split into two broad camps.The group that believed socialism could be achieved only through violent revolution and totalitarian dictatorship was referred to as:

A)communists.
B)fascists.
C)political democrats.
D)social democrats.

Question 45

Which of the following can be traced to the ancient Greek philosopher,Aristotle?

A)Collectivism
B)Individualism
C)Socialism
D)Totalitarianism

Question 46

_____ is a form of government in which one person or political party exercises absolute control over all spheres of human life,and opposing political parties are prohibited.

A)Capitalism
B)Totalitarianism
C)Democracy
D)Collectivism

Question 47

Which of the following is a country that has been strongly influenced by social democracy?

A)Cuba
B)North Korea
C)China
D)India

Question 48

An individual's right to freedom of expression and organization,a free media,and regular elections are the building blocks of what type of political system?

A)Communism
B)Representative democracy
C)Nominative democracy
D)Capitalism

Question 49

The pro-business and pro-free trade values of _____ create a favorable environment within which international businesses can thrive.

A)collectivism
B)socialism
C)individualism
D)communism

Question 50

Which of the following is the political system in which government is by the people,exercised either directly or through elected representatives?

A)Despotism
B)Democracy
C)Totalitarianism
D)Collectivism

Question 51

Modern socialism traces its intellectual roots to:

A)Aristotle.
B)David Hume.
C)Karl Marx.
D)Adam Smith.

Question 52

_____ stresses that the interests of the individual should take precedence over the interests of the state.

A)Totalitarianism
B)Socialism
C)Individualism
D)Humanism

Question 53

The sale of state-owned enterprises to private investors is referred to as:

A)privatization.
B)revitalization.
C)democratization.
D)participation.

Question 54

When _____ is practiced in a society,the needs of society as a whole are generally viewed as being more important than individual freedoms.

A)totalitarianism
B)collectivism
C)individualism
D)capitalism

Question 55

In some cultures it is considered appropriate to give precedence to "the common good" over what may benefit individuals.These cultures can be termed _____.

A)individualist
B)totalitarian
C)collectivist
D)absolutist

Question 56

Democracy,in its purest form,is based on the belief that:

A)citizens should be directly involved in decision making.
B)citizens are ill-equipped to make their own decisions and should be governed by a few.
C)citizens are responsible for their own economic health and thus need no government.
D)education of citizens is the most important resource of societies.

Question 57

According to Karl Marx,what is the relationship shared by capitalists and workers in a capitalist society?

A)Workers have as much opportunity to advance themselves socially as the capitalist owners.
B)Workers and capitalists are both responsible for improving the economic conditions of the society.
C)Capitalists discriminate amongst workers on the basis of religion and education.
D)Capitalists expropriate for their own use the value created by workers,while paying workers only subsistence wages in return.

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT a central tenet of individualism?

A)Guaranteeing individual freedoms.
B)The government dictates what is in the society's best interest.
C)Guaranteeing self-expression.
D)Allowing people to pursue their own economic self-interest.

Question 59

Which of the following individuals argued that private property is more highly productive than communal property and will thus stimulate progress?

A)Aristotle
B)Socrates
C)Plato
D)Karl Marx

Question 60

The socialist who committed themselves to achieving socialism through democratic means was referred to as:

A)communists.
B)social democrats.
C)individualists.
D)pure democrats.

Question 61

In a totalitarian country:

A)free and fair elections are denied to the citizens.
B)the media is usually free and very active.
C)an individual has basic civil rights.
D)the right to freedom of expression and organization is usually not curbeD.

Question 62

Collectivist-inclined totalitarian states tend to enact laws that severely restrict private enterprise,whereas the laws enacted by governments in democratic states where individualism is the dominant political philosophy tend to be pro-private enterprise and pro-consumer.This indicates how:

A)the economic system of a country can be undermined by its legal system.
B)the legal system of a country is influenced by the prevailing political system.
C)the political system of a country is insulated from its legal system.
D)the legal system of a country can shape its economic system.

Question 63

A _____ economy is an economic system in which the interaction of supply and demand determines the quantity in which goods and services are produced.

A)mixed
B)command
C)market
D)trade

Question 64

In a pure _____ economy,the government plans the goods and services that a country produces,the quantity in which they are produced,and the prices at which they are sold.

A)command
B)market
C)trade
D)civic

Question 65

In mixed economies,governments sometimes tend to take into state ownership troubled firms whose continued operation is thought to be vital to national interests.This process is called:

A)privatization.
B)revitalization.
C)unemployment management.
D)nationalization.

Question 66

The _____ of a country refers to the rules that regulate behavior,along with the processes by which the laws of a country are enforced and through which redress for grievances is obtained.

A)political system
B)administrative system
C)economic system
D)legal system

Question 67

In comparison to market-based economies,_____ and _____ are absent from command economies.

A)price-control;monopoly
B)dynamism;innovation
C)complacence;regulation
D)state control;corruption

Question 68

In a _____ economy,certain sectors of the economy are left to private ownership and free market mechanisms,while in other sectors there is significant state ownership and government planning.

A)command
B)combined
C)mixed
D)civic

Question 69

A totalitarian political system in which a party,group,or individual that represents the interests of a particular ethnic group monopolizes political power is referred to as:

A)theocratic totalitarianism.
B)communist totalitarianism.
C)right-wing totalitarianism.
D)tribal totalitarianism.

Question 70

In which countries are we likely to find free market economies?

A)Countries where the good of the society has precedence over individual rights
B)Countries where individual goals are given primacy over collective goals
C)Countries where the state has taken control over many enterprises
D)Countries where property laws are weak

Question 71

Identify the legal system that is based on tradition,precedent,and custom.

A)Common law
B)Civil law
C)Theocratic law
D)Monarchy law

Question 72

Which of the following is an advantage of private ownership?

A)It protects businesses from volatile economic conditions.
B)It helps businesses take advantage of state subsidies.
C)It eliminates competitors and reduces pressure to lower production costs.
D)It gives entrepreneurs an incentive to search for better ways of serving consumer needs.

Question 73

A _____ law system is based on a detailed set of laws organized into codes.

A)civil
B)theocratic
C)common
D)traditional

Question 74

The fascist regimes that ruled Germany and Italy in the 1930s and 1940s were states.

A)right-wing totalitarian
B)theocratic totalitarian
C)communist
D)democratic

Question 75

In the context of common law,tradition refers to:

A)the religious aspect in the law.
B)the ways in which laws are applied in specific situations.
C)the cases that have come before the courts in the past.
D)a country's legal history.

Question 76

_____ is a form of totalitarianism that advocates achieving socialism through totalitarian dictatorship.

A)Tribal totalitarianism
B)Democratic totalitarianism
C)Communist totalitarianism
D)Collective totalitarianism

Question 77

In the context of common law,the ways in which laws are applied in specific situations are referred to as:

A)tradition.
B)precedent.
C)custom.
D)parallel.

Question 78

The common law system enjoys a degree of flexibility not found in other systems because:

A)the common law system is usually found in democratic republics.
B)the common law system originated from Great Britain and can be found in almost all of its former colonies.
C)the law courts can interpret common law with regard to tradition,precedent,and custom.
D)the common law system is based on codified laws that encompass a wide spectrum of cases.

Question 79

_____ totalitarianism generally permits individual economic freedom,but restricts individual political freedom on the grounds that it would lead to the rise of communism.

A)Theocratic
B)Right-wing
C)Capitalist
D)Tribal

Question 80

A political system in which political power is monopolized by a party,group or individual that governs according to religious principles is referred to as:

A)theocratic totalitarianism.
B)communist totalitarianism.
C)right-wing totalitarianism.
D)tribal totalitarianism.