Deck 16: Future Challenges

Question 1

The nation that leads the world in number of years of healthy life expectancy is

A) America.
B) Japan.
C) Germany.
D) Canada.

Answer 1

Japan.

Question 2

At age 65, women in the United States can expect to live another 16 years. Of those 16 years, they can expect that about _____ will be free of disability.

A) 9
B) 7
C) 5
D) 3

Answer 2

7

Question 3

What explains the difference between life expectancy and health expectancy?

A) Economic factors
B) The changing nature of disease
C) Health care costs
D) Both a and b

Answer 3

Both a and b

Question 4

​If the people of the United States can increase their span of healthy life, then they will have

A) ​increased their longevity.
B) ​reached all major Healthy People 2020 goals.
C) ​increased their number of well-years.
D) ​accomplished all of these objectives.

Question 5

​In America, which of these factors contributing to disease and medical care can be most easily isolated?

A) ​Ethnicity from social factors
B) ​Ethnicity from economic factors
C) ​Ethnicity from educational factors
D) ​Ethnicity from none of these factors

Question 6

​The people in the United States who use health care services more than any other group are

A) ​children
B) ​adolescents.
C) ​young adults.
D) ​older people.

Question 7

​Toby has made some changes in his lifestyle this year; one can raise his health expectancy while another can lower it. If Toby is typical of most Americans, which of the following changes would reflect current health trends?

A) ​He quit smoking and gained weight.
B) ​He lost weight and he quit smoking.
C) ​He started smoking and lost weight.
D) ​He gained both weight and smoking.

Question 8

​The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) series of Healthy People initiatives include goals; current goals are challenging. What does HHS report about the United States' history relative to similar past goals?

A) ​The U.S. has never made any progress towards past Healthy People goals.
B) ​The U.S. has made progress toward many earlier goals, but never met any.
C) ​The U.S. has both made progress toward, and met many of the prior goals.
D) ​The U.S. has met a few of these past goals, but never progressed in others

Question 9

​Compared to populations in other countries, Americans are attaining

A) ​greater increases in life expectancy than in health expectancy.
B) ​greater increases in health expectancy than in life expectancy.
C) ​approximately equal increases in life and health expectancies.
D) ​approximately equal decreases in life and health expectancies

Question 10

​The following factors influence health expectancy in the U.S. by causing health problems. Which of them is currently increasing?

A) ​AIDS
B) ​Obesity
C) ​Smoking
D) ​Violence

Question 11

​During the past 35 years, people in the United States have

A) ​decreased their rates of obesity and overweight.
B) ​decreased their rates of cardiovascular disease.
C) ​decreased their rates of utilizing car seat belts.
D) ​increased their rates of unintentional injuries.

Question 12

​Japan has the highest life expectancy and health expectancy of any world nation. What can people in Japan expect in terms of years of living with disease or disability?

A) ​They can expect fewer years of disability than in other countries.
B) ​They can expect equal years of disability as in the United States.
C) ​They can expect more years of disability than in other countries.
D) ​They can expect more years of disability than people in the U.S.

Question 13

People with high educational levels live longer than people with low educational levels because they

A) have lower smoking rates.
B) have higher health literacy.
C) have greater access to health care.
D) have a combination of these factors.

Question 14

​Nobu lives in Japan and her cousin Keiko lives in America. Which of the following is most accurate about their respective differences between life expectancy and health expectancy? Nobu can expect to live 8 times, Keiko 10 times, expected disability years.

A) ​Both cousins can expect to live 9 times their expected years with disability.
B) ​Nobu can expect to live 9 times, Keiko 9.3 times, expected disability years.
C) ​Nobu can expect to live 9.3 times, Keiko 9 times expected disability years.
D) ​Nobu can expect to live 8 times, Keiko 10 times, expected disability years.

Question 15

​Peaches and Rufus have decided to adopt healthier lifestyles. If they are like most Americans who have done this, they are more likely to lower their risks of dying from the other causes here than from which two?

A) ​Of obesity and Type 2 diabetes
B) ​Cardiovascular disease, stroke
C) ​Murder and accidental injuries
D) ​Cancer and respiratory disease

Question 16

Which of these groups of people is served LEAST by health care in the United States?

A) Native Americans
B) Well-educated African Americans
C) Cuban Americans
D) European Americans

Question 17

Which of the following are the most documented health disparities in the United States?

A) Racial and ethnic disparities
B) Gender and sexual orientation disparities
C) Education and income disparities
D) Geographic location

Question 18

​The term well-year refers to

A) ​the life expectancy of a person at birth.
B) ​the number of positive health practices a person performed in a calendar year.
C) ​the wellness behaviors associated with preventive health care.
D) ​the equivalent of a year of life free of health-related problems.

Question 19

​Which of these is the current trend in the United States?

A) ​People are living for more years and more well-years.
B) ​People are living for fewer years and more well-years.
C) ​People are living for more years and fewer well-years.
D) ​People are living for fewer years and fewer well-years.

Question 20

​The number of years a person lives is ________, and the number of years a person lives free from disability is _________.

A) ​health expectancy; well-years
B) ​health expectancy; life expectancy
C) ​life expectancy; health expectancy
D) ​life expectancy; life-years

Question 21

Hispanic Americans have high rates of smoking, obesity, and hypertension, yet lower mortality rates than European Americans and many other Americans. What is the most plausible explanation for this apparent contradiction?​

A) ​Hispanic Americans must have superior genetic protections against related chronic diseases.
B) ​The statistics on Hispanic Americans' rates of these poor health behaviors must be incorrect.
C) ​Hispanic immigrants must not have had time to develop chronic diseases from American lifestyles.
D) ​Hispanic Americans' better social support systems must override their unhealthy behaviors.

Question 22

What is true of ethnic health disparities attributable to disparities in health literacy?​

A) ​Ethnic vaccination differences are not related to disparities in health literacy.
B) ​Ethnic diabetes management differences are not attributed to health literacy.
C) ​Ethnic HIV management differences are found unrelated to health literacy.
D) ​Ethnic medication use differences have been attributable to health literacy.

Question 23

To which of the following factors is the overall lower life expectancy of Hispanic Americans MOST attributed?

A) The much higher likelihood of Hispanic Americans for development of obesity
B) The much higher likelihood of Hispanic Americans to develop Type 2 diabetes
C) The much higher likelihood of Hispanic Americans in developing hypertension
D) The much higher likelihood of Hispanic American young men for violent death

Question 24

Health psychology, i.e. the application of psychology to health-related behaviors and outcomes, has influenced health care since its foundation. The future of health psychology itself will be influenced by:​

A) ​social factors.
B) ​economic factors.
C) ​psychological factors.
D) ​(a) and (b) but not (d).​

Question 25

Compared to European Americans, African Americans have:​

A) ​shorter life expectancy.
B) ​lower health expectancy.
C) ​both of these differences.
D) ​neither of these differences.

Question 26

As our population ages, how does this affect work to meet the first Healthy People 2020 goal to increase health expectancy?​

A) ​It will make little difference.
B) ​It will make this work easier.
C) ​It will make this work harder.
D) ​It will make it less important.

Question 27

Which group of U.S. citizens has the longest life expectancy?​

A) ​European Americans
B) ​Asian Americans
C) ​African Americans
D) ​Hispanic Americans

Question 28

Which of the following accurately reflects discrimination in the medical treatment of African Americans?​

A) ​They are more likely to have less aggressive coronary heart disease treatment.
B) ​They are more likely to be referred to cardiologists than European Americans.
C) ​They are more likely to receive kidney dialysis than European Americans are.
D) ​They are more likely to receive no treatment for HIV infection than others are.

Question 29

Which of the following have researchers implicated in health disparities for African Americans?​

A) ​Inadequate medical treatment
B) ​Limitations in health literacy
C) ​Discrimination in treatment
D) ​These have all been named

Question 30

Compared with European Americans, Asian Americans have​

A) ​lower infant mortality.
B) ​longer life expectancy.
C) ​lower cardiovascular mortality.
D) ​each one of these characteristics.

Question 31

Among Hispanic Americans, which groups tend to have better or poorer medical care and health corresponding to better or poorer income and education?​

A) ​Cuban Americans have better health, and Puerto Ricans have poorer health.
B) ​Mexican Americans have better, and Cuban Americans have poorer, health.
C) ​Puerto Ricans have better, but Cuban and Mexican Americans worse, health.
D) ​Cubans and Puerto Ricans have better, but Mexican Americans worse, health.

Question 32

Even with universal access to health care, disparities exist between wealthy and poor individuals. One factor that may explain this discrepancy is​

A) ​education and health literacy are higher among those with higher incomes.
B) ​health varies within countries, and women are healthier overall than men.
C) ​those with lower social support levels are healthier than those with many social contacts.
D) ​these are all factors contributing to socioeconomically based health disparities.

Question 33

If life expectancy continues to increase,​

A) ​more people will die from chronic illness.
B) ​the number of well-years will decrease.
C) ​the role of health psychologists will diminish.
D) ​more people will die from acute illnesses.

Question 34

It was historically uncommon for psychologists to conduct research into the subject of physical health until​

A) ​the 1960s.
B) ​the 1970s.
C) ​the 1980s.
D) ​the 1990s.

Question 35

Marisol tells her father, a health psychologist, that she is interested in following in his footsteps and majoring in the same field in college. Her father tells her he feels he was lucky to enter this profession when he did, because it had not existed_______ ago.​

A) ​four decades
B) ​two decades
C) ​five decades
D) ​three decades

Question 36

Lack of access to medical care, poor health literacy, and low income affect Native Americans _______ compared to African Americans.​

A) ​much less strongly
B) ​way more strongly
C) ​at least as strongly
D) ​in unknown ways

Question 37

Balachandra's father was one of the first health psychologists, and Balachandra has chosen the same profession. Which of the following most accurately represents a difference he and his father have likely experienced?​

A) ​He is no more likely to be accepted by other practitioners of health care than his father was.
B) ​He is more likely to publish research in health care and medical journals than his father was.
C) ​He is equally as likely as his father was to avoid the rising costs of other medical care.
D) ​He is no more likely to be able to contribute to medical and health care than his father was.

Question 38

Research (AHRQ, 2011) has found that African Americans receive poorer health care than Europeans on _______ of the quality measures for medical care.​

A) ​about one quarter
B) ​almost one third
C) ​almost one half
D) ​about two thirds

Question 39

______ is the ability to read and understand health information to make health-related decisions.​

A) ​Health expectancy
B) ​Health literacy
C) ​Health disparity
D) ​Health communication

Question 40

One barrier to the expansion of health psychology is​

A) ​the lack of a body of knowledge related to the field.
B) ​the costs for services provided by health psychologists.
C) ​the inexperience of health psychologists, especially in collaboration.
D) ​the amount of research that substantiates the biomedical model.

Question 41

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects a current condition that has contributed to rising medical costs in the USA?​

A) ​A shortage of specialist physicians has increased the medical care costs.
B) ​A shortage of primary care physicians has increased medical care costs.
C) ​A shortage of all physicians has lowered competition and medical costs.
D) ​An increase in physicians has raised competition, decreasing care costs.

Question 42

Relative to the Healthy People 2020 goal of eliminating health disparities, what is expected for the near future?​

A) ​Diversity will increase, continuing the challenge.
B) ​Diversity will decrease, alleviating the challenge.
C) ​Diversity will be stable, maintaining a challenge.
D) ​Diversity will continue not to present a challenge.

Question 43

The trend toward chronic diseases as the most common health problem​

A) ​will probably continue well into the 21st century.
B) ​will probably reverse itself within the next decade.
C) ​will probably be replaced by a growing problem with infectious diseases.
D) ​will probably result in the consequences of both b and C

Question 44

In the early 1900s when Greta's great-great-grandmother was born, ___ of America's population was over 65 years old. By 2007 when Greta was 10, her family celebrated her grandmother's 67^th birthday, making her grandmother one of more than _______ as many Americans aged over 65 than there were in 1900.​

A) ​10%; two times
B) ​2%; three times
C) ​4%; three times
D) ​6%; four times

Question 45

Women had _______ survival advantage over men in 1900, _______ survival advantage during the 1970s, and ______ survival advantage by 2011.

A)no; around 5 years; 8 years
B)some; c. 3 years; c. 9 years
C)a small; over 7 years; 5 years
D)a big; nearly 4 years; 6 years

Question 46

As health psychology increasingly collaborates with gerontology, which of the following most accurately predicts what its priorities will be?​

A) ​Promoting health will be more important than maintaining health will.
B) ​Managing chronic pain will be more important than promoting health.
C) ​Health care policy will be more important than preventing illness will.
D) ​Healthy aging will be more important than forming health care policy.

Question 47

Among significant roles for health psychology, which one will still apply to our oldest citizens in the future but receive relatively less emphasis than the others?​

A) ​Promoting and maintaining health
B) ​Helping them to prevent illnesses
C) ​Helping them in coping with pain
D) ​Promoting ways of healthy aging

Question 48

In the 21^st century, the costs of medical and health care in the USA have risen:​

A) ​at a lower rate than inflation, but a higher rate than other costs of living.
B) ​at a higher rate than inflation and higher rates than other costs of living.
C) ​at a lower rate than inflation and a lower rate than other costs of living.
D) ​at a higher rate than inflation, but a lower rate than other costs of living.

Question 49

Psychologists are expected to be needed in the next few decades by aging Americans to assist them with​

A) ​adjusting to challenges from chronic illnesses.
B) ​maintaining healthy and productive lifestyles.
C) ​aligning lifestyles with those of young adults.
D) ​the life tasks in (a) and (b) instead of with (a).

Question 50

In the United States, women experience _______ life expectancy and _______ health care than men do.​

A) ​shorter; better
B) ​longer; poorer
C) ​longer; better
D) ​shorter; poorer

Question 51

Many ethnic health disparities can be attributed to one or more of the following factors. Which of these has proven more difficult to analyze than the others?​

A) ​Health literacy differences
B) ​Educational differences
C) ​Economic differences
D) ​Gender differences

Question 52

Research into gender-based health disparity has thus far met with a lack of evidence for which of these factors?​

A) ​Genetics
B) ​Lifestyles
C) ​Social support
D) ​Coping strategies

Question 53

How has the life expectancy for American women changed over the past century or so?​

A) ​It remained stable for the first half of this period, and then rose significantly in the second half.
B) ​It decreased over the first 30 years of the 20^th century, and increased over the next 80+ years.
C) ​It increased significantly through the 20^th century and has remained stable during the 21^st.
D) ​It rose significantly over the first 70+ years, and then fell somewhat over the next 40+ years.

Question 54

Joe will soon have his 50^th birthday. Had he been living in 1900 instead of today, based on US Census Bureau statistics, he would have been much more likely to​

A) ​have died before that age.
B) ​have been chronically ill.
C) ​have had an acute illness.
D) ​have been healthier then.

Question 55

Sarah is a physician. Compared to a hospital, how much of health care spending does she receive?​

A) ​Significantly less
B) ​Significantly more
C) ​Roughly the same
D) ​There is no pattern

Question 56

Health care interventions and policies will be limited in resolving health disparities by:​

A) ​the biological bases of disparities.
B) ​the lack of ethnic upward mobility.
C) ​the rising cost of US medical care.
D) ​the biology of health expectancies.

Question 57

In the year 2016, Martha, George, Honey, and Nick are all 76 years old. If they all live to their 80^th birthdays in 2020,​

A) ​they will have exceeded projections of life expectancy.
B) ​they will have satisfied projections for life expectancy.
C) ​they will live to 85, by projections for life expectancy.
D) ​they will live 10 years as by projected life expectancy.

Question 58

From the 20^th to 21^st century, the life expectancy of Americans rose by:​

A) ​very nearly 40 years.
B) ​more than 30 years.
C) ​not quite 20 years.
D) ​close to 50 years.

Question 59

Projections by experts are that by the year 2020, _______ of the total U.S. population will be over the age of 75 years.​

A) ​over 10%
B) ​below 5%
C) ​above 6%
D) ​about 20%

Question 60

Health psychologists can help the health care system by​

A) ​improving people's understanding of genetic risk information.
B) ​understanding people's emotional responses to genetic testing.
C) ​encouraging people to employ healthy behaviors and lifestyles.
D) ​contributing to improving health care through all these actions.

Question 61

Which of the following features do the health care systems in Canada, Great Britain, Germany, and Japan all have in common that the United States does not?​

A) ​A single-payer system
B) ​Universal health care
C) ​Limits on technology
D) ​Healthier populations

Question 62

2016 research (ACHA) found that _______ of college students had attempted suicide as had contemplated it in the previous school year.​

A) ​around the same proportion
B) ​around twice the proportion
C) ​about 1/5 to 1/4 the percent
D) ​about 1/3 to 1/2 the percent

Question 63

Among college students, the risk of violent behavior is increased in which of these?​

A) ​Couples wherein both partners are about equal in their dominance
B) ​Couples wherein one partner is more dominant than the other one
C) ​Couples wherein both partners are passive rather than dominating
D) ​Couples wherein both partners have co-dependence on each other

Question 64

Which of the following accurately represents statistics about dating violence among college students?​

A) ​Emotional abuse is far more common than physical abuse.
B) ​Physical abuse is far more common than emotional abuse.
C) ​College students are less frequently victimized by stalkers.
D) ​College men are far more likely than women to be violent.

Question 65

When young people are injured or die unintentionally, _______ are the most frequent causes.​

A) ​suicides
B) ​homicides
C) ​car crashes
D) ​drownings

Question 66

Researchers have found that college students are more at risk for suicidal ideations and attempts when they experience which of the following factors?​

A) ​Involvement in an abusive relationship
B) ​Feelings of depression or hopelessness
C) ​Gay, lesbian, or bisexual identification
D) ​These factors all increase suicidal risks

Question 67

The greatest challenge facing the health care system in the United States is​

A) ​too many physicians.
B) ​pressure from drug companies to lower costs.
C) ​escalation in the costs of health care.
D) ​the growing attitude of consumerism among patients.

Question 68

The crisis in the U.S. health care system may be summarized as:​

A) ​Too many people require treatment, and there are too few health care professionals.
B) ​The health care system has not responded to meet the needs created by changing patterns of illness during the 20th century.
C) ​Patients have become reliant on drugs and surgery and are reluctant to change their behaviors to achieve better health.
D) ​Lawmakers do not understand the problems faced by the health care system, and the resulting laws that control health care expenditures restrain competition and actually increase costs.

Question 69

Researcher Joetta Carr (2007) has observed that some parts of campus violence reflect all BUT which of the following?​

A) ​Discrimination based on race
B) ​Discrimination based on gender
C) ​Discrimination based on sexual orientation
D) ​Discrimination based on socioeconomic status

Question 70

Like Dwayne and Robin in the Real-World Profile, college student Amari perceives that his good health will persist independently of his behaviors. This belief is:​

A) ​not a problem, because it both is accurate and is beneficial.
B) ​potentially hazardous for inaccuracy and risks of accidents.
C) ​dangerous mainly by raising his short-term risks for illness.
D) ​not accurate but harmless since the perception is beneficial.

Question 71

The escalating costs that plague the United States' health care system​

A) ​have stabilized in the past five years, but still represent a problem.
B) ​are unique to the United States and Canada and do not affect other countries around the world.
C) ​are larger problems in European countries than in the United States.
D) ​are more serious in the United States, but affect all industrialized countries.

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the high cost of health care?

A) The increase of technological advances in medicine
B) The high numbers of physicians who are specialists
C) The decrease in the average length of hospital stays
D) The profit-orientation of our system of medical care

Question 73

Which of these is found to increase risk for suicide but not for all forms of violence on college campuses?​

A) ​Using drugs
B) ​Being LGBT
C) ​Drinking alcohol
D) ​Mental health issues

Question 74

Over the past four years at your college, you have personally known or been aware of at least four students who are now deceased. Which of these individuals died from a cause that is less common among college students than the others?​

A) ​Student A, who died in an auto accident
B) ​Student B, who died as a murder victim
C) ​Student C, who died committing suicide
D) ​Student D, who died from having cancer

Question 75

Most college students rate their health as good to excellent; that perception​

A) ​is accurate-individuals in this age group have lower morbidity and mortality.
B) ​is accurate for college women but not for college men, who experience poorer health.
C) ​is not accurate-individuals in this age group experience more health problems than older adults.
D) ​is true only for those college students who do not consume any alcohol.

Question 76

Which of the following is a difference today in other industrialized nations as compared to in the United States?​

A) ​Fewer of their citizens are aging than in the U.S.A.
B) ​Fewer of their citizens have chronic diseases today.
C) ​Fewer of their citizens cost as much for health care.
D) ​Fewer of their citizens are getting good health care.

Question 77

Research with college students in multiple countries (Straus, 2008) found what about dating violence relative to gender?​

A) ​Men are much more likely than women to initiate dating violence.
B) ​Women are much more likely than men to initiate dating violence.
C) ​Women are almost as likely as men are to initiate dating violence.
D) ​Men and women are both equally likely to initiate dating violence.

Question 78

Which of these countries has the highest per capita health care expenditures?​

A) ​The United States
B) ​Great Britain
C) ​Canada
D) ​Germany

Question 79

Deaths among college students are traceable to​

A) ​high cholesterol levels contributing to heart disease.
B) ​high smoking rates that cause lung and other cancer.
C) ​high behaviors contributing to unintentional injuries.
D) ​high rates of committing suicide compared to others.

Question 80

Driving after drinking alcohol​

A) ​is not as common among college students as other young adults.
B) ​is more common among college students than other young adults.
C) ​is a common practice of college students in many world countries.
D) ​is identified by research as characterized by both answers b and C