Deck 19: Ethics, Religion, and Sexuality

Question 1

Situationism is defined as

A)a moral system based on maximizing pleasure and avoiding pain.
B)an approach to life emphasizing discipline and impulse control.
C)ethics based on the assumption that there are rules for human conduct.
D)sexual ethics based on relationships rather than absolute rules.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Plato believed that _____ led toward immortality and was therefore a good thing.

A)love
B)sex
C)marriage
D)homosexuality

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to ancient Greek culture,why do people fail to live morally?

A)The moral powers were distracted by the powers of the evil.
B)Morality was subjective and no uniform standards existed to regulate moral behavior.
C)People could not achieve morality because of ignorance.
D)The extreme poverty demanded unethical means to earn one's breaD.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to the Greek philosophers of the Golden Age,which of the following leads one to achieve wisdom and cultivate virtue?

A)living a hermitic existence of extreme asceticism
B)avoiding all violent passions
C)pursuing sexual pleasure in a hedonistic manner
D)cultivating total indifference toward life or death

Question 5

In our everyday lives,we distinguish between categories of right or wrong,good or bad,appropriate or inappropriate,and moral or immoral.Therefore,we are all _____.

A)Sangrites
B)Sorosians
C)practical ethicists
D)irrational ethicists

Question 6

In the field of ethical decision making,_____ deals in universal laws.

A)relativism
B)situationism
C)legalism
D)hedonism

Question 7

Which of the following is true about the meaning of the term "platonic love"?

A)It refers to a passionate love between an older man and a younger one.
B)In ancient Greece,it was synonymous with violent and passionate sex.
C)This term has come to refer to an intellectual and sexless form of affection.
D)It refers to sexual interactions between an adult and a chilD.

Question 8

Which of the following is the central feature of situationism?

A)It focuses on universal rules.
B)It focuses on the right or wrong nature of an act.
C)It focuses on morality being based on principles arising from outside the individual.
D)It focuses on the human experience.

Question 9

In the practice of _____,the older man served as the younger one's teacher and model of courage and virtue.

A)pederasty
B)pedagogy
C)concubinage
D)dualism

Question 10

Which of the following types of ethical decision making methods suggests that although there may be broad general guidelines for ethical behavior,each ethical decision should be made according to the individuals and situations involved?

A)contextual ethics
B)ethical absolutism
C)legalistic ethics
D)perceptual ethics

Question 11

The practice of pederasty refers to a

A)set of ritualistic sexual activities that were performed in the Canaanite fertility cult.
B)sexual relationship between brothers and sisters.
C)form of sexless affection between two people who connected at an intellectual level.
D)sexual relationship between an older man and a younger man.

Question 12

In ethical decision making,_____ decides matters on a case-by-case basis,informed by certain guiding principles,such as love.

A)absolutism
B)situationism
C)legalism
D)hedonism

Question 13

The great philosophers of ancient Greece believed that virtue resulted from _____.

A)sexual freedom
B)wisdom
C)hedonism
D)love

Question 14

Ethical systems found in Orthodox Judaism,Roman Catholicism,and fundamentalist Protestantism can be described as _____ ethical systems.

A)contextual
B)relativist
C)legalistic
D)hedonistic

Question 15

"Contextual ethics" is another term for

A)asceticism.
B)legalism.
C)situationism.
D)hedonism.

Question 16

Ethics that are based on telling people to "do this" and to "don't do that" can be described as a(n)_____ system.

A)ascetic
B)hedonistic
C)utilitarian
D)legalistic

Question 17

As an approach to ethics,_____ is concerned with following a moral law,or set of principles,which comes from a source outside the individual,such as religion.

A)contextual ethics
B)hedonism
C)situationism
D)legalism

Question 18

_____ ethics are focused on the rightness or wrongness of specific acts and set forth a series of rules that persons are to follow.

A)Contextual
B)Legalistic
C)Situational
D)Hedonistic

Question 19

Harold is a conservative Christian who believes that what is right and wrong has been determined by God in the Bible,and that all should follow these divine laws.Harold's ethical principles can be described as _____.

A)hedonism
B)subjectivism
C)legalism
D)situationism

Question 20

Greek philosophy after the Golden Age taught that

A)sexual union was the goal of life.
B)sex was seen as the highest form of evil.
C)sexual pleasure was an ideal similar to wisdom and virtue.
D)sex was to be transcended to achieve the beautiful and gooD.

Question 21

A _____ is a person who remains unmarried,usually for religious reasons.

A)celibate
B)pluralist
C)sophomorist
D)hedonist

Question 22

Dualism refers to

A)the concept that the mind and the body are inseparable.
B)the belief that everyone has body,but not a soul.
C)the idea that body and spirit are separate and opposed.
D)the belief that the mind and the body are uniteD.

Question 23

According to Leviticus,which of the following sexual activities would NOT lead to death?

A)a man committing adultery with his neighbor's wife
B)a man having sexual intercourse with his father's wife
C)a man having sexual intercourse with an animal
D)a man having sex with a woman during her menses

Question 24

Traditionally,Judaism's view of sex could be summarized by stating that

A)sex was a biological relationship that was part of life,just as eating was part of life.
B)sexuality could often be separated from its social consequences,as seen in the covert support of prostitution.
C)sexuality was a matter of an individual's concern and was independent of national and religious loyalties.
D)sex was part of a deep and intimate relationship between two people-a man and a woman.

Question 25

_____ refers to a tranquil state between pleasure and pain in which the mind is unaffected by emotion.

A)Pathos
B)Agape
C)Ataraxia
D)Ataxia

Question 26

What was St.Thomas Aquinas' ethical approach to sex?

A)Each one is unto oneself.
B)Whatever is natural is good.
C)The celibate will inherit the earth.
D)Sex for pleasure is gooD.

Question 27

Which of the following describes the view of sexuality in the Hebrew scriptures?

A)It is viewed as a sin.
B)It is viewed as fundamentally positive.
C)It is viewed as positive in same-gender relations only.
D)It is viewed as a barrier to spiritual purity.

Question 28

According to Leviticus,which of the following activities would lead to punishment by death?

A)a man having intercourse with a woman during her menses
B)a man viewing the naked body of his biological sister
C)a man viewing the naked body of his father's daughter
D)a man having intercourse with his father's wife

Question 29

The practice of ritual sexual intercourse to encourage the growth of crops was observed in the _____.

A)Canaanite fertility cult
B)Golden Age of Greek culture
C)Hebrew Bible
D)New Testament

Question 30

The historical-critical method of St.Paul's teachings reveals that

A)he anticipated that human sexuality has profound interpersonal implications.
B)he recommended marriage only for the purpose of having children.
C)he insisted that sex belongs only to heterosexual marriage.
D)he placed sex in the category of moral evils when it was pursued for aims other than procreation.

Question 31

The religion of the world that is unique in insisting on monogamy in marriage is

A)Hinduism.
B)Islam.
C)ancient Judaism.
D)Christianity.

Question 32

Hebrew religious leaders viewed fertility cults as

A)being congruent with the teachings of Israel's God.
B)a threat to their religion because these were practiced by Canaanites.
C)acceptable form of religious worship to enhance fertility of land.
D)a means of guaranteeing the propagation of the Israelites.

Question 33

The Hebrew scriptures regulated sexual behavior of Jews by

A)prohibiting polygyny and concubinage.
B)promoting many of the Canaanite practices.
C)encouraging Jews to join the fertility cult of the Canaanites.
D)prohibiting adultery,incest,and bestiality.

Question 34

The source of much of Catholic moral theology and the Church's position on sex and related issues was formed in the
Middle Ages in the writings of St.Thomas Aquinas,who believed that sex

A)in all its forms was basically evil.
B)could be central in the lives of a husband and wife.
C)was approved outside marriage for the husband,but not the wife.
D)was intended for procreation and that all nonprocreative sex was sinful.

Question 35

As the Church became the official religion of the Roman Empire,much of its original fervor was lost and it began to grow corrupt and worldly.In which of the following ways did serious Christians revolt against this situation?

A)by promoting the practice of polygyny
B)by engaging in pederasty to move higher in the Church
C)by choosing sex within marriage over virginity
D)by taking up the practice of celibacy

Question 36

During the Middle Ages,his great accomplishment was the Summa Theologica-a synthesis of Christian theology with
Aristotelian philosophy-which answered Christians' questions about nocturnal emissions and homosexuality.This person being referred to here is _____.

A)St.Paul
B)Martin Luther
C)Constantinople
D)St.Thomas Aquinas

Question 37

Which of the following is characterized by a depreciation of the material world and the physical aspect of humanity?

A)dualism
B)hedonism
C)legalism
D)situationism

Question 38

Which of the following statements describes the view of sexuality in the Hebrew scriptures?

A)True spiritual purity can be achieved through celibacy.
B)Ritual sexual intercourse performed in temples encourages soil fertility.
C)Sex is permissible only in the interest of procreation.
D)Sexuality cannot be separated from its social consequences.

Question 39

The negativity toward sex in the Christian tradition is rooted in

A)the Bible.
B)philosophies like Stoicism and Neo-Platonism.
C)the teachings of St.Paul.
D)the teachings of Martin Luther.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true concerning Jesus' teachings about sex?

A)He spoke as much about sex as about the evils of pride,hypocrisy,injustice,and the misuse of wealth.
B)He did not put any particular emphasis upon sexual conduct.
C)He regarded sex as separate from an individual's moral life.
D)His teachings gave detailed instructions for acceptable sexual conduct.

Question 41

One of the differences between the Protestantism Church and the Catholic Church was that Protestantism

A)abandoned clerical celibacy,regarding it as unnatural.
B)accepted more of sex outside of marriage.
C)accepted marital infidelity.
D)emphasized celibacy over matrimony.

Question 42

The masterpiece of erotic hedonism found in Hindu literature is the

A)ArthashastrA.
B)Ayurveda.
C)Pranayama.
D)Kama Sutra.

Question 43

Which of the following is true about Islam's view on sexual values?

A)Concubinage and polygyny are sanctioned under Islam.
B)Celibacy is viewed as the highest good of human life.
C)Islam tradition is based on sexual asceticism.
D)Masturbation and homosexuality are viewed quite liberally.

Question 44

In Hinduism,the _____ approach refers to the pursuit of pleasure.

A)Artha
B)Dharma
C)Moksha
D)Kama

Question 45

Which of the following is a feature of Islam laws regulating sexual behavior of Muslims?

A)A large section of the Muslims follow the ascetic tradition and lead a life of celibacy.
B)A double standard exists with regard to sexual behaviors of women,when compared to men.
C)The Koran prohibits sexual intercourse merely for the pursuit of pleasure.
D)As progeny is held in high regard in Islam,the use of contraception is considered unacceptable.

Question 46

In Hinduism,the _____ approach refers to the pursuit of success and material wealth.

A)Kama
B)Dharma
C)Moksha
D)Artha

Question 47

Which of the following is true about the teachings of Gautama,the Buddha?

A)His teachings focused on extreme asceticism as he believed that there was no middle path between hedonism and asceticism.
B)His teachings sanctioned polygyny and concubinage.
C)His teachings emphasized enlightenment and escaping the suffering of this world.
D)His discourses on tantric Buddhism deal with the art of black magic.

Question 48

In the Hindu religion,brahmacharya refers to

A)orgasm.
B)sexual intercourse.
C)passion.
D)celibacy.

Question 49

In Hinduism,_____ refers to the pursuit of liberation through the negation of the self in a state of being that is known as nirvana.

A)Kama
B)Dharma
C)Moksha
D)Artha

Question 50

In terms of its roots,_____ is the closest faith to the Judeo-Christian heritage.

A)Islam
B)Hinduism
C)Buddhism
D)Humanism

Question 51

Celibacy was opposed by

A)Jesus.
B)St.Paul.
C)St.Augustine.
D)the Prophet MuhammaD.

Question 52

The religious belief that sexual union epitomizes the essential unity of all things by joining female energy and male energy is part of a faith called _____ found particularly in Tibet and India.

A)Roman Catholicism
B)tantric Buddhism
C)moksha Hinduism
D)Protestantism

Question 53

In terms of sexual values of Islam,Prophet Muhammad's view was that

A)sexual tendencies originate out of the "forces of evil."
B)individuals may engage in sexual acts for pleasure outside marriage even without the consent of any one partner.
C)intercourse in marriage is the highest good of human life.
D)sex for pleasure is a grievous sin not tolerated by the scripture.

Question 54

In which of the following religious traditions can one find complete devotion to erotic hedonism and also find the other extreme of ascetic celibacy?

A)Islam
B)Christianity
C)Buddhism
D)Hinduism

Question 55

Survey research regarding views on abortion has shown that

A)all American Catholics support the official position of the Catholic Church.
B)American Catholics are nearly evenly split on this issue.
C)the Catholic Church has changed its position on abortion a great deal during the last 25 years.
D)American Catholics unanimously oppose the official position of the Catholic Church.

Question 56

In Hinduism,the _____ approach refers to the pursuit of the moral life.

A)Kama
B)Dharma
C)Moksha
D)Artha

Question 57

Which of the following is true about Islamic values?

A)Sexual values are based on ascetic principles.
B)Sexuality is primarily a source of pleasure.
C)Sexuality is primarily a means of reproduction.
D)Contraception is not permitteD.

Question 58

_____ ethics represent a nonreligious form of ethics which proposes that the basic goals of life are self-awareness,the avoidance of pain and suffering,and the fulfillment of needs.

A)Humanistic
B)Islamic
C)Hindu
D)Puritanical

Question 59

A significant contribution of Reformation Protestantism to Christianity was its strong emphasis on

A)clerical celibacy.
B)individual conscience.
C)lifelong asceticism.
D)legalist ethics.

Question 60

Brahmacharya is to be cultivated by followers of Hinduism

A)once in a lifetime when entering adulthood.
B)during the course of married life.
C)in order to achieve sexual pleasure.
D)both at the beginning and at the end of life.

Question 61

Which of the following is true about the "pro-family" activism?

A)Their position is essentially that of the New Religious Right.
B)Their position is directly opposed to the views of the moralists.
C)They fight to liberalize the laws and attitudes concerning sexuality.
D)Members of this movement are largely Catholic.

Question 62

The religious tradition underlying Western ethics has almost always seen sexual intercourse as

A)primarily a means of pleasure.
B)the acceptable outcome of an individual's sense of autonomy.
C)legitimate only in marriage.
D)a legal right of the individual outside marriage.

Question 63

Which of the following areas does the pro-life position and pluralist pro-choice position have a consensus in?

A)value and dignity of human personhood
B)when personhood begins
C)how human life is best preserved
D)how conflicting interests are balanced

Question 64

In the Hebrew Bible,the penalty for adultery was

A)castration.
B)exile.
C)fines.
D)death.

Question 65

The _____ position argues that pregnancy is solely the concern of a woman and that she should have supreme right to control her own body and determine whether to carry a fetus to term.

A)neo-Protestant
B)modified pro-choice
C)liberal Catholic
D)absolute pro-choice

Question 66

What is the "Vatican roulette?"

A)It refers to the list of holy days when sexual intercourse is not permitted.
B)It refers to one of the procedures to verify celibacy of saints and priests.
C)It is a liturgical pseudonym for extramarital sex.
D)It refers to natural family planning through abstinence during fertile periods.

Question 67

Julia and Mervin were dating for eight months.Recently,they engaged in sex.Their act of sexual activity before marriage is termed as _____.

A)bigamy
B)fornication
C)voyeurism
D)adultery

Question 68

Which of the following statements represents the views of moralism?

A)Moralists allow freedom to individuals,even if society loses order and uniformity by their actions.
B)Moralists affirm the value of many different and competing opinions.
C)Moralists believe that the truth is discovered in the clash of diverse perspectives.
D)Moralists favor strict regulation of human conduct to make people conform to moral standards.

Question 69

The position toward abortion that is moralistic,absolute,and apparently simple in content is the

A)pro-choice position.
B)pro-life position.
C)neutral position.
D)existential position.

Question 70

Regarding adultery (extramarital sex),most contemporary ethicists would

A)significantly modify the traditional Judeo-Christian view.
B)be less judgmental about people involved in adultery than traditional world religions.
C)support punishment of adulterers with death sentences.
D)support abolishing the concept entirely in an effort to liberalize laws and norms about sexuality.

Question 71

_____ oppose any artificial means of contraception.

A)Roman Catholics
B)Protestants
C)Hindus
D)Buddhists

Question 72

Which of the following statements describes the views of pluralists?

A)Pluralists appeal to law to enforce their views.
B)Pluralists appeal to religion to enforce their views.
C)Pluralists allow freedom to individuals,even if society loses order by their actions.
D)Pluralists favor strict regulation of human conduct to help make people conform to the existing moral standards.

Question 73

What is the significance of Aristotle's view on "ensoulment" to the pro-choice Catholic view on abortion?

A)Abortion is the absolute choice of the partners involved.
B)The concept of ensoulment would justify first-trimester abortions.
C)The concept of ensoulment emphasizes that the soul enters the fetus only at birth.
D)The individual is free to decide on an elective abortion.

Question 74

Jenson believes that abortion is permissible in some circumstances,and that it is fine for people to live together as partners but not as married couples.Based on his belief,Jenson is most likely to be a(n)

A)member of the New Religious Right.
B)pluralist.
C)"mainline" Roman CatholiC.
D)old moralist.

Question 75

The leadership of the antiabortion movement in the United States clearly comes from

A)the Jewish religion.
B)the Roman Catholic Church.
C)the Quakers.
D)the Unitarians.

Question 76

Buddhism most closely follows the _____ ethics.

A)hedonistic
B)sophomoristic
C)ascetic
D)situationistic

Question 77

Which of the following describes Jesus' view on adultery?

A)It is permitted for men,while it is sinful for women.
B)It is the only grounds for divorce in Christianity.
C)It is allowed in circumstances of a dysfunctional relationship.
D)It is understood as an act of unfaithfulness to God,and not to one's spouse.

Question 78

Pro-family activists typically favor

A)legalization of abortion.
B)non-discrimination against homosexuals.
C)religious conservatism.
D)cohabitation of consenting unmarried individuals.

Question 79

Which of the following refers to sex by unmarried persons and,more generally,all immoral sexual behavior?

A)reparation
B)abstinence
C)celibacy
D)fornication

Question 80

Gallup polls conducted during three decades have shown that

A)most Americans favor legal abortions under any circumstances.
B)most Americans favor restrictions on abortions for married women,but not for unmarried women.
C)most Americans believe that abortions should be illegal under all circumstances.
D)most Americans believe that abortions should be legal only under certain circumstances.