Deck 10: Personality

Question 1

Brandon attempts to convince his girlfriend, Katherine, to have sex with him.Even though Katherine loves and desires him, her religious beliefs do not permit her to have sex before marriage.According to Freud's structures of personality, Katherine's desire to have sex with Brandon is most likely dictated by her _____.Her decision not to engage in premarital sex is most likely dictated by her _____.

A)ego; id
B)ego; superego
C)superego; id
D)id; superego

Answer 1

id; superego

Question 2

Cookie Monster, one of the characters on the children's TV show Sesame Street, has an intense urge to consume cookies, even when doing so is irrational and maladaptive.Eating cookies gives Cookie Monster a great source of pleasure and satisfaction.Freud would say that his behavior reflects the fact that Cookie Monster is ruled by his

A) id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)Oedipus complex

Answer 2

id.

Question 3

The Freudian term for the tactics that the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality is

A)fixation.
B)hysteria.
C)ego wellness.
D)defense mechanisms.

Answer 3

defense mechanisms.

Question 4

According to Freud, the _____ operates according to the pleasure principle, whereas the _____ operates on the reality principle.

A)superego/ego
B)id/superego
C)id/ego
D)ego/id

Question 5

Freud considered _____ to be the most important motivator of all human activity.

A)the conscious mind
B)the sexual drive
C)rewards and punishments
D)self-actualization

Question 6

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego abides by the _____ principle.

A)pleasure
B)self-actualization
C)reality
D)all-or-none

Question 7

Nelly's friends attempt to convince Nelly to try cocaine at a party.Even though Nelly is tempted, she resists because she knows that the consequences of her actions would be disastrous for her body.In the context of Freud's structures of personality, Nelly's temptation to take cocaine is most likely dictated by her _____.Her decision not to take the cocaine is most likely dictated by her _____.

A)ego; superego
B)superego; ego
C)id; ego
D)ego; id

Question 8

Which of the following is true of the three structures of personality described by Freud?

A)According to Freud, the id is completely conscious, whereas the ego is partly unconscious.
B)In Freud's view, the id has contact with reality.
C)The superego acts as a mediator between the conflicting demands of the id and the ego.
D)According to Freud, the ego helps individuals to test reality.

Question 9

Michelle was reared in a home where high moral principles dominated.She has attended Sunday school and church since early childhood.In high school, her boyfriend asked her to miss school and go on a cruise with him, but something from inside her told her not to.She felt very proud of herself afterward for holding her ground.Which Freudian personality structure made Michelle feel proud of her response?

A)superego
B)preconscious
C)id
D)ego

Question 10

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious?

A)social cognitive perspectives
B)psychodynamic perspectives
C)humanistic perspectives
D)personological and life-story perspectives

Question 11

Meyer plans to obtain quick money through gambling, but he realizes that he might get arrested by the police.This prevents him from going ahead with his gambling plan.According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which of the following structures most likely stopped Meyer from going ahead with his plan?

A)superego
B)ego
C)id
D)animus

Question 12

If Marcy is feeling guilty about lying to her mother, supporters of Freud's psychoanalytic theory would most likely argue that her _____ is making her feel this way.

A)id
B)anima
C)superego
D)ego

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the structures of personality is FALSE?

A)The id operates according to the pleasure principle.
B)The ego operates according to the reality principle.
C)The id and the ego are completely unconscious.
D)The superego is the harsh internal judge of our behavior

Question 14

_____ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

A)Personality
B)Perception
C)Intelligence
D)Sensation

Question 15

According to Freud, the ego

A)is individuals' reservoir of sexual energy.
B)operates on the "pleasure principle".
C)deals with the demands of reality.
D)is the harsh internal judge of one's behavior.

Question 16

According to Freud, the _____ is reflected in what we often call conscience and evaluates the morality of our behavior.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)collective unconscious

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a belief of the psychodynamic perspectives of personality?

A)Childhood experiences shape adult personality.
B)A person's personality can be truly understood by focusing exclusively on his or her behavior.
C)Aspects of individuals' personalities are unconscious because they must be.
D)The enduring patterns that make up personality are largely unavailable to an individual's conscious awareness.

Question 18

Carolyn's parents were extremely religious, conservative and brought her up with strict moral codes.She was not permitted to have male friends and even her female friends were not allowed to spend time in their home.In college, Carolyn fell in love and despite her strict upbringing, engaged in premarital sex.In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which personality structure was most likely responsible for Carolyn's sexual activity in college?

A)superego
B)archetype
C)id
D)ego

Question 19

Which structure of personality did Freud refer to as the "it"?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)collective unconscious

Question 20

According to Freud, the superego

A)works according to the pleasure principle.
B)consists of unconscious drives and is the individual's reservoir of sexual energy.
C)considers whether the id's impulses can be satisfied in acceptable moral terms.
D)has no contact with reality.

Question 21

Which of the following is a crucial concept in Freud's psychosexual stages of personality development?

A)erogenous zones
B)collective unconscious
C)self-actualization
D)archetypes

Question 22

John, who is jealous of his older brother, states that his older brother hates him and is jealous of him.This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of

A)regression.
B)repression.
C)sublimation.
D)projection.

Question 23

A defense mechanism in which an individual sees in others those impulses that the individual most fears or despises in himself or herself is called

A)fixation.
B)sublimation.
C)repression.
D)projection.

Question 24

Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed.Though Darin wasn't seriously hurt in the accident, he can't remember any of the accident details.Darin is exhibiting which ego defense mechanism?

A)displacement
B)rationalization
C)reaction formation
D)repression

Question 25

The most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism is

A)displacement.
B)sublimation.
C)repression.
D)fixation.

Question 26

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, the latency period occurs

A)during infancy.
B)during a time when most children are experiencing toilet training.
C)immediately after the phallic stage.
D)in adolescence and adulthood.

Question 27

Patrick has been confused about his sexual orientation for a few years.Even though he has had many girlfriends, he often feels attracted to men.However, in college, he strongly opposes the idea of same-sex relationships among his friends.According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Patrick's supposed homophobia best illustrates the defense mechanism of

A)reaction formation.
B)denial.
C)sublimation.
D)regression.

Question 28

In Freud's view, _____ is the boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother.

A)castration anxiety
B)Electra complex
C)penis envy
D)Oedipus complex

Question 29

Jeff has been extremely aggressive since childhood.He pursues a career in boxing, which provides a socially acceptable channel to express his aggression.This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of

A)regression.
B)sublimation.
C)repression.
D)rationalization.

Question 30

Welma is unable to accept the fact that she has been diagnosed with lung cancer.She refuses treatment despite her family's attempts to convince her.According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Welma is unconsciously engaging in

A)denial.
B)regression.
C)rationalization.
D)displacement.

Question 31

Clarissa always needs to have something in her mouth.She is trying to give up smoking, but can't get throughout the day without sucking or chewing on her nails, pencils, or any other object she can get her hands on.Freud would suggest that Clarissa may be fixated in the _____ of psychosexual development.

A)anal
B)oral
C)phallic
D)latency

Question 32

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target?

A)displacement
B)sublimation
C)repression
D)fixation

Question 33

_____ is a defense mechanism that means directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target.

A)Regression
B)Sublimation
C)Repression
D)Displacement

Question 34

Six-month-old Ian loves to suck on anything he can get his hands on (e.g., fingers, dolls, blocks, rattles).The fact that Ian receives pleasure and comfort by exploring the world with his mouth suggests that he is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

A)phallic
B)oral
C)anal
D)genital

Question 35

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, castration anxiety occurs during the

A)phallic stage.
B)anal stage.
C)genital stage.
D)oral stage.

Question 36

Which of the following is true of defense mechanisms?

A)Defense mechanisms are conscious in nature.
B)Even when used in moderation, defense mechanisms are unhealthy.
C)Defense mechanisms are tactics the ego uses to increase anxiety.
D)Repression is the foundation for all of the psychological defense mechanisms.

Question 37

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, girls experience

A)the Oedipus complex.
B)castration completed.
C)castration anxiety.
D)unconditional positive regard.

Question 38

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

A)oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
B)anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital
C)phallic, oral, anal, genital, latency
D)genital, oral, phallic, anal, latency

Question 39

_____ is a defense mechanism that involves pushing threatening impulses out of conscious awareness.

A)Thanatos
B)Sublimation
C)Repression
D)Fixation

Question 40

According to Freud, penis envy and the Oedipus complex is experienced during which of the following psychosexual stages of development?

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)latency

Question 41

Which of the following principles is common to all the psychodynamic perspectives?

A)Personality is not affected by current experiences, only by early life experiences.
B)Conscious motives lie behind people's puzzling behavior.
C)Anxiety created by the conflict between the inner and outer world is easy to resolve.
D)Personality can be better understood by examining it developmentally.

Question 42

Which of the following behaviors is typical of a person fixated at the oral stage of development and using the defense mechanism of reaction formation?

A)puritanical attitude toward sex
B)dislike of milk
C)excessive modesty
D)fear of dirt

Question 43

According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, which of the following best indicates that 23-year-old Elliot is fixated at the phallic stage?

A)He is extremely disorganized.
B)He is overtly flirtatious.
C)He loves bathroom humor.
D)He is addicted to alcohol.

Question 44

According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, which of the following statements best indicates that 30-year-old Gayle is fixated at the oral stage?

A)He is excessively concerned about cleanliness.
B)He has a puritanical attitude toward sex.
C)He is stubborn and prefers simplicity and structure.
D)He is addicted to smoking cigarettes.

Question 45

Ethan is short and thin.Although he's not very strong or athletic, he excels in academics and has a great sense of humor.According to Adler, Ethan's attempts to overcome physical weaknesses by developing strengths in other areas are an example of

A)repression.
B)displacement.
C)sublimation.
D)compensation.

Question 46

According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains

A)archetypes.
B)the id.
C)positive regard.
D)self-actualization.

Question 47

Catherine, a 15-year-old, has an elder sister and a younger sister.According to Adler, which of the following is most applicable to Catherine in the context of birth order?

A)She is likely to be the center of attention in comparison to her siblings.
B)She is most likely of the three to suffer from a psychological disorder.
C)She is most likely of the three to engage in thefts and other petty crimes.
D)She is likely to be inspired by her elder sister and strive for success.

Question 48

Which of the following is true of Horney's sociocultural approach?

A)She believed that no woman experiences penis envy.
B)She viewed psychological health as allowing individuals to express their talents freely.
C)She supported Freud's notion that anatomy is destiny.
D)She rejected the notion that men covet women's reproductive capacities.

Question 49

Alfred Adler believed that birth order

A)put first-borns at an advantage.
B)had the potential to doom anyone.
C)influenced how successfully a person strived for superiority.
D)only had an impact in the case of sensitive parenting.

Question 50

Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities.Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.

A)psychodynamic perspective
B)humanistic perspective
C)learning perspective
D)trait perspective

Question 51

According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the

A)primal memory.
B)id.
C)collective unconscious.
D)normative unconscious.

Question 52

Freud's view of anatomy as destiny was criticized by Karen Horney primarily for

A)ignoring sociocultural influences on personality development.
B)underestimating cognitive differences between males and females.
C)dismissing the importance of parenting style on personality development.
D)overestimating intelligence differences between males and females.

Question 53

Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life is known as

A)individual psychology.
B)humanistic theory.
C)trait theory.
D)social cognitive theory.

Question 54

Freud believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____, Karen Horney believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____.

A)security/sex
B)sex/security
C)self-actualization/unconditional positive regard
D)sex/self-actualization

Question 55

Alfred Adler would be most likely to endorse which of the following explanations for human behavior?

A)People are primarily motivated by their desires to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
B)People are primarily motivated by factors of which they are not consciously aware.
C)People are primarily motivated by purposes and goals.
D)People are primarily motivated by sexual and aggressive instincts.

Question 56

According to Horney, women might envy the penis but what they really want is

A)a man to protect and shelter them.
B)the status bestowed to those who have one.
C)stronger superegos and moral convictions.
D)the freedom to have multiple sexual partners.

Question 57

Which of the following statements was made by Freud's critics on his ideas about sexuality, early experience, social factors, and the unconscious mind?

A)The ego and conscious thought processes do not play a dominant role in our personality as Freud believed.
B)Personality is set by age one.
C)The first five years of life are not as powerful in shaping adult personality as Freud thought.
D)Biological basis of personality is much more important than Freud thought.

Question 58

Which of the following is true of Adler's individual psychology?

A)In Adler's view, pleasure is the key motivator in human life.
B)Alfred used the terms anima and animus to identify two common archetypes.
C)Adler believed that compensation is abnormal.
D)Adler argued that people have the ability to take their genetic inheritance.

Question 59

At home Carrie was moody, self-centered, and bossy.At social events, Carrie was the life of the party.She was funny, happy, and demonstrated social graces that none of her family ever saw at home.What is Jung's explanation of Carrie's behavior?

A)Carrie adopted her persona at parties.
B)Carrie exhibited her animus at home.
C)Carrie was her anima at parties.
D)Carrie was her archetype at home.

Question 60

Jung used the term _____ to refer to the "feminine" side of our personality and the term _____ to refer to the "masculine" side of our personality.

A)animus/anima
B)anima/animus
C)mandala/persona
D)persona/mandala

Question 61

Which of the following is true of Carl Rogers's approach to personality?

A)Rogers believed that conditions of worth cannot become part of who we think we ought to be.
B)Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment.
C)Roger believed that personality psychology should focus on understanding healthy, well-adjusted individuals.
D)Rogers believed that the person must not reconnect with his or her true feelings and desires.

Question 62

Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic perspectives of personality?

A)They focus only on observable behaviors.
B)They are too optimistic about human nature.
C)They are too critical of the behaviors of humans.
D)They tend to devalue the importance of unconditional love.

Question 63

According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following traits is least likely to be associated with self-actualizers?

A)spontaneity
B)creativity
C)intolerance
D)sense of humor

Question 64

Your grandma initiates regular get-togethers at her neighborhood community hall.She also believes it's important to experience gratitude and be thankful for the wonderful life she has lived.According to the big five model of personality, grandma would likely score high on which of the following traits?

A)fixedness
B)extraversion
C)conscientiousness
D)neuroticism

Question 65

Trait theories of personality

A)state that situational factors override personal characteristics.
B)focus on how the unconscious mind influences personality.
C)take a more optimistic view of human nature than humanistic psychologists do.
D)focus on lasting personality characteristics.

Question 66

Gordon Allport believed that healthy, well-adjusted individuals

A)show a positive but objective sense of self and others, and have a sense of humor, common sense, and a unifying philosophy of life.
B)use their innate strengths to fulfill their conscious and unconscious instincts for pleasure, and focus primarily on subjective reality to determine their own sense of truth.
C)have achieved self-actualization, are truthful, work for the common good, and believe in social justice.
D)do not use defense mechanisms, are logical, independent, and financially successful.

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT one of the big five personality factors?

A)neuroticism
B)agreeableness
C)dominance
D)extraversion

Question 68

According to the five-factor model of personality, which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and personality?

A)Neuroticism is low in anxious and insecure individuals.
B)Neuroticism is high when a person is positive.
C)Neuroticism is high when a person is emotionally stable.
D)Neuroticism is low in self-satisfied individuals.

Question 69

Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time.Alex would score low on what trait?

A)openness
B)extraversion
C)agreeableness
D)neuroticism

Question 70

Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion?

A)Neuroticism is a personality trait and therefore not related to emotional experience.
B)Neuroticism is related to feeling more positive emotion.
C)Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative emotion.
D)Neuroticism is related to extreme emotions, both positive and negative.

Question 71

Allport used _____ to conduct research on personality.

A)the personological approach
B)the lexical approach
C)projective tests
D)a thematic apperception test (TAT)

Question 72

Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior.According to Rogers, Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of

A)conditions of worth.
B)positive self-regard.
C)unconditional positive regard.
D)situational worth.

Question 73

According to Rogers, an individual's need to be liked, loved, and accepted by others regardless of his or her behavior is called

A)unconditional positive regard.
B)conditions of worth.
C)the collective unconscious.
D)catharsis.

Question 74

According to humanistic theory, a child who receives _____ from his or her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with _____.

A)unconditional positive regard/self-actualization needs
B)conditions of worth/positive self-regard needs
C)self-consistency/threats
D)unconditional positive regard/conditions of worth

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT one of the essential qualities needed in a relationship to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires according to Rogers?

A)unconditional positive regard
B)empathy
C)genuineness
D)defense mechanisms

Question 76

Which of the following statements accurately describes how factor analysis is used to identify personality traits?

A)Factor analysis allows researchers to create operational definitions of theoretically generated personality traits.
B)Factor analysis permits trait inferences by examining people's responses to ambiguous stimuli.
C)Factor analysis allows researchers to identify which traits go together in terms of how they are rated.
D)Factor analysis guides researchers who use projective tests.

Question 77

Who is considered the "father of American personality psychology"?

A)Carl Rogers
B)Alfred Adler
C)Gordon Allport
D)Albert Bandura

Question 78

Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory?

A)self-concept
B)persona
C)archetype
D)sublimation

Question 79

Your best friend Kelly is liberal and tolerant.Which trait is she likely high on?

A)emotional stability
B)agreeableness
C)conscientiousness
D)openness

Question 80

Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices.She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change.She holds that individuals are capable of controlling their lives and achieving their goals.Brittney is most likely to agree with the _____ of personality.

A)trait theories
B)psychoanalytic perspectives
C)social cognitive theories
D)humanistic perspectives