Deck 8: Learning and Decision Making

Question 1

When employees observe the actions of others,learn from what they observe,and then repeat the observed behavior,they are engaging in cognitive modeling.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

To be rational decision makers,we should evaluate each alternative as soon as we think of it.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Variable interval schedule is the simplest schedule of reinforcement and happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The rational decision-making model offers a step-by-step approach to making decisions that maximize outcomes by examining all available alternatives.

Question 5

The rational decision-making model assumes that people are very rarely perfectly rational.

Question 6

The entire process of reinforcement is a continuous cycle,and the repetition of behaviors is strengthened to the degree that reinforcement continues to occur.

Question 7

Those with a performance-prove orientation focus on demonstrating their competence so that others will not think poorly of them.

Question 8

A stereotype occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group.

Question 9

Decision making reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skills that result from experience.

Question 10

Research has consistently shown that fixed reinforcement schedules lead to higher levels of performance than variable schedules.

Question 11

Tacit knowledge is the kind of information that can be easily communicated during training sessions or using written manuals.

Question 12

Research shows that the difference between experts and novices is almost always a function of intelligence as opposed to the more popular view that learning makes the difference.

Question 13

Performance-oriented individuals enjoy working on new kinds of tasks,even if they fail during their early experiences.

Question 14

Explicit knowledge is what employees can typically learn only through experience.

Question 15

Positive reinforcement should necessarily be in the form of material rewards to be effective.

Question 16

Because of their tacit knowledge,experts sometimes cannot put into words why they know that a problem exists,why a solution will work,or how they accomplished a task.

Question 17

Learning refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem.

Question 18

Perception is the process of selecting,organizing,storing,and retrieving information about the environment.

Question 19

For positive reinforcement to be successful,an employee needs to see a direct link between his or her behavior and the desired outcome.

Question 20

Research shows that desired behaviors tend to disappear much more quickly when reinforcement is discontinued under variable plans.

Question 21

Which of the following is a characteristic of tacit knowledge?

A)Transferability through written communication
B)Existence as general information
C)Ability to be learned through books
D)High personal nature
E)Existence as conscious and accessible information

Question 22

Learning is moderately correlated with task performance.

Question 23

_____ knowledge is not easily communicated but could very well be the most important aspect of what we learn in organizations.

A)Book-based
B)Direct
C)Explicit
D)Tacit
E)Documented

Question 24

Learning has a weak positive effect on commitment.

Question 25

The self-serving bias occurs when we attribute our own failures to external factors and our own successes to internal factors.

Question 26

Research shows that the differences between experts and novices are almost always a function of:

A)intelligence.
B)consensus.
C)heuristic.
D)personality.
E)learning.

Question 27

The knowledge and skills that distinguish specialists from novices is referred to as:

A)motivation.
B)expertise.
C)heuristic.
D)inspiration.
E)rationalE.Expertise refers to the knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less experienced people.Research shows that the differences between experts and novices is almost always a function of learning as opposed to the more popular view that intelligence or other innate differences make the difference.

Question 28

Lucy just moved to New York on a job assignment.Lucy got herself a map of the city and various other guides on restaurants,fitness centers,libraries,and theaters.Lucy learns about New York by studying these materials.Lucy acquires _____ knowledge by learning this way.

A)consensus-based
B)tacit
C)explicit
D)intuition-based
E)inherent

Question 29

The fundamental attribution error argues that people have a tendency to judge others' behaviors as due to internal factors.

Question 30

Transfer of training occurs when the knowledge,skills,and behaviors used on the job are maintained by the learner once training ends and generalized to the workplace once the learner returns to the job.

Question 31

True learning only occurs when:

A)employees avoid mimicking the behaviors of experts.
B)experts also pretend to be novices.
C)changes in behavior become relatively permanent.
D)employees are assigned larger responsibilities.
E)learned behaviors are not repeated over timE.True learning only occurs when changes in behavior become relatively permanent and are repeated over time.Understanding why some employees prove better at this than others requires understanding what exactly employees learn and how they do it.

Question 32

Social identity theory holds that people identify themselves by the groups to which they belong and perceive and judge others by their group memberships.

Question 33

Escalation of commitment refers to the decision to continue to follow a failing course of action.

Question 34

The knowledge that employees can typically learn only through experience is called _____ knowledge.

A)consensus-based
B)tacit
C)explicit
D)direct
E)open

Question 35

Projection bias causes problems in decision making because it limits our ability to develop appropriate criteria for a decision and evaluate decisions carefully.

Question 36

Which of these reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience?

A)Perception
B)Learning
C)Intuition
D)Consensus
E)Heuristic

Question 37

Framing is the tendency to judge things erroneously based on a reference that is near to them.

Question 38

Communities of practice are groups of employees who work together and learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time.

Question 39

_____ refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem.

A)Decision making
B)Learning
C)Intuition
D)Reinforcement
E)Conditioning

Question 40

Information that is relatively easily communicated and a large part of what companies teach during training sessions is known as _____ knowledge.

A)inherent
B)inferred
C)implied
D)tacit
E)explicit

Question 41

Explicit knowledge _____.

A)is highly personal in nature
B)cannot be articulated to others
C)is job and situation-specific
D)contains conscious and accessible information
E)is based on employees' experience

Question 42

James is the new manager of operations at Leo Motors.To his dismay,he finds the employees coming in late to work,taking long breaks and behaving unprofessionally at their work stations.James decides to promote desirable work practices.He plans to introduce incentives for meeting the required targets,at the same time withhold incentives when employees meet the target,but their work culture is poor and they continue coming late.Identify the contingencies that James is planning to implement.

A)Punishment and extinction
B)Positive reinforcement and punishment
C)Punishment and negative reinforcement
D)Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
E)Negative reinforcement and extinction

Question 43

With _____ schedule,workers are rewarded after a certain amount of time,and the length of time between reinforcement periods stays the same.

A)fixed interval
B)variable ratio
C)continuous reinforcement
D)fixed ratio
E)variable interval

Question 44

A manager suspends one of his subordinates for showing up to work late.This is an example of:

A)negative feedback.
B)punishment.
C)negative reinforcement.
D)extinction.
E)neutral reinforcement.

Question 45

Organizations use four specific consequences to modify employee behavior.They are known as the:

A)attribution biases.
B)communities of practice.
C)contingencies of reinforcement.
D)climates of transfer.
E)heuristics.

Question 46

Mark is a new hire at Blue Bay Technologies,Florida.His work involves creating technology-enabled business solutions for clients from various states.Mark's work gets evaluated and rewarded at the end of each month.This is an example of _____ reinforcement.

A)fixed interval
B)variable ratio
C)continuous
D)fixed ratio
E)variable interval

Question 47

Jackson High School introduced a scholarship of $1,000 for students who maintain 100 percent attendance.This is an example of using _____.

A)positive feedback
B)negative feedback
C)punishment
D)extinction
E)positive reinforcement

Question 48

Which two contingencies of reinforcement are designed to decrease undesired behaviors?

A)Punishment and extinction
B)Positive reinforcement and punishment
C)Punishment and negative reinforcement
D)Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
E)Negative reinforcement and extinction

Question 49

_____ occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior.

A)Reverse discrimination
B)Retribution
C)Extinction
D)Punishment
E)Negative reinforcement

Question 50

Which schedule reinforces behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited?

A)Continuous
B)Variable interval
C)Variable ratio
D)Fixed ratio
E)Fixed interval

Question 51

_____ schedules are designed to reinforce behaviors at more random points in time.

A)Fixed ratio
B)Variable interval
C)Continuous
D)Variable ratio
E)Fixed interval

Question 52

Which of these occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior?

A)Reverse discrimination
B)Neutral reinforcement
C)Punishment
D)Extinction
E)Positive reinforcement

Question 53

A salaried paycheck is an example of _____ reinforcement schedule whereas piece-rate pay is an example of _____ reinforcement schedule.

A)continuous; fixed interval
B)fixed interval; fixed ratio
C)variable ratio; variable interval
D)variable interval; fixed ratio
E)fixed ratio; continuous

Question 54

An organization revises its employees' salaries at the end of each financial year.This is an example of _____ reinforcement.

A)variable ratio
B)fixed interval
C)continuous
D)fixed ratio
E)variable interval

Question 55

_____ occurs when there is the removal of consequences following an unwanted behavior.

A)Negative feedback
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Punishment
D)Extinction
E)Positive reinforcement

Question 56

Which of the following is the simplest schedule of reinforcement?

A)Variable ratio
B)Variable interval
C)Fixed ratio
D)Continuous
E)Fixed interval

Question 57

_____ reinforcement happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior.

A)Fixed interval
B)Variable ratio
C)Fixed ratio
D)Variable interval
E)Continuous

Question 58

Tacit knowledge _____.

A)is based on experience
B)involves conscious and accessible information
C)can be learned through books
D)exists as general information
E)is easily transferred through written communication

Question 59

In general,_____ and _____ should be the most common forms of reinforcement used by managers to create learning among their employees.

A)punishment; extinction
B)negative reinforcement; extinction
C)punishment; negative reinforcement
D)positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
E)positive reinforcement; extinction

Question 60

The workers at Snack Time are always on their feet and do not take extra long breaks because their supervisor Mr.Dan pays surprise visits to the production department.This practice helps the firm exceed performance targets.Mr.Dan practices which of the following reinforcement schedules?

A)Variable ratio schedule
B)Fixed interval schedule
C)Continuous schedule
D)Variable interval schedule
E)Fixed ratio schedule

Question 61

The first step in rational decision making is to:

A)generate the list of available alternatives.
B)identify the criteria that are important in making the decision.
C)evaluate the alternatives that are available.
D)choose a person who could evaluate the decision.
E)choose the solution that maximizes valuE.The first step in the rational decision-making model is to identify the criteria that are important in making the decision,taking into account all involved parties.

Question 62

The last step of behavior modeling is:

A)reinforcement.
B)production process.
C)attention process.
D)retention process.
E)behavior assessment.

Question 63

When an individual has a _____,building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence.

A)productivity bias
B)learning orientation
C)projection bias
D)performance orientation
E)negative reinforcement

Question 64

At a World Issues Conference,all the participants were asked to develop responses to two case situations.People split themselves up into teams based on their occupations.Which of the following helps to explain why the participants acted this way?

A)Self-fulfilling prophecy
B)Bandwagon effect
C)Social identity theory
D)Projection bias
E)Collective perception

Question 65

To be a rational decision maker,one should do all of these EXCEPT:

A)boiling the problem down to something that is easily understood.
B)evaluating all the alternatives simultaneously.
C)using accurate information to evaluate alternatives.
D)picking the alternative that maximizes value.
E)developing an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions.

Question 66

A(n)_____ occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group.

A)availability bias
B)bandwagon effect
C)self-efficacy
D)projection bias
E)stereotype

Question 67

_____ can be described as emotionally charged judgments that arise through quick,non-conscious,and holistic associations.

A)Performance orientations
B)Intuition
C)Faulty attributions
D)Calculations
E)Rational decisions

Question 68

Bounded rationality advocates:

A)pick the alternative that minimizes value.
B)evaluate all alternatives simultaneously.
C)use accurate information to evaluate alternatives.
D)develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions.
E)choose the first acceptable alternativE.Bounded rationality is the notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision.Bounded rationality says that we are likely to pick the first acceptable alternative.

Question 69

The belief that others think,feel,and act the same way as you do refers to:

A)availability bias.
B)anchoring effect.
C)bandwagon effect.
D)projection bias.
E)halo effect.

Question 70

The tendency of people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations is called:

A)social identification.
B)selective perception.
C)availability bias.
D)environmental bias.
E)thin-slicing.

Question 71

A new,complex,and unrecognized situation calls for:

A)structured decisions.
B)external decisions.
C)direct decisions.
D)nonprogrammed decisions.
E)irrational decisions.

Question 72

When employees observe the actions of others,learn from what they observe,and then repeat what they have observed,they are engaging in:

A)structural modeling.
B)behavioral modeling.
C)static learning.
D)extrinsic learning.
E)hierarchical modeling.

Question 73

_____ is the process of selecting,organizing,storing,and retrieving information about the environment.

A)Perception
B)Reinforcement
C)Heuristic
D)Stereotyping
E)Attribution

Question 74

_____ decisions are decisions that become somewhat automatic because people's knowledge allows them to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken.

A)Programmed
B)Unstructured
C)Indirect
D)Spontaneous
E)Surface

Question 75

A slot machine is an example of a _____ reinforcement schedule.

A)continuous
B)fixed interval
C)fixed ratio
D)variable interval
E)variable ratio

Question 76

Which of the following is the first step in the behavior modeling process?

A)Reinforcement
B)Production processes
C)Attentional processes
D)Retention processes
E)Extinction

Question 77

_____ theory argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observation of others.

A)Social learning
B)Learning life cycle
C)Bounded rationality
D)Social identity
E)Attribution

Question 78

The notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision refers to:

A)management by exception.
B)communities of practice.
C)bounded rationality.
D)projection bias.
E)structure bias.

Question 79

United Motors is facing shortage of funds and has decided to implement the piece-rate system of payment.This way the workers who perform better will get higher wages and it would not be a huge burden on the company's bank account.Which of the following methods of reinforcement schedules has United Motors implemented?

A)Continuous
B)Fixed interval
C)Variable ratio
D)Variable interval
E)Fixed ratio

Question 80

_____ results when decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered.

A)Emergence
B)Neutralization
C)Optimization
D)Satisficing
E)Stereotyping