Deck 12: Gender

Question 1

Early adulthood is continuous with childhood in that:

A) prior life experiences influence adult personality.
B) early childhood experiences determine what one is like as an adult.
C) early childhood experiences have little impact on adult personality.
D) prior life experiences are less important than current situations for adult personality.

Answer 1

prior life experiences influence adult personality.

Question 2

According to Erik Erikson,what must individuals achieve before they can develop intimacy?

A) an identity
B) secure attachment
C) self-appraisal
D) commitment

Answer 2

an identity

Question 3

Romantic love differs from both affectionate love and friendship in its:

A) degree of intimacy.
B) degree of respect for the partner.
C) degree of commitment.
D) degree of sexuality.

Answer 3

degree of sexuality.

Question 4

Adult attachment patterns are generally classified based on the dimensions of:

A) attachment-related anxiety and attachment-related avoidance.
B) attachment-related projection and attachment-related repression.
C) attachment-related security and attachment-related insecurity.
D) attachment-related internal working models of self and attachment-related internal working models of others.

Question 5

Angelina is having some difficulty with her boyfriend.She wants to maintain a close and supportive relationship,but at times she feels smothered by the relationship.Angelina is:

A) experiencing a conflict between intimacy and independence.
B) showing the pseudo-intimate style of intimate interaction.
C) functioning at the self-focused level of relationship maturity.
D) experiencing an imbalance between parental connectedness and intimacy.

Question 6

According to the author of your text,relationships in early adulthood strive to balance:

A) intimacy,individuality,and compromise.
B) passion,intimacy,and commitment.
C) interconnection,independence,and negotiation.
D) independence,identity,and intimacy.

Question 7

Secure attachment to parents during childhood correlates with:

A) higher academic achievement in college.
B) stronger sibling relationships in adulthood.
C) more satisfaction with adult relationships.
D) being less supportive in distress as adults.

Question 8

Research studies linking early infant attachments with parents and later attachments in adult romantic relationships have suggested that:

A) securely attached infants become securely attached adults in romantic relationships,but insecure attachment in infancy does not predict adult attachment in romantic relationships.
B) securely attached infants usually become securely attached adults in romantic relationships,but this association may be lessened by stressful and disruptive experiences in childhood.
C) there is no relationship between early infant attachment with parents and later attachment in adult romantic relationships.
D) securely attached infants who also had easy temperaments are more likely to have secure adult romantic attachments; however,securely attached infants with difficult temperaments are unable to form secure attachments with adult romantic partners.

Question 9

What is Erik Erikson's psychosocial crisis for the person in early adulthood?

A) identity versus identity confusion
B) generativity versus stagnation
C) integrity versus despair
D) intimacy versus isolation

Question 10

Eros is:

A) companionate love.
B) romantic love.
C) fatuous love.
D) intimate love.

Question 11

According to Erik Erikson,if individuals do not develop intimacy,they face:

A) low self-esteem.
B) insecure attachment.
C) despair.
D) isolation.

Question 12

Researchers (and regular people)have defined love in many different ways.Which of the following dimensions tend to be included in most definitions of love?

A) altruism
B) friendship
C) intimacy
D) dependency

Question 13

If researchers measure an individual's self-concept at ages 10,20,30,and 40 years,where are they likely to find the most self-concept stability?

A) between the ages of 10 and 30
B) between the ages of 20 and 30
C) between the ages of 20 and 40
D) There will be little change in self-concept over the life span.

Question 14

According to Erik Erikson,achieving intimacy means to be able to:

A) have a sexual relationship with someone.
B) detach your thoughts from your emotions.
C) comfortably live in close proximity to someone.
D) find oneself while losing oneself in another.

Question 15

Relationships with spouses and lovers tend to differ from relationships with friends in the areas of:

A) sexuality and infatuation.
B) intimacy and spontaneity.
C) dependency and trust.
D) respect and confiding.

Question 16

Results from a recent study linking adults' current attachment styles with other aspects of their lives have shown that adults with avoidant and anxious attachment styles tend to be:

A) more likely to be depressed than securely attached adults.
B) less likely to be depressed than securely attached adults.
C) equally likely to be depressed as securely attached adults.
D) more likely to give support when their partner is distressed.

Question 17

A research team is conducting a longitudinal assessment of personality development,measuring each individual's personality traits at ages 5,10,15,20,25,and 40 years.Which of the following would MOST likely be found in this study?

A) The closer the ages of assessment,the greater the difference in personality.
B) The closer the ages of assessment,the more continuous development appears to be.
C) The farther apart the ages of assessment,the greater the similarity in personality.
D) The farther apart the ages of assessment,the more continuous development appears to be.

Question 18

A securely attached adult would score:

A) low on attachment-related anxiety and low on attachment-related avoidance.
B) high on secure attachment ideation and low on insecure attachment ideation.
C) high positive on internal working model of self and high on internal working model of others.
D) high on attachment-related projection and low on attachment-related repression.

Question 19

According to Erik Erikson,achievement of intimacy requires that an individual:

A) has achieved identity.
B) significantly revise his or her sense of identity.
C) go through an extended solo period.
D) psychologically identify with and surrender his or her identity to a leader figure.

Question 20

Which aspect of love becomes increasingly important to the young adult?

A) altruism
B) friendship
C) intimacy
D) dependency

Question 21

Since the early 1900s,the goal of maintaining a stable marriage has:

A) become even more important than ever.
B) decreased in its level of relative importance.
C) replaced self-fulfillment as the most important life goal.
D) been replaced by self-fulfillment as the most important life goal.

Question 22

In 1970,approximately ___ of American couples reported that they cohabitated before getting married; in the year 2005,more than ___ reported that they had cohabitated before getting married.

A) 11%; 50%
B) 50%; 11%
C) 30%; 60%
D) 5%; 75%

Question 23

In which country is cohabitation virtually universal before marriage?

A) France
B) Sweden
C) the United States
D) Kenya

Question 24

Suzie and Richard are cohabitating,whereas Becky and Bernard are married.It is likely that:

A) compared to Becky and Bernard,Suzie and Richard have a more equal relationship.
B) compared to Becky and Bernard,Suzie and Richard's relationship will last longer.
C) compared to Suzie and Richard,Becky and Bernard feel more emotional strain on their relationship.
D) compared to Suzie and Richard,Becky and Bernard have less conventional beliefs about marriage.

Question 25

Research suggests that:

A) cohabiting before marriage increases marital satisfaction.
B) cohabiting before marriage increases the likelihood of divorce.
C) cohabiting couples have less stress and pressure than married couples.
D) relationships in cohabitation are not as equal as in marriage.

Question 26

In the early 2000s,the percentage of never-married single adults aged 30 to 34 in the U.S.:

A) almost doubled.
B) almost tripled.
C) more than tripled.
D) almost quadrupled.

Question 27

Julia,who has just turned 30 years old,has never married.She is likely to feel:

A) content with her independence and freedom.
B) more pressure from society to get married.
C) resentful that most of her friends are married.
D) desperate to find an available partner.

Question 28

The major change in the last 60 years that has increased the fragility of marriages is:

A) the rise in age at which people choose to marry.
B) the tendency to wait longer before having children.
C) the push for economic success.
D) the desire for personal fulfillment both inside and outside of marriage.

Question 29

According to Ellen Berscheid,the most important ingredient of romantic love is:

A) friendship.
B) sexual desire.
C) long-term commitment.
D) spontaneity in behavior.

Question 30

Susan and Eduardo say that though they are not as physically attracted to one another as they once were,they are emotionally very close and are committed to making their relationship work.Which of the following would Robert Sternberg say is true about their love?

A) They are not really in love with one another.
B) They are likely to be happy together for a long time.
C) They are experiencing the fullest and strongest type of love.
D) They are infatuated with one another but probably will split up before long.

Question 31

Kristin and Greg have been dating each other for several years.When Kristin is asked by a friend to describe her feelings for Greg,she explains that she feels a deep sense of caring for him and often desires to have him near her.Which type of love is Kristin expressing for Greg?

A) romantic
B) indulgent
C) affectionate
D) altruistic

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a component of Sternberg's triarchic theory of love?

A) passion
B) consumption
C) commitment
D) intimacy

Question 33

According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of love,affectionate love is characterized by:

A) intimacy and commitment.
B) shared activities and self-disclosure.
C) exclusivity and passion.
D) companionship and self-disclosure.

Question 34

Rob and Alise have just moved in together,so that they can spend more time with each other and get to know each other better.Research indicates that:

A) within 1 year Rob and Alise will no longer be living together.
B) within 1 year Rob and Alise will be married.
C) Rob and Alise will continue to live together for several more years before they marry.
D) Rob and Alise will have a child within a year but will not marry.

Question 35

In general,being single offers the potential advantage of _________ but the potential disadvantage of _________.

A) shared expenses; less income.
B) self-reliance; lack of intimacy.
C) emotional distance; lack of involvement.
D) shared experiences; lack of self-knowledge.

Question 36

Julie describes how she feels about Mark: "I'm very physically attracted to him,but we aren't what you would call emotionally close.I love being with him,but I don't know that this will be a long-lasting relationship." According to Robert Sternberg's theory of love,which type of love is Julie experiencing?

A) romantic love
B) infatuated love
C) sexual love
D) companionate love

Question 37

What is needed for a couple to remain happy together after their romantic love fades?

A) Research indicates that it is not possible for a couple to remain truly happy after romantic love fades.
B) Romantic love involves making a strong and long-lasting commitment to the partner which remains once the romantic love fades.
C) Romantic love is replaced by affectionate love which is based on a realistic knowledge and acceptance of the other's strengths and faults.
D) Romantic love is replaced by a sense of sexual attraction in which the partners become interested in getting to know one another better.

Question 38

Penelope is describing her marriage of 15 years: "My husband and I were eating breakfast the other day.Neither of us was talking,both of us just reading and thinking our own thoughts.But it was a very comfortable silence,and I love it!" What aspect of their relationship does this illustrate?

A) passion
B) infatuation
C) romantic love
D) affectionate love

Question 39

Which of the following is a common problem of being single?

A) immaturity
B) lack of self-knowledge
C) feeling comfortable socially
D) responsibility for one's own actions

Question 40

If American men and women are going to get married at some point in their life,the average age for a first marriage as of 2005 was:

A) 30 for men,29 for women
B) 37 for men,36 for women
C) 27 for men,26 for women
D) 25 for men,24 for women

Question 41

A close relationship that involves enjoyment,acceptance,trust,respect,mutual assistance,confiding,understanding,and spontaneity.

Question 42

Adults' expectations about their roles as parents:

A) usually are well coordinated with their other roles in life.
B) generally are quite romantic and emotional.
C) tend to be wrong when the children actually arrive.
D) vary widely from couple to couple.

Question 43

For men,talk is _________,whereas for women,talk is _________.

A) reporting; exchanging.
B) informational; relational.
C) factual; emotional.
D) engaging; inviting.

Question 44

Which one of the following is NOT an advantage for having a child earlier rather than later in life?

A) fewer medical problems with pregnancy and childbirth
B) the parents are likely to have more physical energy
C) parents know better what they want from their family roles
D) parents may be less likely to build up expectations for their children

Question 45

Kelly's mother says that after Kelly and Tomas have children,their "little spats" will fade away as they concentrate on their baby.Kelly's mother is:

A) perpetuating one of the common myths about parenting.
B) helping Kelly identify the reason for her marital dissatisfaction.
C) giving Kelly good advice about how to deal with marital dissatisfaction.
D) correctly summarizing the research on the influence of children on marital satisfaction.

Question 46

When men and women report how happy they are in their marriage,it is the case that:

A) husbands tend to be happier.
B) wives tend to be happier.
C) both husbands and wives are equally happy.
D) neither husbands nor wives are happy.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a reason to help explain why remarried adults have higher divorce rates?

A) Stepfamilies have more stress and pressure than never-divorced families.
B) Remarried adults may marry for financial reasons rather than for romance.
C) Remarried adults may bring in negative patterns from their first marriage.
D) Stepchildren may make attempts to sabotage their parents' relationship.

Question 48

Since the 1980s,the rate of divorce in the United States has:

A) been increasing.
B) been decreasing.
C) stayed the same.
D) gone up and down.

Question 49

With regard to the timing of remarriage,in the United States:

A) men tend to remarry sooner than women do.
B) women tend to remarry sooner than men do.
C) European-American women tend to remarry sooner then men,but this is not the case for other ethnic groups in the United States.
D) European-American men tend to remarry sooner than women do,but this is not the case for other ethnic groups in the United States.

Question 50

When couples divorce in the United States,they do so during which years of marriage?

A) 1st to 3rd
B) 2nd to 5th
C) 5th to 10th
D) 10th to 12th

Question 51

Deborah Tannen analyzed the talk of men and women and found that compared with women,men more commonly engage in _________ talk,because for men,talk is for _________.

A) rapport; information
B) report; information
C) rapport; interaction
D) report; interaction

Question 52

Divorce contributes to higher rates of psychiatric disturbance,depression,and alcoholism for:

A) men.
B) women.
C) both men and women.
D) neither men nor women.

Question 53

Research on women's health in unhappy marriages shows that they are at greater risk for _________ than are women who are happily married.

A) high blood pressure
B) depression
C) high cholesterol levels
D) All of these

Question 54

One of the benefits of marriage is:

A) increased longevity.
B) more financial security.
C) an improved gender identity.
D) better cognitive functioning.

Question 55

All of the following are myths about gay and lesbian couples,EXCEPT:

A) they have a large number of sexual partners.
B) they do not have long-term relationships.
C) one partner assumes a masculine role,and one partner assumes a feminine role.
D) some committed gay couples may have an open relationship that allows the possibility of sex outside the relationship.

Question 56

On average,divorced adults remarry within __ years after divorcing.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 57

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with an increase in divorce?

A) marrying late in life
B) having a baby before marriage
C) low education levels
D) low income

Question 58

A type of love that is characterized by an individual's desire to have the other person near and to share a deep,caring relationship with the other person.

Question 59

Cassie waited until she was well established in her career before having children.Which of the following is likely to be true for Cassie?

A) She will have fewer plans for and expectations about her children than a younger mother.
B) She will have fewer medical problems during pregnancy and delivery than a younger mother.
C) She will have more income for child-rearing expenses than a younger mother would have.
D) She will be more likely to be divorced and end up being a single parent than a younger mother.

Question 60

This theorist proposed a triarchic theory of love.

Question 61

List three relationship characteristics in adults that are associated with a secure attachment styles with a romantic partner.

Question 62

According to the triarchic theory of love,this type of love includes intimacy and commitment,but does not include sexual attraction.

Question 63

According to the triarchic theory of love,this type of love only includes passion.

Question 64

Living together in a sexual relationship without being married.

Question 65

A type of love that has strong sexual and infatuation components and often predominates in the early period of a romantic relationship.

Question 66

According to the triarchic theory of love,this type of love includes passion,intimacy,and commitment.

Question 67

List three of the benefits of a good marriage.

Question 68

List two strategies remarried couples can use to cope with the stress of living in a stepfamily.

Question 69

According to the triarchic theory of love,this type of love includes passion and commitment,but does not include (or is low on)intimacy.

Question 70

List five principles,identified by Gottman,that make a marriage work.

Question 71

Discuss how men and women differ in their communication styles.

Question 72

Identify five common negative effects of separation and divorce on both women and men.

Question 73

List and briefly describe the three dimensions of love that have been proposed by Robert J.Sternberg (1988)in his triarchic theory of love.

Question 74

List and briefly describe the two dimensions that are used to classify adult attachments with romantic partners.