Deck 12: Industry and the North

Question 1

Starting with the Erie Canal, heavy construction work on canals and railroads was mainly done by __________.

A) local farmers
B) slaves
C) immigrants
D) convicts

Answer 1

immigrants

Question 2

The Old Northwest was an area of commercial farming from 1800 onward because __________.

A) farmers needed cash to purchase land
B) supplying settlers moving farther west became a major business
C) cotton was the main crop
D) most farmers used the barter system

Answer 2

farmers needed cash to purchase land

Question 3

The work style changes that occurred as factory production transformed the American economy included __________.

A) shorter work hours than the preindustrial sunup to sundown experience
B) the regulation of work lives by clocks and bells
C) a blending of work and relaxation at the job site
D) a blending of work and leisure

Answer 3

the regulation of work lives by clocks and bells

Question 4

An early 1800s Cincinnati merchant would have most likely financed __________.

A) cotton textile manufacturing
B) canal construction
C) steamboat construction
D) railroads

Question 5

A crucial aspect of the new putting-out system was __________.

A) uniform parts
B) apprenticing
C) assembly lines
D) division of labor

Question 6

Many of the first strikes in American labor history were led by __________.

A) apprentices
B) middle-class reformers
C) Irish immigrants
D) women workers

Question 7

Among the primary reasons that young farm women moved from the farm to work in textile mill towns in the early nineteenth century was to __________.

A) save their families from economic collapse
B) escape unhappy marriages
C) escape farm life and earn wages
D) find husbands

Question 8

A resident who lived in Boston or Philadelphia from 1790 to 1807 and had accumulated large amounts of capital, probably obtained it from __________.

A) textile mills
B) mining
C) commercial farming
D) international shipping

Question 9

In 1850, a person wanting to go from Raleigh to Nashville __________.

A) would have taken a circuitous road route
B) could use a direct rail line
C) would have gone by way of St. Louis
D) could take a train to Memphis rather than a road to Nashville

Question 10

Women were often pushed into __________ because other occupations were considered inappropriate.

A) teaching
B) being house servants
C) shoemaking
D) the garment trade

Question 11

The history of Lowell epitomizes which transition?

A) the building of the Erie Canal and its subsequent effect on manufacturing
B) the economic change from self-sufficient farm families to urban wage workers
C) a shift from working class to middle class
D) the transformation from a slave to a nonslave labor force

Question 12

Why was the National Road unsatisfactory to farmers in a commercial sense?

A) Shipments of bulky goods such as grain were too slow and expensive by road.
B) The National Road did not connect the East to the West.
C) The road dramatically reduced costs and travel times but was very dangerous.
D) The road did little to facilitate the movement of people.

Question 13

By the 1850s at Lowell, __________.

A) Irish immigrants had replaced New England women as workers
B) the Lowell system had been widely copied across New England
C) more women than ever were working in the mills
D) most residents were self-sufficient farm workers

Question 14

The first transportation project to span the United States from the east coast to the Mississippi River was the __________.

A) Erie Canal
B) National Road
C) Wilderness Road
D) Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

Question 15

What did the British dub "the American system of manufactures"?

A) unionized factories
B) family mills
C) interchangeable parts
D) precise timekeeping

Question 16

In the preindustrial system, a boy who wanted to learn a trade __________.

A) was trained in an industrial school
B) became an apprentice to a master craftsman
C) would learn from an older family member
D) would have to teach himself

Question 17

Francis Cabot Lowell toured British textile mills in 1810 to __________.

A) study their management style
B) copy their technology
C) find employment
D) improve their productivity

Question 18

By 1850, the American transportation network mainly ran __________.

A) from North to South
B) from the Northeast to the Midwest
C) along rivers
D) along the coast

Question 19

Francis Cabot Lowell and Paul Moody changed textile manufacturing with their invention of __________.

A) a power loom
B) a carding machine
C) an assembly line
D) a power sewing machine

Question 20

For what group was the putting-out system the most beneficial?

A) farm families
B) young apprentices
C) artisans
D) middle-class women

Question 21

In Walden, Henry David Thoreau __________.

A) questioned the spiritual cost of the market revolution
B) criticized society for wasting women's potential
C) humanized the factory system
D) argued for the development of the nation's natural resources

Question 22

In the middle-class industrial household, "home" became __________.

A) an extension of the workplace
B) a haven for leisure and relaxation
C) a male-dominated place
D) a school and church for children

Question 23

After the opening of the Erie Canal, the production of homespun cloth in cities along its route __________.

A) declined rapidly
B) expanded slightly
C) remained constant
D) grew rapidly

Question 24

One of the key goals of early unions such as the New England Female Labor Reform Association was to have __________.

A) factory safety
B) a 10-hour workday
C) paid apprenticeships
D) better wages

Question 25

Catharine Beecher's book A Treatise on Domestic Economy illustrated the need for __________.

A) helping middle-class women modernize their tasks and family roles
B) suffrage for women
C) occupational training for working-class and immigrant women
D) new attitudes on sexuality and childbearing for middle-class women

Question 26

After 1840, what city became the fast-growing hub of the western transportation system?

A) St. Louis
B) Cincinnati
C) Chicago
D) Detroit

Question 27

Canals and railroads __________.

A) turned towns into cities along their route
B) favored greater settlement of the East Coast
C) had little immediate impact on social patterns
D) were financed mostly by private investors

Question 28

The unsettling demands of the new industrial order forced changes in middle-class family life that resulted in __________.

A) a more distant relationship between husband and wife
B) less time for the traditional nurturing role of wife/mother
C) fewer children in the average household
D) the broadening of the "woman's sphere" beyond the household

Question 29

What was the simplest and quickest way for America to industrialize in the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries?

A) copy British technology
B) develop American technology
C) import British raw materials
D) focus on the iron-smelting industry

Question 30

Businesses in which country were first to produce high-quality goods for ordinary people?

A) the United States
B) Britain
C) Germany
D) France

Question 31

Second Great Awakening evangelist Charles Finney had his greatest influence on __________.

A) working-class men
B) poor farmers
C) middle-class women
D) upper-class men

Question 32

When women workers refused to work after dark and petitioned their legislature, this state became the first to pass a 10-hour-day law.

A) Maine
B) Pennsylvania
C) New Hampshire
D) Massachusetts

Question 33

The religion that captured the attention of the new middle class in the early 1800s __________.

A) emphasized an intellectual as opposed to emotional experience
B) convinced its converts that original sin doomed all but an elite to damnation
C) had its greatest impact on young males
D) incorporated an enthusiastic evangelistic approach to religious practice

Question 34

Which of these was one of the three key factors in the transformation of the Old Northwest in the first half of the nineteenth century?

A) new strains of wheat
B) advances in transportation
C) the abolition of slavery
D) increased literacy rates

Question 35

For many industrial workers, the move from farm to factory meant __________.

A) a new division between work and leisure
B) more free time
C) a higher standard of living
D) more control of their own lives

Question 36

In the mid-nineteenth-century middle-class family, __________.

A) class and status roles became increasingly flexible
B) parents had very different expectations for their sons than for their daughters
C) boys and girls alike were encouraged to pursue higher education
D) men and women played equal roles in the household

Question 37

The growth of inland river towns such as Cincinnati was most affected by the development of __________.

A) roads
B) canals
C) railroads
D) steamboats

Question 38

The core of sentimentalism of the urban middle class developed from __________.

A) romantic love
B) nostalgia for imagined preindustrial village security
C) the advertising culture of the day
D) the increasingly formal nature of social interactions

Question 39

Which mode of transportation had the most dramatic impact on American economic life by 1850?

A) steamship
B) canal
C) road
D) railroad

Question 40

The Boston Associates played a leading role in the development of __________.

A) the Erie Canal
B) Lowell mills
C) commercial steamboat construction
D) manufacturing with interchangeable parts

Question 41

In what way was the labor system used to construct the Erie Canal a portent of the future?

A) The use of immigrant labor to build the canal set a pattern for later canal and railroad construction.
B) By using heavy mechanical equipment to dig the canal, the project signaled the end of the need for cheap unskilled labor.
C) Access to the canal resulted in an increase of products created by nearby residents through the labor-intensive putting-out system.
D) The greatest labor source for canal construction was composed of free blacks and runaway slaves from the South.

Question 42

The National Road stretched from Cumberland, Maryland, to __________.

A) Saint Augustine, Florida
B) Savanah, Georgia
C) Vandalia, Illinois
D) Saint Louis, Missouri

Question 43

The economic development of Lynn, Massachusetts, in the early nineteenth century illustrates the impact of __________.

A) European nations on the American economy
B) new forms of venture capital on the domestic market
C) slavery on the northern economy
D) the putting-out system on American manufacturing

Question 44

Which of these was most responsible for the destruction of traditional social divisions and their replacement with new a new social order?

A) the market revolution
B) the Second Great Awakening
C) transcendentalism
D) the transportation revolution

Question 45

Why did industrialization pose a threat to the status and independence of skilled male workers?

A) Jobs that used to be performed in the United States were moved overseas.
B) Most skilled workers did not have the education to make the transition to industrial work.
C) Women were able to find high-paying, high-status work in industry.
D) Many routine manufacturing tasks were mechanized.

Question 46

Why were canals an improvement over roads for the transport of goods?

A) Road transportation was slow and expensive; goods could be transported faster and less expensively by canal.
B) While road construction was expensive, canals were much cheaper to build.
C) While roads were best suited to transporting bulky goods, canals were better for transporting luxury goods.
D) Since most American roads ran east to west, canals provided north-to-south links.

Question 47

Why were steamboats especially important in improving transportation in the American interior?

A) Steamboats were faster than flatboats and barges and could travel upstream, which resulted in a transformation of commerce on the inland river system.
B) Steamboats were the safest means of moving goods long distances.
C) No roads or canals were built west of the Appalachians before the Civil War.
D) Until the development of the internal combustion engine, railroads were impractical for long-distance transportation.

Question 48

Who provided most of the labor needed to build the Erie Canal?

A) Irish contract laborers
B) slaves
C) local people hired in family units
D) a few skilled workers operating complex machinery

Question 49

What city benefited the most from the opening of the Erie Canal?

A) New York
B) Boston
C) Philadelphia
D) Chicago

Question 50

What was the original meaning of the phrase "free labor" and what role did it play in the industrializing economy and the regional ideological battle over slavery?

Question 51

Why did New York governor DeWitt Clinton propose the construction of the Erie Canal?

A) He wanted to link New York City to the Great Lakes through the Hudson River and make it an important center of finance and commerce.
B) He wanted a north-south link that connected the northern Atlantic states to the Lower South and its cotton industry.
C) He wanted to challenge federal authority and its system of internal improvements by demonstrating that state-funded transportation projects were superior to federal projects.
D) He wanted cities along the Ohio River such as Cincinnati to outpace New York City in trade and wealth.

Question 52

Commercial agriculture in the Yankee West encouraged __________.

A) long-term land holding
B) regional specialization
C) ever greater focus on wheat cultivation
D) efforts to grow cotton in Ohio

Question 53

Discuss changes in the roles of men, women, and children in the middle-class family during the years of the market revolution.

Question 54

In both rural and urban settings, working families were __________.

A) usually made up of a single mother and her children
B) organized into large, multigenerational households
C) organized along strictly patriarchal lines
D) primarily focused on providing children with an education

Question 55

Migrants of __________ origin accounted for at least 40 percent of the population of the Yankee West.

A) southern
B) New England
C) Mid-Atlantic
D) European

Question 56

The development of northern industry was paid for by __________.

A) international stockholders and investors
B) southern financial institutions
C) manufactured goods produced by Irish immigrants
D) southern cotton produced by enslaved African American labor

Question 57

How did farming in the Yankee West in the first half of the nineteenth century differ from farming in New England in the eighteenth century?

Question 58

Where was the typical early textile mill built?

A) in planned communities
B) on swiftly running streams near existing farm communities
C) in old urban centers such as New York and Boston
D) in the Deep South

Question 59

If you were a woman during the market revolution and mechanization had robbed you of spinning and weaving as a way of making money in the home, what other possibilities would you have had to consider?

Question 60

In what ways was the transportation revolution "revolutionary"? What were its economic and social consequences?

Question 61

What industry in Lynn, Massachusetts, was an early example of the successful implementation of the specialized division of labor?

A) shoe manufacturing
B) pottery making
C) cannon forging
D) production of iron tools

Question 62

To emphasize the heartlessness of the northern free labor system, what did southern defenders of slavery call factory workers?

A) wage slaves
B) factory bondsmen
C) time servers
D) owners' serfs

Question 63

Why did employers in the garment industry prefer hiring female workers to sew ready-made clothing?

A) Women had few other opportunities and could be hired for very low wages.
B) Many women were already skilled seamstresses, so no training was needed.
C) They wanted to supply a form of work for young women that would be considered more respectable than other forms of work outside the home.
D) Employers did not prefer hiring women but were forced to do so because of the short supply of low-skilled men.

Question 64

How did Cyrus McCormick's reaper transform western farming?

A) The reaper allowed farmers to harvest crops in less time with fewer workers than traditional tools.
B) The reaper made it easier for farmers to plow larger acreages of land in a short amount of time.
C) The reaper made it easier and faster for farmers to sow seeds mechanically rather than by hand.
D) The reaper made it faster to transport crops by river to the large cities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.

Question 65

What role did southern planters play in the market revolution of the early nineteenth century?

A) Southern cotton profits provided much of the capital for northern industrialization.
B) Wealthy southern planters provided most of the financing for American roads, canals, and railroads.
C) By shifting from cotton to food crops, southern planters made it possible for growing industrial cities to be fed.
D) By shifting to a barter economy, southern planters freed up cash that could be invested in northern industry.

Question 66

What American industry was the first to use interchangeable parts, introducing the "American system" of production?

A) gun manufacturing
B) clock manufacturing
C) wagon building
D) furniture making

Question 67

Although Francis Cabot Lowell illegally made detailed sketches from memory of the machinery he inspected in British textile mills, he is considered to be more than an industrial spy because he __________.

A) improved on British models of machinery, which led to more efficient methods of spinning cotton
B) invented interchangeable parts that led to mass standardization of manufactured goods
C) began the precedent of hiring cheap child labor to work in textile factories
D) became the first American industrialist to use water power to operate a factory

Question 68

The process involved in the putting-out system was to __________.

A) produce goods in private homes under the supervision of a merchant who supplied raw materials and paid for the finished products
B) place young farm girls in upper-class homes as servants, where they might marry above their station
C) distribute manufactured goods to rural stores on credit to expand industrialists' markets
D) train apprentices by placing them in the home shops of skilled artisans

Question 69

Where did much of the capital needed for early-nineteenth-century business expansion come from?

A) banks and the business community itself
B) state governments
C) the federal government
D) foreign investors

Question 70

When the owners at Lowell cut wages 25 percent in 1834, how did female workers respond?

A) About 800 young women went out on a spontaneous but unsuccessful strike.
B) They meekly accepted the lower wages out of deference to the male owners.
C) By threatening to quit unless their wages were restored, the female workers forced the owners to back down and restore their wages.
D) A mob of the workers' male relatives threatened to burn down the factory, forcing the owners to back down and restore workers' wages.

Question 71

What impact did mechanization of industry have on skilled workers?

A) Skilled workers in many trades were replaced by unskilled labor.
B) Skilled workers worked fewer hours for the same pay.
C) Many skilled workers moved into management positions.
D) Because their skills were needed to program machines, few skilled workers lost jobs due to mechanization.

Question 72

The United States initially obtained its textile technology from which industrialized European nation?

A) Britain
B) France
C) Germany
D) Holland

Question 73

What impact did the putting-out system have on the artisan workshop system?

A) Many artisans were put out of business, and the apprenticeship system all but disappeared.
B) Artisans trained apprentices employed in the putting-out system, strengthening masters' position in the economy.
C) Since the putting-out system involved nonartisan trades, it had little impact on artisans and their workshop system.
D) The putting-out system forced artisans to shorten the period of the average apprenticeship.

Question 74

The profits made by the Boston Associates in Francis Cabot Lowell's integrated cotton mill, which opened in Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1814, allowed them to __________.

A) survive the British economic competition that followed the War of 1812
B) loan money to the national government to assist it during the Panic of 1819
C) establish a series of factories in the South to spin cotton into textiles
D) finance overland or water passages for young New England farm girls seeking factory employment in the Old Northwest

Question 75

What impact did the transportation revolution have on the population of the Old Northwest between 1790 and 1850?

A) The population almost quadrupled.
B) The population dropped sharply.
C) Most of the population growth came from European immigration.
D) Migrants from the South made up more than half of the population.

Question 76

Which statement best describes why New Orleans was the biggest loser in the growth of the American West?

A) New transportation links with the West ran eastward to New York and New England, and therefore less western commerce passed through New Orleans.
B) High Spanish tariffs on trade made Americans in the West avoid New Orleans.
C) The Nashville‒Mobile canal diverted trade away from New Orleans.
D) The southern economy was increasingly agricultural, and southern planters refused to trade with "Yankees" to the North, causing New Orleans to stagnate.

Question 77

Which statement best describes how industrialization affected the division of factory workers' lives between work and leisure?

A) Unlike preindustrial life, when work and leisure were blended, factory workers' time was divided into separate work and leisure activities.
B) Factory workers had far more leisure time during the working day than farmers and artisans.
C) Most leisure activities for factory workers took place in or around the factory.
D) The amusements of working-class people were centered on community-wide celebrations and casual daily sociability.

Question 78

Why might the Old Northwest by the 1840s be better referred to as the "Yankee" West?

A) At least 40 percent of the migrants to the Old Northwest came from New England.
B) Most farms in the Old Northwest were owned by absentee merchant landlords in Boston.
C) Dutch settlers from around Yonkers, New York, made up 50 percent of the migrants to the Old Northwest.
D) Most of the trade with the Old Northwest was through New England seaports.

Question 79

How did residents of existing farming communities located close to textile mills view mill workers?

A) as disliked "operatives" who were poor and transient
B) as fellow workers from the same social class
C) as essential for the survival of their own farming communities
D) as part of a larger cooperative community responsible for carrying on local cultural traditions

Question 80

What caused the hub of the western distribution system to shift from St. Louis to Chicago after 1840?

A) rapid railroad expansion
B) the opening of the Erie Canal
C) paving of the National Road with macadam all the way to Chicago
D) silting up of the Mississippi River south of St. Louis