Deck 16: Human Ancestry

Question 1

Which of the following represents the correct order,from oldest to most recent?

A) Australopithecus garhi, Homo erectus, Homo floresiensis, Aegyptopithecus
B) Aegyptopithecus, Australopithecus garhi, Homo erectus, Homo floresiensis
C) Aegyptopithecus, Australopithecus garhi, Homo floresiensis, Homo erectus
D) Australopithecus garhi, Aegyptopithecus, Homo floresiensis, Homo erectus
E) Homo floresiensis, Homo erectus, Australopithecus garhi, Aegyptopithecus

Answer 1

B

Question 2

_______ are ancestral to both apes and humans.

A) Hominins
B) Humanoids
C) Hominoids
D) Humanids
E) Homo erectus

Answer 2

C

Question 3

All of the following are classified as Homo except

A) Neanderthals.
B) Cro-Magnons.
C) modern humans.
D) Orrorin tugenensis.
E) Otzi.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of these is in the correct order,from oldest to most recent?

A) Australopithecus garhi, Aegyptopithecus, Homo floresiensis, Cro-Magnon
B) Homo sapiens, Ardipithecus kadabba, Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Dryopithecus
C) Australopithecus garhi, Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Dryopithecus
D) Australopithecus garhi, Homo erectus, Cro-Magnon, Homo sapiens
E) Australopithecus garhi, Homo erectus, Homo floresiensis, Aegyptopithecus

Question 5

The concept of molecular evolution is based on which premise?

A) The molecules of life all evolved in the same approximate time span.
B) Species that have very similar DNA sequences probably share recent ancestors.
C) Species coevolved similar DNA sequences by chance.
D) All genes have the same mutation rate.
E) The sequences of sugars and phosphates in DNA molecules indicate shared ancestry.

Question 6

Otzi,the Ice Man,is a well preserved example of

A) Homo erectus.
B) Homo habilis.
C) a Neanderthal.
D) Australopithecus robustus.
E) Homo sapiens.

Question 7

The first primates with an angled skull base that were probably able to make a wide range of sounds to aid speech were

A) Homo habilis.
B) Homo erectus.
C) Homo afarensis.
D) Homo sapiens.
E) Aegytopithecus.

Question 8

Recently,fossils of a new species,called _______,were discovered in Indonesia.They were smaller than modern humans,had a small brain,but appeared to use tools.

A) Homo habilis
B) Homo erectus
C) Homo afarensis
D) Homo sapiens
E) Homo floresiensis

Question 9

The definition of an indigenous people is a group that

A) is the oldest in its geographical area and has retained its culture.
B) has a genetic disease that is rare in other groups.
C) has most recently come into a geographical area.
D) has been the target of discrimination.
E) has assimilated into a region different from its place of origin.

Question 10

The fossil record indicates that _______ lived in families of male-female pairs,used fire and left evidence of social cooperation (lived communally).

A) Homo habilis
B) Australopiticus
C) Dryopithecus
D) Homo erectus
E) Aegytopithecus

Question 11

Thirty to forty thousand years ago,the Cro-Magnons coexisted with _______ in Europe.

A) Homo erectus
B) Homo habilis
C) Neanderthals
D) Australopithecus robustus
E) Aegytopithecus

Question 12

Contemporary humans probably arose from which of these?

A) Neanderthals
B) Shanidars
C) Aegytopithecus sapiens
D) Cro-Magnons
E) Aegytopithecus

Question 13

The first primates known for their extensive use of tools were

A) Homo habilis.
B) Homo erectus.
C) Homo afarensis.
D) Homo sapiens.
E) Aegytopithecus.

Question 14

The most recent known habitat of Neanderthals was

A) New Jersey.
B) South Africa.
C) Gibraltar.
D) Vancouver.
E) Sardinia.

Question 15

Hominins lived from 19 to 4 million years ago and were ancestral to

A) humans only.
B) humans and apes.
C) humans, apes and gibbons.
D) apes and gibbons.
E) Aegytopithecus.

Question 16

Fossil evidence indicates that Homo sapiens idaltu most closely resembled

A) an australopithecine.
B) an Australian aborigine.
C) a gibbon.
D) a pygmy.
E) Dryopithecus.

Question 17

In the evolutionary history of the earth,Homo sapiens probably appeared approximately _______ years ago.

A) 2,000
B) 20,000
C) 200,000
D) 2,000,000
E) 16,000

Question 18

About 4 million years ago,_______ left the African forest to dwell in the grasslands.

A) Dryopithecus
B) Aegyptopithecus
C) Australopithecus
D) Propliopithecus
E) Aegytopithecus

Question 19

Australopithecus garhi lived about ___ million years ago.

A) 1.0
B) 2.5
C) 4.0
D) 5.0
E) 300

Question 20

Otzi the Ice Man's genome most closely resembled that of

A) australopithecines.
B) Neanderthals.
C) orangutans.
D) modern humans.
E) the hominoids.

Question 21

Parsimony analysis would help a researcher to

A) identify evolutionary tree diagrams that are most realistic.
B) determine the sequence with which australopithecines lived.
C) date a fossil.
D) identify highly conserved genes among a set of species thought to be closely related.
E) trace modern people back to earlier hominins.

Question 22

A hypothesized "first woman" (Eve)probably lived about _______ years ago.

A) 2,000
B) 20,000
C) 200,000
D) 2,000,000
E) 12,000

Question 23

Differences between the amino acid sequence of human cytochrome c and that of 5 other species are given in the choices below.Based on these data,humans are most closely related to

A) bullfrogs: 20 amino acid differences.
B) pigeons: 12 amino acid differences.
C) fruit flies: 24 amino acid differences.
D) wheat germ: 37 amino acid differences.
E) yeast: 42 amino acid differences.

Question 24

A study of certain nuclear genes in humans and chimpanzees shows that the two species differ in 5 percent of their DNA bases.Base substitution mutations occur at a rate of 1 percent per one million years.How many million years ago did these species diverge?

A) 0.5
B) 1
C) 3
D) 5
E) 300

Question 25

Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that modern humans and Neanderthals are separate species?

A) A Neanderthal was found buried with flowers in Shanidar, Iraq.
B) The same mutation may have given some Neanderthals red hair and pale skin as a mutation known in modern humans.
C) Sequenced Neanderthal genome parts are three times as different from the human genome as the least related humans are to each other.
D) Neanderthal remains are found in Europe and western Asia.
E) Fossil evidence indicates that Neanderthals coexisted with Cro-Magnons.

Question 26

The fact that Hox genes of very similar sequence are found in bacteria,flowering plants,insects,birds,amphibians,and mammals indicates that these genes are

A) lowly conserved.
B) variably expressive.
C) highly pleiotropic.
D) highly conserved.
E) highly eclectic.

Question 27

DNA hybridization experiments estimate species relatedness by determining

A) how many chromosomes from each species bind a particular DNA probe.
B) how many hybrids form when DNA from the species is combined.
C) how many amino acids the same gene encodes in both species.
D) how quickly denatured DNA from each species forms a mixed double helix.
E) the number of mitochondria per oocyte.

Question 28

DNA hybridization experiments tend to overestimate the relatedness of species because they do not account for

A) indels.
B) codons.
C) introns.
D) point mutations.
E) effects of the environment.

Question 29

The major genetic distinction between humans and chimps is

A) the DNA sequence.
B) the number of indels.
C) gene expression patterns.
D) the number of introns.
E) dietary effects on the genome.

Question 30

Haplogroups consist of

A) sets of species that share a recent ancestor.
B) the set of Y chromosomes in a population.
C) groups of SNPs that are linked on a chromosome.
D) preserved gametes, which are haploid.
E) all of the homeotic genes in a genome.

Question 31

A complication of molecular clock studies is that

A) DNA and proteins appeared in life at about the same time.
B) genes mutate at different rates.
C) DNA is not often preserved in fossils.
D) some species are more highly evolved than others.
E) some primate species do not have a Y chromosome.

Question 32

An example of a single-gene trait that distinguishes humans from other primates is

A) the presence of two sides to the brain.
B) the abundance of fetal hemoglobin in humans.
C) the lack of adult hemoglobin in marmosets and lemurs.
D) our non-opposable thumbs.
E) tool use.

Question 33

Human chromosome banding patterns match most closely those of

A) chimpanzees.
B) monkeys.
C) gorillas.
D) orangutans.
E) lemurs.

Question 34

The type of hominid mentioned in section 16.1 who was most likely to include mitochondrial Eve is

A) Neanderthals.
B) Australopithecus afarensis.
C) Dryopithecus.
D) Homo habilis.
E) Homo sapiens idaltu.

Question 35

A major way that the human genome differs from the genomes of other primates is that

A) the human genome has many deletions compared to the other primate genomes.
B) the human genome has many duplicated regions compared to the other primate genomes.
C) the human genome has many more C and T bases in its genes than the other genomes.
D) human proteins are much larger than their counterparts in the other primate species.
E) the human genome does not have as many introns as the other primate genomes.

Question 36

Evolutionary tree diagrams compare

A) anatomical similarities revealed in fossil evidence for several related species.
B) the sizes and shapes of body part in related species.
C) conserved DNA sequences for which the rate of base substitution mutation is known.
D) data derived from radioactive dating of fossils, with the half-life used to estimate time.
E) the time of origin of various species, based on differences between fossils and modern organisms.

Question 37

Mitochondrial DNA sequences are useful to track recent evolution because

A) it mutates faster than nuclear DNA.
B) it encodes more ancient proteins than does nuclear DNA.
C) it is more stable than nuclear DNA.
D) it is inherited from mothers only.
E) only primates have mtDNA.

Question 38

Mitochondrial Eve was

A) fossil evidence of the Biblical Eve.
B) an mtDNA sequence that could have given rise, by mutation, to all modern human mtDNA.
C) a hominid who had features of both australopithecines and Homo.
D) a famous female paleontologist who has studied several fossil hominids in Ethiopia.
E) a Neanderthal who mated with a Cro-Magnon to produce the first anatomically modern humans.

Question 39

Comparison of common chromosomal banding patterns between humans and 5 other species are given below.Based on these data,humans are least related to

A) gorillas: 99% common chromosome bands.
B) orangutans: 99% common chromosome bands.
C) African green monkeys: 95% common chromosome bands.
D) domestic cats: 35% common chromosome bands.
E) mice: 7% common chromosome bands.

Question 40

Homeobox (HOX)genes control

A) development.
B) smell.
C) energy production.
D) hair color.
E) maleness.

Question 41

The _______ is an alternative to the "out of Africa" view of human origin and maintains that humans originated in several places.

A) replacement hypothesis
B) mitochondrial Eve hypothesis
C) multiregional hypothesis
D) Y-chromosome hypothesis
E) Cinderella hypothesis

Question 42

Adam was certain that he had Native American ancestors,based on tales that his grandfather told of the family history.He is disappointed when he takes a genetic ancestry test by sending a saliva sample to a testing company,because it does not confirm what he believed to be true.Adam may actually indeed have Native American ancestors because

A) DNA ancestry tests must be performed on blood to be accurate.
B) DNA ancestry tests only work on females, because only they have mtDNA.
C) the DNA sequences identified in ancestry tests do not reflect input from all lineages.
D) the testing labs do not test for Native American Y chromosome sequences.
E) there are no DNA sequences that are unique to Native Americans.

Question 43

The fact that modern Native Americans share certain genetic markers with indigenous populations in southern Siberia,but not with others,is evidence that

A) the ancestors of modern Native Americans migrated from Siberia to the Americas.
B) the ancestors of Native Americans migrated from Europe to the U.S. east coast.
C) the ancestors of modern Siberians migrated from the west coast of the U.S. to Russia.
D) Mitochondrial Eve lived in Siberia and her descendants migrated to the U.S.
E) the genomes of Native Americans and indigenous populations underwent the same set of mutations by chance.