Deck 9: Motivation

Question 1

Which of the following needs is included in Maslow's hierarchy?

A)esteem
B)identification
C)growth
D)altruism

Answer 1

esteem

Question 2

_____ is a force that drives people to behave in a way that energizes, directs, and sustains their work behavior.

A)Job enrichment
B)Valence
C)Instrumentality
D)Work motivation

Answer 2

Work motivation

Question 3

Maslow's love needs correspond to Alderfer's _____ needs.

A)existence
B)rational
C)growth
D)relatedness

Answer 3

relatedness

Question 4

Work motivation is a force that drives people to behave in a way that energizes, _____, and sustains work behaviors.

A)directs
B)devotes
C)limits
D)decreases

Question 5

One main difference between Maslow's hierarchy and Alderfer's ERG theory is that:

A)there is strong empirical support for Maslow's hierarchy but not for Alderfer's ERG theory.
B)Maslow's hierarchy of needs can operate simultaneously rather than sequentially as the ERG need categories do.
C)ERG need categories can operate simultaneously rather than sequentially as Maslow's hierarchy do.
D)Alderfer's work was mostly based on clinical observations, whereas Maslow conducted only empirical studies.

Question 6

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of these needs takes precedence over all other needs?

A)making friends
B)gaining respect from colleagues
C)drinking water to reduce thirst
D)fulfilling one's purpose in one's life

Question 7

Work motivation is a force that drives people to behave in a way that energizes, directs, and _____ work behaviors.

A)identifies
B)prevents
C)sustains
D)suppresses

Question 8

Monroe is a college professor who feels that she is well-regarded and respected by her students and her peers. According to Maslow, Monroe has reached the level of the needs hierarchy known as:

A)safety.
B)esteem.
C)love.
D)self-transcendence.

Question 9

Katy cannot attain her growth needs, so she refocuses her energy on satisfying her relatedness needs. Her situation would be best explained by:

A)Alderfer's frustration-regression hypothesis.
B)Herzberg's two-factor theory.
C)job characteristics theory.
D)positive psychology.

Question 10

Who is responsible for the motivation theory that proposes that the determinants of job satisfaction are not the same as those that determine job dissatisfaction?

A)Victor Vroom
B)Albert Bandura
C)Frederick Herzberg
D)J. Stacy Adams

Question 11

A topic that is included in organizational psychology is:

A)teamwork.
B)selection.
C)job analysis.
D)legal issues in hiring.

Question 12

Which statement BEST summarizes the empirical support for Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A)It is easily testable, and a great deal of research supports it.
B)It is easily testable, and a great deal of research refutes it.
C)It is difficult to test, and thus few empirical studies have investigated it.
D)Research has mainly been conducted by business managers, and this evidence shows strong support for the theory.

Question 13

What is the order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, from bottom to top?

A)physiological needs, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
B)physiological needs, love, esteem, safety, self-actualization
C)safety, esteem, love, physiological needs, self-actualization
D)safety, physiological needs, esteem, love, self-actualization

Question 14

A topic included in organizational psychology is:

A)selection.
B)performance appraisal.
C)leadership.
D)job performance.

Question 15

Which statement about motivation is true?

A)Motivation is the same thing as performance.
B)Motivation and performance are the same construct.
C)Motivation involves sustaining work behaviors.
D)Motivation involves decreasing effort.

Question 16

Which of these is a component of work motivation?

A)directing effort
B)limiting effort
C)controlling effort
D)decreasing effort

Question 17

_____ is the systematic study of dispositional and situational variables that influence the behaviors and experiences of individuals and groups at work.

A)Management by objectives
B)Organizational psychology
C)Industrial psychology
D)Human factors

Question 18

Forces that organize perceptions, beliefs, cognitions, and actions, and then give rise to behaviors that reduce these forces and bring about a steady state, are known as:

A)traits.
B)needs.
C)expectancies.
D)beliefs.

Question 19

Which statement BEST summarizes the empirical support for Alderfer's ERG theory?

A)Research indicates that the different stages cannot occur simultaneously.
B)Most research was conducted by Alderfer himself and has mixed support.
C)More research has been done on Maslow's theory than on Alderfer's theory.
D)To date, there has not been any empirical research conducted on Alderfer's theory.

Question 20

Nathan, a college student, diligently attends every class and studies hard for every exam as he is motivated by the need to fulfill his potential. According to Maslow, Nathan has reached the level of the needs hierarchy known as:

A)self-actualization.
B)self-transcendence.
C)growth.
D)esteem.

Question 21

Which of these recommendations is supported by the job characteristics model?

A)Job tasks should be simple and repetitive.
B)Employees should understand how their efforts lead to meaningful outcomes.
C)Employees with high levels of growth need strength should not be allowed to assume personal responsibility for their work.
D)Supervisors should avoid giving regular constructive feedback to employees.

Question 22

According to the two-factor theory, which of the following is an example of a hygienes factor?

A)recognition
B)interesting work
C)advancement opportunities
D)supervision

Question 23

According to two-factor theory, "recognition" is an example of a(n) _____, and "supervision" is an example of a(n) _____.

A)hygiene; motivator
B)motivator; hygiene
C)esteem need; relatedness need
D)existence need; growth need

Question 24

Pilar perceives inequity because when she compares her input/outcome ratio to that of Blake's, the ratios are not equal. Pilar produces excellent work but does not receive the pay that Blake receives. According to equity theory, one way Pilar can reduce her perceived inequity is to:

A)improve the quality of her work.
B)increase her inputs by obtaining more education.
C)increase the value she places on outcomes, such as pay.
D)alter her perceptions about her ratio by comparing herself to a coworker who earns a lower salary.

Question 25

Angie perceives inequity because when she compares her input/outcome ratio to that of Sally's, the ratios are not equal. Angie frequently volunteers to work many more hours than Sally, but she receives smaller bonuses compared to what Sally receives. According to equity theory, one way Angie can reduce her perceived inequity is to:

A)increase the value she places on outcomes such as bonuses.
B)increase her commitment to achieve a $1,000 bonus.
C)stop volunteering to work extra hours.
D)devote more time to conducting a self-evaluation.

Question 26

According to equity theory, which of the following is an outcome?

A)abilities
B)efforts
C)education level
D)feelings of satisfaction

Question 27

Which motivational theory suggests that social-contextual events that enhance perceptions of competence improve intrinsic motivation?

A)self-evaluation theory
B)self-regulation theory
C)self-determination theory
D)expectancy theory

Question 28

The study of human attributes, including well-being, optimism, creativity, and spirituality, is known as:

A)industrial psychology.
B)positive psychology.
C)holistic psychology.
D)organizational behavior management.

Question 29

Which statement BEST summarizes the empirical research on the job characteristics model?

A)The theory is difficult to test, and therefore very few studies have been conducted.
B)A recent meta-analysis suggests that the job characteristics model actually works in the opposite way from that theorized by Hackman and Oldham.
C)A recent meta-analysis suggests that job characteristics have important influences on motivation, performance, and satisfaction.
D)A recent review by the APA found that instituting suggestions from the job characteristics model would be highly unethical.

Question 30

According to equity theory, people compare their ratio of inputs and outcomes to:

A)the outputs that they believe they should earn.
B)the inputs they believe are valuable.
C)the ratio of inputs and outputs of their peers.
D)the ratio of inputs and outputs of CEOs.

Question 31

_____ argues that motivation is determined by the combined effect of individual differences in personality and characteristics of a job.

A)Social cognitive theory
B)ERG theory
C)Job characteristics theory
D)Control theory

Question 32

According to Hackman and Oldham (1980), which of these is a core job dimension?

A)autonomy
B)experienced responsibility
C)contextual performance
D)self-actualization

Question 33

People's perceptions and beliefs about the fairness of their treatment at work affect their motivation, attitudes, and behaviors; this is the underlying idea behind the:

A)ERG theory.
B)equity theory.
C)expectancy theory.
D)social cognitive theory.

Question 34

Which scenario is the BEST example of the overjustification effect?

A)Regan used to like painting pictures. However, once she started getting paid for painting, she refused to paint unless she was paid to do so.
B)Warren does not work very hard, so he claims his poor performance because his job is very difficult.
C)Melinda feels that she is overpaid for her work. As a result, she works much harder and for longer hours than she would if she were paid less.
D)Julian spends a great deal of time procrastinating so that he has to rush to finish his work. This way, when his work is poor quality, he can blame it on the rushing rather than on his abilities.

Question 35

Equity theory and expectancy theory are categorized as _____ theories of motivation.

A)cognitive choice
B)self-regulation
C)need-motive-value
D)hygiene

Question 36

Paul is an HR manager who wants to motivate his employees using the job characteristics theory to guide his efforts. One step Paul should take is to:

A)redesign jobs to be high on skill, variety, and autonomy.
B)help employees reduce their inputs and increase their outcomes.
C)improve employees' salaries and working conditions.
D)set difficult, specific goals for his employees.

Question 37

According to Hackman and Oldham (1980), which of these represents the extent to which individuals value fulfilling their higher-order needs?

A)self-actualization
B)self-transcendence
C)cognitive evaluation
D)growth need strength

Question 38

According to the two-factor theory, which of the following is an example of a motivator?

A)recognition
B)salary
C)working conditions
D)supervision

Question 39

According to equity theory, which of the following is an input?

A)benefits
B)feelings of satisfaction
C)education level
D)salary

Question 40

In job characteristics theory, core job dimensions directly influence:

A)growth need strength.
B)personal and work outcomes.
C)critical psychological states.
D)internal motivation.

Question 41

Monica knows that if she performs well on her next project, she will receive a pay raise. Unfortunately, Monica is not interested in a pay raise; she would rather have more vacation time to spend with her family. According to expectancy theory, Monica has a low level of:

A)expectancy.
B)instrumentality.
C)equity sensitivity.
D)valence.

Question 42

A newspaper wants a saleswoman to increase her subscription sales. According to goal-setting theory, which of these goals will MOST likely to be effective in motivating this saleswoman?

A)Sell at least one subscription when you can.
B)Sell five new subscriptions per week.
C)The company believes you can sell a lot of subscriptions.
D)You can do it!

Question 43

_____ theories suggest that motivation is linked to the manner in which individuals monitor their own behaviors and adjust those behaviors in the pursuit of goals.

A)Self-determination
B)Self-regulation
C)Cognitive choice
D)Need

Question 44

Mariela believes that if she gets a favorable performance review, she will be more likely to get higher pay. According to expectancy theory, Mariela's belief reflects:

A)valence.
B)expectancy.
C)instrumentality.
D)inputs.

Question 45

Organizational justice involves three types of justice: distributive justice, procedural justice, and:

A)attributional justice.
B)relational justice.
C)interactional justice.
D)ideal justice.

Question 46

An individual's interest in, and concern with, fairness-related activities in a workplace is referred to as:

A)organizational justice.
B)equity sensitivity.
C)self-regulation.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 47

_____ is based on the premise that people's behaviors result from conscious choices among alternatives, and that these alternatives are evaluated with respect to valence, among other things.

A)Equity theory
B)Expectancy theory
C)Self-determination theory
D)Cognitive evaluation theory

Question 48

Kia has received a poor grade in a class. When she visits her professor to discuss it, he explains in detail how her grade was decided, but he is very rude towards Kia. Kia likely experiences high _____ justice and low _____ justice.

A)distributive; procedural
B)informational; interactional
C)distributive; informational
D)interactional; informational

Question 49

Alicia does not believe it is fair that she must work in her job for two years before she will be considered for promotion. Alicia's feelings of unfairness in this situation fall under the category of:

A)informational justice.
B)distributive justice.
C)interactional justice.
D)procedural justice.

Question 50

Carlos believes that there is a strong relationship between studying for many hours and receiving an A on his next exam. According to expectancy theory, Carlo's belief reflects:

A)valence.
B)expectancy.
C)regulation.
D)instrumentality.

Question 51

Reyna knows that if she puts in longer hours, her performance on her project will improve. However, she feels her boss dislikes her, so even if she improves her performance, she believes she will not receive a raise (which she would really like). According to expectancy theory, Reyna has high _____ and low _____.

A)instrumentality; valence
B)valence; expectancy
C)expectancy; instrumentality
D)expectancy; valence

Question 52

Which statement BEST summarizes the empirical research on equity theory?

A)Research clearly demonstrates that if people feel underrewarded, they will increase their efforts.
B)Empirical support is mixed; people are more likely to attempt to change their ratios if they are underrewarded than if they are overrewarded.
C)Empirical support is mixed; people are more likely to attempt to change their ratios if they are overrewarded than if they are underrewarded.
D)Because the premises are difficult to test, very little research has been done on equity theory.

Question 53

According to goal-setting theory, people will perform best when:

A)they do not have any goals.
B)they are assigned specific and difficult goals.
C)they are assigned general and difficult goals.
D)they are assigned specific and easy goals.

Question 54

With respect to goal-setting theory, which of these statements is true?

A)People perform best when their goals are specific and difficult.
B)People perform best when they are able to choose their own goals.
C)People perform best when they do not feel committed to their goals.
D)People perform best when they do not receive feedback on their performance.

Question 55

Interactional justice can be divided into two subtypes: interpersonal justice and:

A)intellectual justice.
B)informational justice
C)individual justice.
D)collective justice.

Question 56

Ella has learned that she will not be getting a bonus this year. She is particularly upset about this because her supervisor has not explained why she won't be getting the bonus and was rude to her when he told her the news. Ella is likely upset because of the low level of:

A)distributive justice.
B)procedural justice.
C)interactional justice.
D)individual justice.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about the research on equity theory is MOST accurate?

A)Research suggests that if people believe they are overpaid, they will increase their inputs.
B)Research suggests that if people believe they are underpaid, they will refuse to continue working.
C)Research suggests that if people believe they are underpaid, the quality of their work may become lower.
D)Research suggests that if people believe they are overpaid, they will ask for a pay cut.

Question 58

Which of these is a way in which goal-setting changes behavior?

A)Goals help people direct their attention.
B)Goals help people decide if they are being paid fairly.
C)Goals help people evaluating their inputs and outcomes.
D)Goals help people compare themselves with others.

Question 59

According to goal-setting theory, motivation is enhanced when employees accept and are committed to specific, difficult goals as well as when they:

A)are given feedback regarding progress toward those goals.
B)are rewarded for reaching those goals.
C)can see the effort-to-performance link.
D)can see the performance-to-outcome link.

Question 60

New research examining equity sensitivity suggests that _____ are fairly tolerant of underreward inequity, whereas _____ are fairly tolerant of overreward inequity.

A)benevolents; entitleds
B)entitleds; benevolents
C)grandees; proles
D)proles; grandees

Question 61

According to Bandura, which of these is a component of self-regulation?

A)self-mitigation
B)self-evaluation
C)self-construal
D)self-esteem

Question 62

Ludwig and Geller (1997, 2000) conducted a study examining goal setting and safety behaviors of pizza delivery drivers. Which statement BEST describes their findings?

A)The drivers exhibited safer behaviors only if they helped to set their own goal.
B)The drivers exhibited safer behaviors only if they were assigned a goal.
C)Drivers who were either assigned a goal or set one themselves were safer than drivers who did not set goals.
D)All drivers immediately improved their safety behaviors at the beginning of training, but they immediately stopped engaging in safety behaviors when they believed the researchers weren't observing them.

Question 63

The process of increasing the motivating potential of jobs by strengthening the key motivating characteristics identified by job characteristics theory is referred to as:

A)applied behavioral analysis.
B)job enlargement.
C)job enrichment.
D)management by objectives.

Question 64

Job enrichment relies heavily on which motivational theory?

A)expectancy theory
B)equity theory
C)goal-setting theory
D)job characteristics theory

Question 65

Bandura's concept of self-efficacy refers to:

A)how good an individual feels about himself or herself as a person.
B)whether an individual feels he or she can successfully accomplish a task.
C)whether an individual is focused on performance rather than learning.
D)whether an individual is motivated by extrinsic rewards rather than intrinsic rewards.

Question 66

In organizational behavior management (OBM), the name of the ABC model of applied behavior analysis stands for:

A)activities, bases, costs
B)attention, behavior, cognition
C)antecedent, behavior, consequence
D)anticipate, believe, control.

Question 67

_____ refer to a new workplace approach in which employees can negotiate with their supervisors about their job conditions and arrangements.

A)Idiosyncratic deals
B)Favor trees
C)Ideographic deals
D)Independence deals

Question 68

Which of these social cognitive motivational theories is based on the existence of a negative feedback loop that results from comparing performance feedback with a goal?

A)job characteristics theory
B)goal-setting theory
C)expectancy theory
D)control theory

Question 69

_____ is a context in which employees have the flexibility to customize or modify their own jobs.

A)Job creation
B)Job crafting
C)Job flex
D)Job plasticity

Question 70

Eliseo, who is taking a biology course, is not particularly interested in learning and developing as a researcher. What he is focused on is earning an A in the course. Eliseo has adopted a:

A)learning goal orientation.
B)efficacy goal orientation.
C)social cognitive orientation.
D)performance goal orientation.

Question 71

In organizational behavior management (OBM), the approach that focuses on the antecedents of behaviors, the behaviors themselves, and the consequences of the behaviors is referred to as:

A)management by objectives.
B)applied behavior analysis.
C)job enrichment.
D)job autonomy.

Question 72

_____ theories emphasize the cognitive, behavioral, individual, and environmental factors that work together in determining motivation.

A)Self-determination
B)Job characteristics
C)Social cognitive
D)Cognitive evaluation

Question 73

Tanya is studying for a statistics exam. She is more concerned with thoroughly understanding statistical concepts than about the grade that she will receive in the course. Tanya has adopted a:

A)learning goal orientation.
B)self-efficacy expectation.
C)motivational goal orientation.
D)performance goal orientation.

Question 74

Yang has given up trying to achieve an A in her psychology course because she believes that it is now impossible to earn that grade. According to control theory, Yang's belief represents:

A)disengagement.
B)performance goal orientation.
C)equity sensitivity.
D)benevolence.

Question 75

Which statement BEST describes the finding of Stajkovic and Luthan's (1997) meta-analysis on organizational behavior management (OBM)?

A)Companies that used OBM experienced significant performance improvements.
B)Companies that used OBM found that subjective performance increased, while objective performance decreased.
C)Approximately 50% of companies found that OBM damaged performance.
D)OBM appears to have no meaningful effect on performance.

Question 76

Adan has set a standard for himself to "be productive" at work. According to control theory, how will Adan gauge whether or not he has met this standard?

A)He might look at a checklist to see which tasks he has successfully completed.
B)He might consider whether he felt he had control over his tasks, and, if he did not, he will not feel badly about missing some tasks.
C)He will ask his supervisor for a raise.
D)He will not be concerned about whether he has met his standard, and thus will not take the time to gauge his success.

Question 77

Which of these is one of the steps involved in the behavioral approach to human resources management?

A)targeting behaviors that need to be changed
B)examining the links between job descriptions and job specifications
C)assessing employees' feelings of justice
D)developing an action plan to describe how managers will achieve their goals

Question 78

Bandura refers to the attention that individuals devote to feedback processes and to understanding their own performance and effort as:

A)self-observation.
B)self-evaluation.
C)self-esteem.
D)self-understanding.

Question 79

Juan, a long-distance runner, perceives his ability to complete a marathon to be quite good. According to Bandura, Juan's perceptions reflect his:

A)self-esteem.
B)self-acknowledgement.
C)self-efficacy expectations.
D)valence.

Question 80

Which of these is a stage in the management by objectives process?

A)hiring a project manager
B)conducting a job analysis
C)setting subordinate performance objectives
D)examining the links between current rewards and subordinate behaviors