Deck 13: The New Biology

Question 1

DNA fingerprinting is a highly accurate method of identifying a criminal from evidence, (blood,hair,skin,semen)left at a crime scene.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A _______ is a tiny circle of bacterial DNA that is capable of replicating outside of the main bacterial chromosome.

Answer 2

plasmid

Question 3

EcoRI is an example of a ______________________.

Answer 3

restriction enzyme

Question 4

The enzyme used to carry out the polymerase chain reaction on DNA is:

A) transcriptase
B) reverse transcriptase
C) RNA polymerase
D) DNA polymerase

Question 5

Of what benefit is the metallothionin gene that is inserted into golden rice genome?

A) increase of the vitamin A content
B) increase of the beta-carotene content
C) increase of the iron content
D) supply extra sulfur to increase iron uptake
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 6

Some bacteria,through natural selection,have acquired some extremely potent enzymes that destroy viral DNA,thereby preventing the bacterial cell from becoming infected with the virus.These enzymes are called:

A) DNA polymerases
B) DNA ligases
C) restriction endonucleases
D) restriction ligases

Question 7

In gene transfer procedures,why is it necessary to use processed mRNA molecules to make DNA to transfer to another organism?

Question 8

When researchers wish to make multiple copies of a gene without first inserting it into a bacterium,they employ the:

A) centrifuge
B) pepsin activation reaction
C) polymerase chain reaction
D) gel electrophoresis

Question 9

Which of the following is incorrect about the polymerase chain reaction?

A) It is an amplification process.
B) It can be used to identify the owner of a single hair.
C) It cannot be used on very old samples of tissue or blood.
D) It uses a heat stable DNA polymerase.
E) It makes identical copies of the DNA molecule to be amplified.

Question 10

A friend asks you a question after your biology class."What's genetic engineering?" Your answer is:

A) "Genetic engineering is the ability of scientists to remove a nucleus from a cell and place it into another cell."
B) "Genetic engineering is taking proteins from one organism and placing them into another organism of a different species."
C) "Genetic engineering is moving genes from one organism to another."
D) "Genetic engineering is removing structural components,for example a lysosome,from one part of a cell and placing those structures elsewhere in that cell."

Question 11

When RNA polymerase makes an unprocessed mRNA copy of DNA,the copy is called the ___________________.

Question 12

The enzyme used to make a DNA copy complementary to processed mRNA is:

A) transcriptase
B) reverse transcriptase
C) RNA polymerase
D) DNA polymerase

Question 13

Which is correct about cDNA?

A) It represents the gene without the introns.
B) Reverse transcriptase is used on the primary transcript.
C) Bacteria possess reverse transcriptase.
D) It is normally found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
E) It is found in the nucleoid of bacteria.

Question 14

"Golden" rice is so-named because it contains:

A) vitamin C
B) vitamin A and iron
C) nitrogen
D) golden bacteria

Question 15

To seal the cut fragments of DNA together,an enzyme called __________ is used.

A) amylase
B) peptidase
C) trypsin
D) ligase

Question 16

Removing genes from molecules of DNA requires the use of special:

A) digestive enzymes
B) restriction enzymes
C) enzymes from peroxisomes
D) microscopic scalpels

Question 17

What are some of the benefits of transferring genes from one organism to another?

Question 18

Which is incorrect about restriction enzymes?

A) They are key tools that make genetic engineering possible.
B) They are found in bacteria and eukaryotes.
C) They were discovered by Werner Arber and Hamilton Smith in 1960s.
D) A specific enzyme will always cut at the same sequence.
E) Bacteria may possess them naturally to rid themselves of viral DNA.

Question 19

Moving genes from one organism to another is often referred to as ________________________.

Question 20

Which of the following is not a genetically engineered drug?

A) Interleukins
B) Interferons
C) Glyphosate
D) Factor VIII
E) Growth factors

Question 21

All of the genes and other DNA of an organism constitute its:

A) genome
B) introns
C) multigene family
D) polygenic makeup

Question 22

The percentage of the human genome made up of structural DNA is _________.

Question 23

Which was the genome to be fully sequenced?

A) Oryza sativa (rice)
B) The bacterial virus ΦX174
C) Lily
D) Maple tree

Question 24

The field of study involved in sequencing the genomes of organisms is _____________.

Question 25

Whole blocks of genes that have been copied from one chromosome to another are referred to as:

A) multigene families
B) segmental duplications
C) tandem clusters
D) codons

Question 26

The genes encoding rRNA are examples of __________________ of genes.

Question 27

Transposable elements make up ________ of the human genome.

Question 28

How is it possible that there are four times as many kinds of mRNA transcripts as there are genes in the human genome?

Question 29

Do you feel there is any harm in eating genetically modified crops?

Question 30

How many genes constitute the human genome?

A) More than 1 million
B) 500,000
C) About 25,000
D) 46

Question 31

What is the correct order of events for sequencing DNA?

Question 32

Heat is used in DNA sequencing to _________ the double strands of the molecule.

Question 33

What percent of the human genome is coding DNA?

A) 1 - 1.5%
B) 5 - 7.5%
C) 9.5 - 15%
D) 34 - 55%
E) It changes during a person's life.

Question 34

Which of these is NOT a type of noncoding human DNA?

A) Structural DNA
B) Repeated sequences
C) Constitutive heterochromatin
D) Multigene families

Question 35

Comparing the entire DNA content of different organisms is called:

A) genomics
B) genetics
C) proteomics
D) bioinformatics

Question 36

Bits of DNA that literally jump from one chromosome to another are:

A) pseudogenes
B) introns
C) transposable elements
D) tandem clusters

Question 37

Tandem clusters allow:

A) production of a huge amount of product in a very short time period
B) production of several transposable elements necessary for rRNA acquisition
C) production of multigene families in a small time frame,especially during early development
D) production of segmental duplications that are impossible with single-copy genes

Question 38

Groups of related but distinctly different genes that occur together in clusters are called:

A) tandem clusters
B) segmental duplications
C) single-copy genes
D) multigene families

Question 39

If only about 1% of the human genome is devoted to protein-encoded genes,what is the majority of the rest?

A) Introns.
B) Duplicated sequences.
C) Repeated sequences.
D) Structural DNA.
E) Transposable elements.

Question 40

In 1977,_____________ was the first researcher to sequence a genome.

Question 41

Genomic imprinting works by:

A) activating the DNA ligases so they can clip the attached methyl groups off
B) activating the DNA polymerases so thymine is more readily attached to the lead gene
C) blocking the cell's ability to read certain genes
D) blocking the cell's ability to undergo cytokinesis

Question 42

An adult stem cell differs from an embryonic stem cell in that it is not:

A) capable of further cell divisions
B) able to produce a blastocyst
C) able to accept methyl groups
D) pluripotent

Question 43

Which of the following problems exist when performing human gene therapy?

A) The vector used to carry the gene may elicit a strong immune response,leading to rejection of the added gene.
B) The virus vector may cause a lethal immune reaction itself in rare cases.
C) The virus vector may insert its DNA into the middle of a gene,which could lead to cancer.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 44

Adult stem cells offer an alternative to embryonic stem cells,however they:

A) are difficult to identify
B) have insufficient DNA
C) do not live long enough
D) will not join easily with a vector

Question 45

Therapeutic cloning successfully addresses the key problem of ________________,which must be solved before embryonic stem cells can be used to repair damaged human organs.

A) immune acceptance
B) shortened life span
C) intra-species transfer of specific genes
D) producing a viable vector

Question 46

In animal cloning,DNA donated from an adult stem cell:

A) has to be inserted into the egg cell before the egg cell's nucleus is removed
B) has to be reprogrammed for the gene expression needed for early development
C) has to be from another species
D) has to be obtained from an embryonic stem cell

Question 47

Embryonic stem cells come from embryos specifically made for research.

Question 48

Ian Wilmut successfully cloned Dolly the sheep from a fully differentiated sheep cell.This type of cloning is known as:

A) reproductive cloning
B) therapeutic cloning
C) stem cell cloning
D) gene therapy cloning

Question 49

In therapeutic cloning,why are the embryonic cells used to treat an individual not rejected by that individual?

A) Because the individual's immune system is suppressed with drugs
B) Because the cells are embryonic
C) They are rejected,and that is why this has not worked yet
D) Because the embryonic cells are cloned from the same individual they are injected into

Question 50

What disease has the AAV vector cured in rhesus monkeys?

A) Anemia
B) Retinal degenerative disease
C) Cystic fibrosis
D) Muscular dystrophy
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 51

The first embryonic stem cells that were discovered to be totipotent were isolated from a:

A) sheep
B) human pancreas
C) mouse
D) blind dog

Question 52

One disease in which gene therapy was used,but not successfully yet is:

A) the common cold
B) cystic fibrosis
C) tuberculosis
D) anthrax

Question 53

Scientists in Scotland figured out a novel method to clone cells successfully.It involved:

A) using an egg and a nucleus that were at the same stage of the cell cycle
B) using an egg that was in cytokinesis and a nucleus that was in S stage of the cell cycle
C) using an egg that was in the S stage of the cell cycle and a nucleus that just passed through telophase
D) using an egg that was in the S stage of the cell cycle and a nucleus that had just entered prophase

Question 54

Adult stem cells are just as totipotent as embryonic stem cells.

Question 55

The cloning of "Dolly" established that cloning an adult animal cell is possible.This is called:

A) genomic imprinting
B) a pluripotent technique
C) therapeutic cloning
D) reproductive cloning

Question 56

The idea of cloning animals was presented by _____ in 1938.

A) Thomson
B) Varmus
C) Wilmut
D) Spemann

Question 57

Therapeutic cloning involves initiating ______ development from a patient's tissue using nuclear transplant procedures.

A) blastocyst
B) germ line cell
C) somatic cell
D) stem cell

Question 58

A clear distinction between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning is that:

A) reproductive cloning involves the eventual destruction of the embryo,whereas therapeutic does not
B) therapeutic cloning involves the eventual destruction of the embryo,whereas reproductive cloning does not
C) therapeutic cloning involves the immediate destruction of the embryo,whereas reproductive cloning postpones the destruction until later
D) reproductive cloning involves the use of other species' cells for humans,whereas therapeutic cloning does not

Question 59

A promising vector is being investigated for use in gene therapy.It is the:

A) adenovirus
B) NIH virus
C) rhino-associated virus
D) adeno-associated virus

Question 60

When cloning Dolly,in order to encourage the plasma membranes of the two cells to become leaky so that the contents of the mammary cell passed into the egg cell,researchers applied:

A) several methyl groups
B) adeno-associated viruses
C) an electrical shock
D) DOPA

Question 61

Do you feel there is any harm in cloning mammals? Why? Why not?

Question 62

Explain the techniques used in the cloning of "Dolly."

Question 63

The introduction of "healthy" genes into cells that lack them is called _________.

Question 64

As development commences in a fertilized human egg,a small ball of cells that forms after about five days is called a _________.

Question 65

Explain what has to happen to embryonic stem cells from a donor before they are used in a patient as a therapy.

Question 66

The name of the virus that causes common colds and has been used as a vector of genes is _______.

Question 67

Explain how genomic imprinting works.

Question 68

A cell is called __________ if it has the ability to form any body tissue or even an adult animal.

Question 69

A.Argue in support of using adult tissue stem cells rather than embryonic stem cells. B.Argue against using adult stem cells rather than embryonic stem cells.

Question 70

When genes are inserted into lung cells of cystic fibrosis patients,this kind of treatment is referred to as _______________.

Question 71

How do you feel about cloning? Explain your position in the light of science.

Question 72

When the method is perfected,it will be possible to transfer "healthy" genes into cystic fibrosis patients via aerosol inhalants to "cure" this genetic disease.Is this type of gene transfer an actual cure or is it a treatment? In other words,could this person still pass along cystic fibrosis genes?