Deck 12: Motivation Across Cultures

Question 1

Research generally shows that people throughout the world have needs that are similar to those described in Maslow's need hierarchy.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The Japanese word for overwork or job burnout is Karoshi.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The two-factor theory of motivation holds that two sets of factors influence job satisfaction: intrinsic and extrinsic.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Safety needs consist of food, clothing, shelter and other basic physical needs.

Question 5

The goal-setting theory focuses on how individuals go about setting goals and responding to them and the overall impact of this process on motivation.

Question 6

The culture of many countries does not support high achievement.

Question 7

In the two-factor motivation theory, job context variables such as salary, interpersonal relations, technical supervision, work conditions and company policies and administration are referred to as hygiene factors.

Question 8

Recent research reports that EU workers see a strong relationship between how well they do their jobs and the ability to get what they want out of life.

Question 9

The hierarchy-of-needs theory is based primarily on work by David McClelland.

Question 10

The three basic elements in the process of motivation are needs, drives and rewards.

Question 11

In general, although the process for motivation may be the same across cultures, the content may change from one culture to another.

Question 12

The equity theory postulates that motivation is largely influenced by a multiplicative combination of a person's beliefs.

Question 13

High achievers tend to be high-risk takers.

Question 14

The importance of work in individuals' life relative to other areas of interest is referred to as work salience.

Question 15

In work motivation, those factors controlled by the organization, such as conditions, hours, earning, security, benefits and promotions are referred to as job context factors.

Question 16

The expectancy theory focuses on how motivation is affected by people's perception of how fairly they are being treated.

Question 17

Maslow postulated that everyone has five basic needs, which constitute a need hierarchy.In ascending order, beginning with the most basic, they are physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization needs.

Question 18

Process theories of worker motivation explain how employee behavior is initiated, redirected and halted.

Question 19

Self-actualization needs involve the need for power and status.

Question 20

Achievement motivation theory holds that individuals can have a need to get ahead, to attain success and to reach objectives.

Question 21

The factors Welsh, Luthans and Sommer observed among the Russian workforce that seemed to increase worker performance are:

A)Value of extrinsic reward and participative techniques
B)Value of extrinsic reward and behavioral management
C)Participative techniques and behavioral management
D)Value of intrinsic reward and participative techniques

Question 22

The needs for power and status come under:

A)Self-actualization needs
B)Esteem needs
C)Social needs
D)Safety needs

Question 23

A basic assumption of Maslow's theory is that:

A)Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become motivators
B)Higher-level needs must be satisfied before lower-level needs become motivators
C)There are more ways to satisfy lower-level needs than higher-level ones
D)A need that has been satisfied can continue to serve as a motivator

Question 24

Work-motivation theories can be broken down into two general categories which are:

A)Method and outcome
B)Internal and external
C)Implicit and explicit
D)Content and process

Question 25

Work-motivation in terms of what arouses, energizes or initiates employee behavior are explained by:

A)Extrinsic theories
B)Content theories
C)Intrinsic theories
D)Process theories

Question 26

Most research in international human resource management has been _____, because these theories examine motivation in more general terms and are more useful in creating a composite picture of employee motivation in a particular country or region.

A)Content-oriented
B)Context-oriented
C)Procedure-oriented
D)Process-oriented

Question 27

The Haire and follow-up studies dealt only with:

A)Clerks
B)Managers
C)Technicians
D)Unskilled workers

Question 28

The need to interact and affiliate with and, to feel wanted by others are included in:

A)Physiological needs
B)Safety needs
C)Social needs
D)Esteem needs

Question 29

The tables from Hofstede's research show that _____ needs rank highest for professionals and managers.

A)Safety and social
B)Social and esteem
C)Esteem and self-actualization
D)Social and physiological

Question 30

_____ is a psychological process through which unsatisfied wants or needs lead to drives that are aimed at goals or incentives.

A)Ability
B)Inducement
C)Assurance
D)Motivation

Question 31

The first assumption about the motivation process is that it is:

A)Universal
B)Country specific
C)Culturally explicit
D)Regionally distinct

Question 32

Which of the following needs is correctly matched with its description?

A)Physiological needs-the need to interact and affiliate with others and the need to feel wanted by others
B)Safety needs-the desire for security, stability and the absence of pain
C)Esteem needs-the need for food, clothing, shelter and other basic, physical needs
D)Self-actualization needs-the need for power and status

Question 33

The three basic elements in the process of motivation are:

A)Needs, abilities and desires
B)Desires, drives and accomplishments
C)Needs, drives and goal attainment
D)Perceptions, attitudes and goal attainment

Question 34

The following needs are correctly matched with their descriptions except:

A)Physiological needs-the need for food, clothing, shelter and other basic, physical needs
B)Safety needs-the desire for security, stability and the absence of pain
C)Social needs-the need for power and status
D)Self-actualization needs-the desire to reach one's full potential by becoming everything one is capable of becoming

Question 35

Maslow postulated that everyone has five basic needs, which constitute a need hierarchy.In ascending order, beginning with the most basic, they are:

A)Physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization needs
B)Social, safety, physiological, self-actualization and esteem needs
C)Safety, physiological, esteem, self-actualization and social needs
D)Esteem, social, physiological, safety and self-actualization needs

Question 36

Process theories of work motivation:

A)Explain how employee behavior is aroused and energized
B)Explain how employee behavior is initiated
C)Give a composite picture of employee motivation in a particular region
D)Have more value to the study of employee motivation in international setting

Question 37

Researchers have suggested that Maslow's theory needs a(n):

A)Capitalist perspective
B)Collectivist perspective
C)Individualist perspective
D)Social individualist perspective

Question 38

The hierarchy-of-needs theory is based primarily on work by _____; a well-known U.S.psychologist now deceased.

A)David McClelland
B)Geert Hofstede
C)Frederick Herzberg
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 39

In China _____ is an important need and _____ is a goal.

A)Group affiliation; professional achievement
B)Professional achievement; individual success
C)Group affiliation; harmony
D)Individual success; harmony

Question 40

The desire to fulfill one's basic needs of food, clothing and shelter are included in:

A)Esteem needs
B)Social needs
C)Physiological needs
D)Safety needs

Question 41

In work motivation, factors controlled by the organization, such as conditions, hours, earnings, security, benefits and promotions are referred to as:

A)Job context factors
B)Job content factors
C)Job process factors
D)Job inducement factors

Question 42

In an Israeli kibbutz, the following hygiene factor was regarded as a source of satisfaction rather than dissatisfaction:

A)Salary
B)Working conditions
C)Interpersonal relations
D)Technical supervision

Question 43

A number of research efforts have been undertaken to replicate the two-factor theory and they:

A)Cast doubt on Herzberg's findings
B)Support Herzberg's findings
C)Are unable to either refute or support Herzberg's findings
D)Prove Herzberg's findings to be utterly worthless

Question 44

Hygiene factors include all of the following except:

A)Interpersonal relations
B)Technical supervision
C)Advancement
D)Working conditions

Question 45

The top-ranking goal for professional technical personnel from various countries is:

A)Personal time
B)Friendly department
C)Autonomy
D)Training

Question 46

The two-factor theory of motivation holds that two sets of factors influence job satisfaction.These are:

A)Inducement, subsistence
B)Advancement, responsibility
C)Hygiene, motivators
D)Recognition, rewards

Question 47

_____ theory holds that individuals can have a need to get ahead, to attain success and to reach objectives.

A)Achievement motivation
B)Two-factor
C)Hierarchy of needs
D)Quality of life

Question 48

In work motivation, factors internally controlled, such as responsibility, achievement and the work itself are referred to as:

A)Job process factors
B)Job inducement factors
C)Job content factors
D)Job context factors

Question 49

The least important goal for professional technical personnel from various countries is:

A)Benefits
B)Security
C)Efficient department
D)A successful company

Question 50

According to the text, the most important motivational variable in Zambia is:

A)Growth opportunity
B)Relations with other
C)Work nature
D)Fairness in organizational practices

Question 51

Which researcher concluded that "the Herzberg model appears to have validity across occupational levels"?

A)David McClelland
B)George Hines
C)Maslow
D)Hofstede

Question 52

In the two-factor motivation theory, the job content factors which include achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement and the work itself are referred to as:

A)Inducement factors
B)Reward factors
C)Hygiene factors
D)Motivators

Question 53

According to the theory of achievement motivation, all of the following are characteristics of high achievers except:

A)They like situations in which they take personal responsibility for finding solutions to problems
B)They tend to be team players
C)They want concrete feedback on their performance
D)They tend to be moderate risk-takers

Question 54

The theory that focuses on how motivation is affected by people's perception of how fairly they are being treated is the:

A)Goal-setting theory
B)Equity theory
C)Motivation theory
D)Expectancy theory

Question 55

The following is not a motivator:

A)Advancement
B)Responsibility
C)Working conditions
D)The work

Question 56

The two-factor theory was formulated by well-known work-motivation theorist:

A)Frederick Herzberg
B)Geert Hofstede
C)David McCelland
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 57

Herzberg-type motivators are of more importance to job satisfaction in:

A)Japan
B)South Africa
C)Zambia
D)Israel

Question 58

Salary under Herzberg's theory is:

A)A social need
B)A motivator
C)Esteem need
D)A hygiene factor

Question 59

Achievement motivation theory is associated with the work of Harvard psychologist:

A)Geert Hofstede
B)Abraham Maslow
C)Frederick Herzberg
D)David McClelland

Question 60

Researchers like Hofstede recommended that lower-level personnel should be given:

A)Physical rewards
B)The opportunity to use one's skill
C)A cooperative environment
D)Autonomy

Question 61

What are the two different approaches (or basic types of theories) used to study motivation? Which approach has been used more extensively in international management research? Why?

Question 62

What characteristics of high achievers did David McClelland identify?

Question 63

The importance of work in an individual's life relative to other areas of interest is referred to as:

A)Work prominence
B)Work centrality
C)Work salience
D)Work objectivity

Question 64

A worker's QWL is directly related to his or her country's:

A)Predominant religious beliefs
B)Geographic location
C)Governmental structure
D)Culture

Question 65

The theory that focuses on how individuals go about setting goals and responding to them and the overall impact of this process on motivation is:

A)Equity theory
B)Motivation theory
C)Expectancy theory
D)Goal-setting theory

Question 66

To motivate employees, especially in foreign countries with high individualism companies tend to offer:

A)Non-financial perks
B)Telecommunications
C)Local area networks
D)Financial incentives

Question 67

Expectancy theory postulates all of the following except:

A)Effort will lead to performance
B)Performance will lead to specific outcomes
C)The outcomes will be of value to the individual
D)The employees are controlled by the external environment

Question 68

One reason that Americans and Japanese work such long hours is due to:

A)High stress levels
B)Low employee turnover
C)High cost of living
D)Employee complacency

Question 69

"Balance in synergy" would require a moving away from all of the following except:

A)Individualistic thinking
B)Avoidance of risk taking
C)Holistic and idealistic thinking
D)Emphasis on control

Question 70

In the context of job design and work centrality, the acronym QWL stands for:

A)Quantity of Work Load
B)Quality of Work Life
C)Quality of Work Load
D)Quality of Work Level

Question 71

What are the basic assumptions on which the hierarchy-of-needs theory rests?

Question 72

_____ designs are job designs that blend personnel and technology.

A)Sociotechnical
B)Sociocultural
C)Socioengineering
D)Sociohostilic

Question 73

What are sociotechnical job designs?

Question 74

_____ consists of a job's content, the methods that are used on the job and the way in which the job relates to others in the organization.

A)Job design
B)Task portfolio
C)Job composition
D)Job structure

Question 75

What are the differences between job context factors and job content factors?