Question 1

________ Gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm&#10;A)A&#10;B)B&#10;C)C&#10;D)D&#10;E)E

Accepted Answer

The septum transversum gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm.Although initially located opposite the cervical region of the spinal cord,the septum transversum is invaded by myoblasts from the third,fourth,and fifth myotome regions of the cervical somites.Later,the diaphragm descends until its dorsal part lies at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.Thus,the seemingly curious origin and course of the phrenic nerves result from the developmental origin of the septum transversum.

Question 2

________ Esophageal mesentery&#10;A)A&#10;B)B&#10;C)C&#10;D)D&#10;E)E

Accepted Answer

The esophageal mesentery (dorsal mesentery of esophagus)is one of the components of the primordial diaphragm.The other components are the septum transversum and pleuroperitoneal membranes.Later,a fourth component,the body wall,contributes to peripheral regions of the diaphragm.The esophageal mesentery constitutes the median portion of the diaphragm.The crura of the diaphragm develop from muscle fibers that form in the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus.

Question 3

________ Herniation of the abdominal viscera&#10;A)Costodiaphragmatic recess&#10;B)Cervical myotomes&#10;C)Congenital hiatal hernia&#10;D)Pleuroperitoneal membrane&#10;E)Pericardioperitoneal canal

Accepted Answer

Herniation of abdominal viscera into the thorax occurs through a posterolateral defect in the diaphragm where there is failure of development or fusion of the pleuroperitoneal membrane with other parts of the diaphragm,usually on the left side.Because of the presence of abdominal viscera in the thorax,the lungs often are compressed and may be hypoplastic (incompletely developed).

Question 4

________ Muscular origins of the diaphragm&#10;A)Esophageal mesentery&#10;B)Pleuropericardial membrane&#10;C)Phrenic nerves&#10;D)Crura of the diaphragm&#10;E)Embryonic mediastinum

Accepted Answer

The crura of the diaphragm (muscular origins of diaphragm from superior lumbar vertebrae)develop as muscle fibers in the esophageal mesentery.

Question 5

________ Pleuroperitoneal membrane&#10;A)A&#10;B)B&#10;C)C&#10;D)D&#10;E)E

Accepted Answer

The pleuroperitoneal membranes,produced as the lungs and pleural cavities expand by invading the body walls,form caudal partitions in the pericardioperitoneal canals.These membranes gradually grow medially and fuse during the sixth week with the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus and the septum transversum to form the diaphragm.Failure of one of these membranes to form results in a CDH through which the abdominal viscera can herniate.The defect usually appears in the region of the left kidney.

Question 6

________ Posterolateral diaphragmatic defect&#10;A)Costodiaphragmatic recess&#10;B)Cervical myotomes&#10;C)Congenital hiatal hernia&#10;D)Pleuroperitoneal membrane&#10;E)Pericardioperitoneal canal

Accepted Answer

If the pleuroperitoneal membrane fails to develop or to fuse with other parts of the diaphragm,a posterolateral defect develops,usually on the left side.Associated with this defect is herniation of abdominal viscera into the thorax and compression of the lungs.This type of CDH often results in a medical-surgical emergency because of difficulty in fetal breathing.

Question 7

________ Derived from the foregut&#10;A)A&#10;B)B&#10;C)C&#10;D)D&#10;E)E

Accepted Answer

The epithelium and glands of the esophagus are derived from the foregut.The muscular and fibrous elements are derived from the surrounding splanchnic mesenchyme.The foregut also gives rise to the epithelium and glands of the lower respiratory tract.Faulty partitioning of the foregut into the esophagus and trachea during the fourth and fifth weeks results in a tracheoesophageal fistula.

Question 8

________ Primordium of the esophagus&#10;A)A&#10;B)B&#10;C)C&#10;D)D&#10;E)E

Accepted Answer

The foregut gives rise to the epithelium and glands of the esophagus and stomach.Other regions of the foregut give rise to the pharynx and its derivatives,the lower respiratory tract,the duodenum as far as the bile duct,the liver,the pancreas,and the biliary apparatus.

Question 9

________ Forms median part of the diaphragm&#10;A)Esophageal mesentery&#10;B)Pleuropericardial membrane&#10;C)Phrenic nerves&#10;D)Crura of the diaphragm&#10;E)Embryonic mediastinum

Accepted Answer

The dorsal mesentery of the esophagus (mesoesophagus)forms the median part of the diaphragm.The pleuroperitoneal membranes fuse with the esophageal mesentery and septum transversum during the sixth week,forming a partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.Completion of the diaphragm occurs during the 9th to 12th weeks as body wall tissue is added to it peripherally.

Question 10

________ Future pleural cavity&#10;A)A&#10;B)B&#10;C)C&#10;D)D&#10;E)E

Accepted Answer

The pericardioperitoneal canals are the future pleural cavities.As the lungs develop,they invaginate (push into)the medial walls of these canals,like fists pushed into the sides of almost empty balloons.These invaginations are so complete that the space between the two walls of the canals (future layers of pleura)is reduced to a narrow gap.

Question 11

________ Derived from the third to fifth cervical spinal cord segments&#10;A)Esophageal mesentery&#10;B)Pleuropericardial membrane&#10;C)Phrenic nerves&#10;D)Crura of the diaphragm&#10;E)Embryonic mediastinum

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ Derived from the third to fifth...

Question 12

________ Diaphragmatic muscles&#10;A)Costodiaphragmatic recess&#10;B)Cervical myotomes&#10;C)Congenital hiatal hernia&#10;D)Pleuroperitoneal membrane&#10;E)Pericardioperitoneal canal

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ Diaphragmatic muscles&#10;A)Costodiaphragmatic recess&#10;B)Cervical myotomes&#10;C)Congenital hiatal hernia&#10;D)Pleuroperitoneal...

Question 13

________ Large esophageal opening&#10;A)Costodiaphragmatic recess&#10;B)Cervical myotomes&#10;C)Congenital hiatal hernia&#10;D)Pleuroperitoneal membrane&#10;E)Pericardioperitoneal canal

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ Large esophageal opening&#10;A)Costodiaphragmatic recess&#10;B)Cervical myotomes&#10;C)Congenital hiatal...

Question 14

________ Dorsal mesogastrium&#10;A)A&#10;B)B&#10;C)C&#10;D)D&#10;E)E

Accepted Answer

The answer of   ________ Dorsal mesogastrium&#10;A)A&#10;B)B&#10;C)C&#10;D)D&#10;E)E...

Question 15

________ Ventral mesentery of the stomach&#10;A)A&#10;B)B&#10;C)C&#10;D)D&#10;E)E

Accepted Answer

The answer of   ________ Ventral mesentery of the...

Question 16

________ Derived from intraembryonic coelom&#10;A)A&#10;B)B&#10;C)C&#10;D)D&#10;E)E

Accepted Answer

The answer of   ________ Derived from intraembryonic coelom&#10;A)A&#10;B)B&#10;C)C&#10;D)D&#10;E)E...

Question 17

________ Caudal part of the foregut&#10;A)A&#10;B)B&#10;C)C&#10;D)D&#10;E)E

Accepted Answer

The answer of   ________ Caudal part of the...

Question 18

________ Future pleural cavity&#10;A)A&#10;B)B&#10;C)C&#10;D)D&#10;E)E

Accepted Answer

The answer of   ________ Future pleural cavity&#10;A)A&#10;B)B&#10;C)C&#10;D)D&#10;E)E...

Question 19

________ Gives rise to central tendon&#10;A)A&#10;B)B&#10;C)C&#10;D)D&#10;E)E

Accepted Answer

The answer of   ________ Gives rise to central...

Question 20

________ Connects the pericardial and peritoneal cavities&#10;A)Costodiaphragmatic recess&#10;B)Cervical myotomes&#10;C)Congenital hiatal hernia&#10;D)Pleuroperitoneal membrane&#10;E)Pericardioperitoneal canal

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ Connects the pericardial and peritoneal cavities&#10;A)Costodiaphragmatic...

Deck 8: Body Cavities,mesenteries,and Diaphragm