Deck 28: Nutrition and Therapy

Question 1

Differentiate between acidosis and alkalosis,and select the true statement.

A) Hypovolemia can lead to alkalosis because Na⁺ reabsorption coupled with H+ secretion in the renal tubule leads to an increase in the pH of the extracellular fluid.
B) Hypovolemia can lead to acidosis because Na⁺ reabsorption coupled with H⁺ secretion in the renal tubule leads to an increase in the pH of the extracellular fluid.
C) Hypervolemia can lead to alkalosis because more Na+ is reabsorbed, leading to less H⁺ being secreted into the renal tubules. H⁺ is retained in the extracellular fluid, causing an increase in pH.
D) None of these is correct.

Answer 1

Hypovolemia can lead to alkalosis because Na⁺ reabsorption coupled with H+ secretion in the renal tubule leads to an increase in the pH of the extracellular fluid.

Question 2

Identify the meaning of the term hypervitaminosis A.

A)Hypervitaminosis A is a deleterious condition resulting from an insufficient quantity of water-soluble vitamin A in the body.
B)Hypervitaminosis A is the accumulation of water-soluble vitamin A in storage tissues that creates a deleterious condition related to the excess substance.
C)Hypervitaminosis A is the accumulation of fat-soluble vitamin A in storage tissues that creates a deleterious condition related to the excess amount of vitamin A.
D)None of these are correct.

Answer 2

Hypervitaminosis A is the accumulation of fat-soluble vitamin A in storage tissues that creates a deleterious condition related to the excess amount of vitamin A.

Question 3

Use your knowledge of vitamins and nutritional therapy to determine the instructions that you must give a patient regarding therapy with nutritional supplements.

A) Nutritional supplements should be taken with meals to avoid GI distress.
B) Extended-release formulations of vitamins should not be chewed or crushed.
C) If pregnancy is suspected, the supplements should not exceed the recommended maximum daily amounts.
D) All of these are correct.

Answer 3

All of these are correct.

Question 4

Use your knowledge of why body water and sodium are important to the maintenance of life to determine the true statement about water and sodium.

A) Sodium, the main cation of extracellular fluid, plays a major role in maintaining normal fluid balance.
B) Significant loss of sodium through vomiting and diarrhea reduces extracellular fluid volume.
C) The kidneys help maintain normal levels of sodium in plasma and other body fluids.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 5

Use your knowledge of why body water and potassium are important to the maintenance of life to determine the true statement about water and potassium.

A) Potassium, the main cation of intracellular fluid, is important in maintaining cell structure and function.
B) Excessive potassium levels can produce a loss of muscle tone, weakness, and paralysis.
C) Loss of potassium can produce cardiac arrhythmias, especially heart block.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 6

Use your newly acquired knowledge of the calcium cation to determine the true statement related to calcium in the body.

A) The normal serum concentration of calcium ranges between 5.0 and 6.5 mEq/l.
B) When given intravenously, calcium is usually administered in the form of calcium chloride or calcium gluconate.
C) Excessive calcium in the blood results in hyperexcitability of nerve and muscle fibers (tetany).
D) A deficiency of calcium produces muscle weakness and may lead to cardiac and respiratory failure.

Question 7

A 75-year-old lactose-intolerant patient complains that she has not had an appetite for the last month and she is not eating very much.She is concerned that she is not getting enough vitamin D.Using your knowledge of vitamin D,what recommendation can you give her?

A)Start taking a vitamin D supplement containing 200 IU of vitamin D daily.
B)Drink vitamin D-fortified dairy products.
C)Increase exposure to sunlight daily in order to allow the skin to convert the sunlight into vitamin D.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 8

Select the statement that best explains the potential effect of the presence of alkalosis in the body.

A) When alkalosis occurs in the body, the potential effect is the development of hyperkalemia. As hydrogen diffuses from the intracellular fluid into the extracellular fluid, more potassium remains in the intracellular fluid to compensate for the hydrogen loss, causing a drop in the extracellular fluid potassium concentration.
B) When alkalosis occurs in the body the potential effect is the development of hypokalemia. As hydrogen diffuses from the intracellular fluid into the extracellular fluid, more potassium remains in the intracellular fluid to compensate for the hydrogen loss, causing a drop in the extracellular fluid potassium concentration.
C) When alkalosis occurs in the body the potential effect is the development of hypokalemia. Low potassium concentration in the extracellular fluid causes the potassium to diffuse out of the cells. Hydrogen diffuses in to replace potassium, lowering the hydrogen concentration of the extracellular fluid and raising its pH.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 9

The RDA of vitamin C is 60 mg.Examples of conditions resulting from vitamin C deficiency include:

A) Bleeding gums, bruising, and loose teeth
B) Insomnia, delusions, and confusion
C) Hemorrhage and decreased coagulation
D) Fatigue, muscle weakness, and leg cramps

Question 10

Identify the group consisting of the fat-soluble vitamins.

A) Vitamins A, D, E, and K
B) Vitamins A, B, D, and E
C) Vitamins A, B, C, and D
D) Vitamins A, B, D, and K

Question 11

Describe the type of patient who would benefit from the administration of a TPN.

A) Cancer patient having difficulty with excessive weight loss
B) Diabetic patient having difficulty keeping his or her blood sugar level down
C) Pregnant patient who has been vomiting excessively and is dehydrated
D) None of these are correct.

Question 12

Describe the major source from which hydrogen is produced in the body.

A) The major source of hydrogen in the body is from the air that is inhaled into the lungs.
B) The major source of hydrogen in the body is from the dissociation of water, protein, bicarbonate, and phosphate buffer systems.
C) The major source of hydrogen in the body is from the fluid moving out of the intracellular compartment.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 13

Differentiate between the water-soluble vitamins thiamine,niacin,cyanocobalamin,and folic acid,and select the pair whose deficiency can lead to macrolytic anemia,neuropathy,or muscle incoordination.

A) In addition to leading to macrolytic anemia, folic acid deficiency can also lead to neuropathy and cyanocobalamin deficiency can also lead to muscle incoordination.
B) In addition to leading to macrolytic anemia, thiamine deficiency can also lead to neuropathy and cyanocobalamin deficiency can also lead to muscle incoordination.
C) In addition to leading to macrolytic anemia, niacin deficiency can also lead to neuropathy and folic acid deficiency can also lead to muscle incoordination.
D) In addition to leading to macrolytic anemia, cyanocobalamin deficiency can also lead to neuropathy and folic acid deficiency can also lead to muscle incoordination.

Question 14

The normal daily intake of fluids by an average-size adult is approximately 2500 ml.Select the statement that best explains how the body uses the 2500-ml fluid intake.

A) Respiration uses 500 ml, sweat uses 1000 ml, and urine uses 1500 ml of the normal daily fluid intake.
B) Urine production and sweat secretion use all of the normal daily fluid intake.
C) Feces use 200 ml, respiration uses 300 ml, cutaneous transpiration uses 400 ml, sweat uses100 ml, and urine uses 1500 ml of the normal daily fluid intake.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 15

Describe the standard that the National Research Council-National Academy of Sciences,Food and Nutrition Board uses to determine the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for the daily intake of elements that are not produced by the body.

A) The recommendations are derived from healthy individuals consuming a 2000-calorie daily diet balanced from the five basic food groups.
B) The recommendations are derived from healthy individuals consuming a 1500-calorie daily diet balanced from the four basic food groups.
C) The recommendations are derived from healthy individuals consuming a 2000-calorie daily diet balanced from the 6 basic food groups.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 16

Differentiate between proteins,carbohydrates,fats,and minerals,and select the statement that best explains the origin of these substances in the body.

A) Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and minerals are synthesized in the body.
B) Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are synthesized in the body, while minerals must be supplied from an outside source.
C) Proteins and carbohydrates must be supplied from an outside source, while minerals and fats are synthesized in the body.
D) Proteins and fats are supplied from an outside source, while carbohydrates and minerals are synthesized in the body.

Question 17

Use your critical-thinking skills to determine the true statement related to vitamin A,which is essential for the production of rhodopsin.

A) Dietary beta-carotene (provitamin A) is converted to retinol in the stomach.
B) Retinol combines with a protein, opsin, to form rhodopsin. This protein enables specialized retinal cells (rods) to adapt to very low-intensity light (dark adaptation).
C) Rhodopsin is the protein that enables specialized retinal cells (cones) to adapt to bright lights.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 18

Differentiate between the fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E,and K,and select the vitamin whose deficiency results in night blindness,dry skin,and decrease in epithelial cell production.

A) Vitamin D
B) Vitamin A
C) Vitamin K
D) Vitamin E

Question 19

Differentiate between Ringer's solution and Lactated Ringer's solution to determine the true statement related to their use.

A) Ringer's solution is used for fluid replacement and replacement of sodium and potassium. Lactated Ringer's solution is the same as Ringer's solution plus calcium, which provides buffer action in alkalosis.
B) Ringer's solution is used for fluid replacement and replacement of sodium, chloride, calcium, and potassium. Lactated Ringer's solution is the same as Ringer's solution plus lactate, which provides buffer action in acidosis.
C) Ringer's solution is used for fluid replacement and replacement of sodium and calcium. Lactated Ringer's solution is the same as Ringer's solution plus potassium, which provides buffer action in acidosis.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 20

Select the statement that best explains the potential effect of the presence of hyperchloremia in the body.

A) The presence of high levels of chloride causes more chloride to be reabsorbed from the renal tubules, leaving less chloride in the extracellular fluid, causing the development of acidosis.
B) The presence of high levels of chloride causes more hydrogen to be retained in the blood to help balance the excess chloride, causing hyperchloremic alkalosis.
C) The presence of high levels of chloride causes more hydrogen to be retained in the blood to help balance the excess chloride, causing the development of hyperchloremic acidosis.
D) None of these are correct.