Deck 2: Pharmacokinetics and Factors of Individual Variation

Question 1

Identify the medical condition that the drug form known as a "troche" is commonly used to treat.

A) Asthma
B) Bradycardia
C) Sore throat
D) Toothache

Answer 1

Sore throat

Question 2

Which of the following routes of drug administration has the slowest onset of action?

A) Inhalation
B) Transdermal
C) Intramuscular
D) Sublingual

Answer 2

Transdermal

Question 3

Identify the term used for the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from its site of administration.

A) Drug absorption
B) Drug excretion
C) Drug distribution
D) Drug metabolism

Answer 3

Drug absorption

Question 4

Identify the drug that is available as a transdermal patch system.

A) Nitroglycerin
B) Clonidine
C) Estrogen
D) All of the above

Question 5

Identify the drug form that contains dried and finely ground drugs or drug extracts.

A) Powders
B) Tablets
C) Troches
D) Capsules

Question 6

Identify the usual range of alcohol concentration used in alcoholic preparations of drugs such as elixirs,spirits,tinctures,and fluid extracts.

A) 35 to 45 percent
B) 25 to 35 percent
C) 20 to 25 percent
D) 5 to 20 percent

Question 7

In the context of the factors of individual variation that alter the effect of a drug,select the statement that best describes the placebo effect.

A) Excitement can lead to perceived symptom improvement.
B) Positive attitude can lead to perceived symptom improvement.
C) Less body fat can lead to perceived symptom improvement.
D) None of the above statements are correct.

Question 8

Use a half-life of 8 hours to determine the amount of a drug left in the body at 4 p.m.if a 500-mg dose of the drug was taken at 8 a.m.

A) 250 mg
B) 125 mg
C) 375 mg
D) None of the above

Question 9

Identify the drug preparation that is described as a solution containing water,sugar,and a drug.

A) Elixir
B) Tincture
C) Syrup
D) Fluid extract

Question 10

Differentiate between the routes of drug administration in order to select the route that is restricted to use in a hospital setting due to immediate onset of action and high percentage of drug bioavailability.

A) Intramuscular injection method
B) Intravenous injection method
C) Topical application method
D) Suppository insertion method

Question 11

Use a half-life of 4 hours to determine the amount of a drug left in the body at 2 p.m.if a dose of 200 mg was administered intravenously at 6 a.m.

A) 25 mg
B) 12.5 mg
C) 50 mg
D) None of the above

Question 12

A patient education program should include educating patients on the effective administration of drugs.How should patients be instructed to take enteric-coated products?

A) On an empty stomach with water
B) One hour before meals
C) Two hours after meals
D) All of these are correct.

Question 13

In terms of patient safety and ease of drug administration,identify the most convenient route of drug administration for a patient with a busy lifestyle and a hectic schedule.

A) Intramuscular administration
B) Oral administration
C) Topical administration
D) Intravenous administration

Question 14

Which transport mechanism is used by cells to allow drugs to pass through the cell membrane?

A) Filtration
B) Passive transport
C) Active transport
D) All of the above

Question 15

Select the basic principle in passive transport by which most drug molecules diffuse through cell membranes.

A) Drug passes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
B) Drug passes from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
C) Drug passes from an area of high concentration to an area of high concentration.
D) Drug passes from an area of low concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 16

Among the factors that affect drug distribution,the factor that plays the biggest role in determining the concentration of a drug that penetrates the brain by overcoming the blood-brain barrier is:

A) lipid solubility.
B) blood circulation.
C) plasma protein binding.
D) GI absorption rate.

Question 17

Which of the following routes of drug administration has the fastest onset of action?

A) Inhalation
B) Transdermal
C) Intramuscular
D) Sublingual

Question 18

The fact that adipose tissue receives a relatively poor blood supply indicates that adipose tissue:

A) accumulates large amounts of drug.
B) does not accumulate large amounts of drug.
C) does not accumulate lipid-soluble drugs.
D) metabolizes large amounts of drug.

Question 19

The processes of drug absorption,drug distribution,drug metabolism,and drug excretion are components of the study known as _____.

A) synergism
B) pharmacokinetics
C) bioavailability
D) enzyme induction

Question 20

A patient's dose of an analgesic agent that he uses to manage chronic pain is increased twice over a span of six months.In the context of the terms drug tolerance,drug dependence,and drug addiction,identify the reason for the increase in the dosage.

A) Repeated administration decreases the effect of a drug.
B) Reliance on the administration of a drug leads to a psychological dependence on the drug.
C) Compulsive dependence on a drug dominates all other activities in the patient's life.
D) None of the above statements are correct.

Question 21

A surgical team decides to use a spinal anesthetic to aid the surgery on a patient's spinal cord.The preferred route of administration for such anesthetic is _____.

A) intrathecal
B) intraarterial
C) inhalation
D) transdermal

Question 22

Veronica is being treated with amphetamines for narcolepsy.After a month of treatment,the medication begins to have a reduced effect on Veronica's medical condition.This scenario exemplifies _____.

A) first-pass metabolism
B) enzyme inhibition
C) enzyme induction
D) drug tolerance

Question 23

William is narcoleptic and his physician prescribes amphetamines to treat his medical condition.After a few months of treatment,William's medical condition improves and the physician reduces the required dosage of amphetamines.However,the reduced dosage produces unpleasant feelings associated with withdrawal symptoms.William doubles the dosage to counter what he perceives as drug tolerance without consulting his physician and begins consuming more than the recommended dosage regularly.This scenario exemplifies _____.

A) enzyme inhibition
B) drug intolerance
C) drug addiction
D) enzyme induction

Question 24

A patient is instructed to take two tablets orally on the first day and then take one tablet orally daily for the next four days.Select the term that refers to the instruction to take two tablets by mouth on the first day.

A) Maintenance dose
B) Therapeutic dose
C) Loading dose
D) None of the above

Question 25

When differentiating between enzyme induction and enzyme inhibition,enzyme induction can be interpreted as resulting in:

A) an increase in the rate of drug metabolism in the liver, leading to a decreased duration of action.
B) a decrease in the rate of drug metabolism in the liver, leading to a decreased duration of action.
C) a decrease in the bioavailability of the drug, leading to an increased duration of action.
D) none of the above.

Question 26

Identify a difference between free drug molecules and drug molecules that are bound to plasma proteins.

A) Only unbound or free drug molecules can exert a pharmacological effect.
B) Only the drug molecules that are bound to plasma can exert a pharmacological effect.
C) Free drug molecules exert a lower level of pharmacological effect than drug molecules that are bound to plasma.
D) None of the above statements are correct.

Question 27

Select the drug administration method by which the bioavailability of the drug in the circulatory system will be 100 percent immediately after the administration.

A) Subcutaneous injection method
B) Inhalation method
C) Transdermal patch method
D) Intravenous injection method

Question 28

In the context of the FDA Pregnancy Categories for drugs,identify the proper category for a drug for which studies on animals have not demonstrated fetal risk and no studies have been performed in pregnant women.

A) Pregnancy Category A
B) Pregnancy Category B
C) Pregnancy Category D
D) None of the above

Question 29

Differentiate between tolerance,antagonism,and synergism in order to select the drug interaction that occurs during antagonism.

A) The combined effect of two drugs, by the same mechanism of action, is equal to the sum of their individual effects.
B) The combined effect of two drugs, by different mechanisms of action, is equal to the sum of their individual effects.
C) The combined effect of two drugs is less than the sum of their individual effects.
D) The combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects.

Question 30

You have been asked to explain to a patient the possibility that he will experience drug interactions while taking his newly prescribed medications.Select the appropriate statement you will use when explaining synergism to the patient.

A) Drugs may increase each other's effect to the equivalent of the sum of their individual effects.
B) Drugs may increase each other's effect to an amount that is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
C) Drugs may cancel each other's effect or lead to a response that is less than the sum of their individual effects.
D) None of the above statements are correct.

Question 31

Suzan returns from a day at the beach and realizes that she has sunburns on her arms and legs.Although not severe,the burns cause Suzan some discomfort.Suzan applies a moisturizing cream that contains aloe vera extracts.In this scenario,the route of administration is _____.

A) intravenous
B) topical
C) oral
D) sublingual

Question 32

Select the most appropriate reason why a patient with cirrhosis of the liver may not get the therapeutic response expected from the medication that she is taking.

A) The patient's ability to absorb drugs is impaired.
B) The patient's ability to distribute drugs throughout the body is impaired.
C) The patient's ability to metabolize drugs is impaired.
D) The patient's ability to maintain bioavailability of drugs is impaired.

Question 33

A patient presents with symptoms of malaria and the physician prescribes a basic drug to treat the patient.The patient skips a dose of the drug and tries to compensate the next time by consuming more than the recommended dosage.This leads to drug overdose.How should this drug toxicity be treated?

A) The patient's urine must be alkalinized.
B) The patient's urine must be acidified.
C) An alternative drug must be prescribed to treat malaria.
D) An alternative drug, preferably an acidic drug, must be prescribed to treat malaria.

Question 34

Select the most likely reason why a patient who has been diagnosed with end-stage renal disease must have routine blood work drawn to check his plasma levels of a prescribed drug.

A) Due to the renal disease, the patient will be unable to effectively eliminate the drug, causing accumulation of the drug in the plasma.
B) Due to the renal disease, the patient will be unable to effectively metabolize the drug, causing low levels of the drug in the plasma.
C) Due to the renal disease, the patient will be unable to effectively absorb the drug, causing low levels of the drug in the plasma.
D) None of the above statements are correct.

Question 35

A patient is prescribed a drug preparation that contains barbiturates to treat a medical condition.The patient is also being treated with medications for other medical conditions.After a few days of consuming the barbiturate-containing medication,the patient realizes that his other medical conditions have worsened.What is the most likely reason for this occurrence?

A) The barbiturate medication is causing drug overdose.
B) The previous medications are causing enzyme inhibition and blocking the effects of the barbiturate medication.
C) The barbiturate medication is causing enzyme induction.
D) The patient has developed tolerance to both the barbiturate medication and his previous medications.