Deck 15: Personality

Question 1

Freud's theory of personality is most interested in understanding the interaction among the three structures of personality within the ________ mind.

A)conscious
B)preconscious
C)split
D)unconscious

Answer 1

unconscious

Question 2

Cailee and Rick's parents take them to church every week. What type of influence on personality is being exhibited?

A)Genetic
B)Nonshared environmental
C)Shared environmental
D)Sociological

Answer 2

Shared environmental

Question 3

Mike and Elizabeth have a new baby. If you wanted to see what she will be like as an adult, where might you focus your attention?

A)Examine the frequency of interactions between the parents and the child.
B)Observe Mike and Elizabeth's basic personalities.
C)Look at the friends she makes growing up and their respective personalities.
D)Wait until the baby has a sibling and look at the various activities they engage in together.

Answer 3

Observe Mike and Elizabeth's basic personalities.

Question 4

The idea that all psychological events have an underlying cause is better known as

A)common sense.
B)experimental psychology.
C)popular psychology.
D)psychic determinism.

Question 5

The Freudian idea of "psychic determinism" implies that

A)all psychological events have an underlying cause.
B)childhood experiences determine adult adjustment.
C)no action is ever meaningless.
D)unconscious desires and urges drive human behaviour.

Question 6

The important study of twins conducted at the University of Minnesota has found that many personality traits are influenced by genetic factors. These findings have been repeatedly confirmed by examining twin samples from intact families. This is an important reminder of the critical-thinking concept of

A)ruling out rival hypotheses.
B)extraordinary claims.
C)falsifiability.
D)replicability.

Question 7

Some authors relate Freud's personality structure to an iceberg, saying that the ________ is completely submerged in our unconscious.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)defence mechanisms

Question 8

According to the authors, ________ is one of the most influential personality theorists in all of psychology.

A)Gordon Allport
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Abraham Maslow
D)B) F. Skinner

Question 9

Psychologists believe that personality is largely the result of

A)genetics.
B)multiple factors.
C)parental and peer influences.
D)responses to life stressors.

Question 10

Which theory of personality is most concerned with understanding people's unconscious motivations?

A)Behavioural
B)Humanism
C)Psychoanalytic
D)Trait

Question 11

Jamie has a very bad temper. He is notorious for lashing out at his friends when he doesn't get his way. What is dominating Jamie's actions?

A)Ego
B)Id
C)Superego
D)Libido

Question 12

Which of the following represents the best summary of the relationship between one's environment and the development of their personality traits?

A)Shared environment plays little or no role in adult personality.
B)Personality is almost entirely genetic, despite the fact that many would prefer to believe otherwise.
C)Nonshared environmental factors are exclusively responsible for personality differences between family members.
D)Shared environment plays a strong role in adult personality, but only in siblings who were raised in different homes.

Question 13

Miranda is a psychoanalytic theorist who uses this perspective to guide her therapeutic treatment of psychological disorders. As a result, she is most likely to improve her understanding of their

A)unconscious motivations.
B)desire for personal growth.
C)patterns of thinking and behaving.
D)different personality traits.

Question 14

The id is motivated by the desire for

A)free will.
B)immediate gratification.
C)moral perfection.
D)social acceptability.

Question 15

Growing up, Eric was always favoured by his parents more than his sister. If this unequal treatment leads to differences in the children's personalities, it would be an example of a(n)

A)epigenetic influence.
B)genetic influence.
C)nonshared environmental factor.
D)shared environmental factor.

Question 16

A person's ________ is their typical way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

A)temperament
B)personality
C)attribution
D)psyche

Question 17

Dr Longbottom is researching personality traits in pairs of identical twins. He believes that genetics play a large role in personality development. Which of the following traits is LEAST likely to support his position?

A)Anxiousness
B)Traditionalism
C)Impulse control
D)Achievement orientation

Question 18

Which of the following represents a shared environmental influence?

A)Todd and Vie both receive $5 for each "A" they earn on their report cards.
B)Taryn has chores to do around the house.
C)June goes to ballet, while Mitch is at football.
D)Eli gets to go to sleepaway camp while Jonah gets to stay home for camp.

Question 19

An examination of a single person's unique characteristics is at the heart of the ________ approach to studying personality.

Question 20

Your friend Kate is a new mum. She is constantly worried that she is going to ruin her child by doing or saying the wrong thing. What advice might you give her?

A)Most of her parenting will have minimal impact on her child's adult personality.
B)Although she can afford to make a few mistakes, if she isn't careful her child may have lifelong problems.
C)Often children's personalities are shaped initially by genetics, but environmental influences take over in adolescence, so she has plenty of time.
D)As long as her child has enough shared environmental influences with his siblings, the child will be fine.

Question 21

Whenever Olivia feels bad about an exam performance, she visits the professor and breaks down into tears. As the professor attempts to console her, she is reminded of her childhood. Sigmund Freud would say that Olivia is using ________ to alleviate her anxieties about her academic abilities.

A)displacement
B)projection
C)sublimation
D)regression

Question 22

Hiram just finished the most difficult statistics exam he has ever taken. When asked the next day by his mother how the exam went, Hiram tells her that he cannot remember a single thing from the previous two days. This experience is most similar to which Freudian defence mechanism?

A)Denial
B)Displacement
C)Projection
D)Repression

Question 23

In the metaphor of the angel, the devil, and me, the angel is the ________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)unconscious

Question 24

Justin is working on his psychology assignment for class when he gets a phone call inviting him to a party. His decision to finish the assignment before going to the party reflects the functioning of the ________.

A)conscious
B)superego
C)id
D)ego

Question 25

What personality structure(s)has/have the responsibility of keeping the id's impulsive and destructive actions in check?

A)The actual self and the ideal self
B)The ego
C)The ego and the superego
D)The archetype

Question 26

Defence mechanisms, according to Sigmund Freud, are unconscious attempts to reduce our feelings of ________ and are used in such a manner by the ________.

Question 27

Research into the memories of animals such as mice and rats suggests that they experience infantile amnesia. A psychoanalytic theorist might suggest that this is because these animals have repressed the memories of traumatic events, but the critical-thinking principle of ________ suggests that this is rather implausible assertion.

A)Occam's Razor
B)replicability
C)extraordinary claims
D)correlation versus causation

Question 28

Concerned with his own academic flaws and weaknesses, Preston often aggressively lashes out at his instructors via his evaluations of their teaching ability on instructor rating websites and during class teaching evaluations. This is an example of which Freudian defence mechanism?

A)Displacement
B)Intellectualisation
C)Projection
D)Reaction formation

Question 29

According to Freud, the motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences is known as ________.

A)amnesia
B)regression
C)archetyping
D)repression

Question 30

The Freudian defence mechanism of ________ involves returning psychologically to a younger and safer age.

A)denial
B)repression
C)displacement
D)regression

Question 31

As you are preparing for your biology exam, you notice two of your classmates in the library. After going to talk with them, you discover they are planning to use a cheat sheet during tomorrow's exam. What part of your personality would cause you to feel ashamed or guilty if you also cheated on the exam?

A)The actual self
B)The ego
C)The id
D)The superego

Question 32

Which of the following is one of the three components of the Freudian personality structure?

A)Alter ego
B)Archetype
C)Collective unconscious
D)Superego

Question 33

According to Freud, the ego is the ________.

A)moral component
B)decision maker
C)primitive instinct
D)collective unconscious

Question 34

According to Freud, defence mechanisms are unconscious attempts to minimise feelings of ________.

A)denial
B)anxiety
C)repression
D)regression

Question 35

According to Freud, the ________ is the part of one's personality that enables us to feel guilt and shame when we fail to live up to our internal standards of appropriate behaviour.

Question 36

The ________ seeks to find a resolution between the competing demands of the ________.

A)ego; id and superego
B)id; ego and superego
C)superego; alter ego and ego
D)superego; id and ego

Question 37

For Freud, the moral guardian of personality is the ________.

A)id
B)superego
C)ego
D)libido

Question 38

Which motto would best fit the id?

A)"I can't do that because it is against the rules."
B)"I would like to do that, but it can wait for later."
C)"If it feels good, then do it."
D)"If she did it, I can, too."

Question 39

The ________ could be described as similar to a judgemental parent looking down on the ________.

A)ego; superego
B)ego; id
C)superego; ego
D)superego; id

Question 40

According to the authors, ________ is the most critical defence mechanism in psychoanalytic theory.

A)denial
B)displacement
C)projection
D)repression

Question 41

Conflicts over toilet training, and other attempts by a two-year-old to exert control over his or her environment, are most evident during the ________ stage of psychosexual development.

A)anal
B)latency
C)oral
D)phallic

Question 42

Rationalisation involves

A)motivated forgetting of distressing experiences.
B)unconscious attribution of our negative qualities onto others.
C)providing reasonable-sounding explanations for unreasonable behaviours or failures.
D)transforming an anxiety-producing experience into its opposite.

Question 43

Oscar redirects his aggressive urges to beat up and dominate others into a lucrative career as a professional boxer. This is an example of what Freudian defence mechanism?

A)Displacement
B)Projection
C)Rationalisation
D)Sublimation

Question 44

Clyde is a 30-month-old toddler who is in the middle of potty training. According to Freud, Clyde is in the ________ stage of development.

Question 45

In one of Aesop's fables, a fox is unable to obtain some grapes that he truly wishes to have. However, after failing to obtain them, he downplays their importance. This behaviour is most consistent with the defence mechanism of ________.

A)displacement
B)intellectualisation
C)rationalisation
D)sublimation

Question 46

The main conflict of the anal stage comes from ________.

A)the Oedipal complex
B)toilet training
C)sexual repression
D)weaning off the breast or bottle

Question 47

The Freudian defence mechanism of ________ involves the motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences.

Question 48

You notice your classmate Hannah chewing on her pencil as she takes her psychology final. Which psychosexual stage may not have been resolved?

A)Genital
B)Phallic
C)Oral
D)Anal

Question 49

Shyanne is a toll-booth operator. At least once every hour, she typically has an encounter with a motorist who berates and belittles her because they are upset about traffic, they don't have enough change, or they are just unhappy that day. As a result, when she gets home Shyanne often yells at her roommates and slams cabinet doors closed when she can't find what she wants. She is displaying classic symptoms of

A)displacement.
B)projection.
C)regression.
D)sublimation.

Question 50

A newborn baby is in what stage of psychosexual development?

A)Anal stage
B)Latency stage
C)Oral stage
D)Phallic stage

Question 51

According to Freud, habits such as smoking or overeating could result from a fixation in the ________ stage.

A)oral
B)anal
C)genital
D)phallic

Question 52

Stewie has developed strong feelings for his mother and views his father as a rival for her attention. However, he is afraid that his father will find out and interfere with these plans. Stewie is clearly immersed in the ________ stage.

A)anal
B)genital
C)oral
D)phallic

Question 53

Categorise the similarities and differences between the psychoanalytic, behavioural, and humanistic perspectives on personality.

Question 54

The Oedipus (or Electra)complex is most likely experienced in the ________ stage.

A)genital
B)oral
C)phallic
D)anal

Question 55

Jayne is a 26-month-old toddler. She is most likely in the ________ stage.

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 56

Ethan and Eva are fraternal twins who were born about two months ago. According to Freud's theory of personality development, they will experience the Oedipus and Electra complex respectively during the ________ stage.

Question 57

After a day when all of his students complained about the way he graded their assignments, his boss doubled his workload, and he got a speeding ticket on his way home, Nick yelled at his wife for leaving her toothbrush on the bathroom counter. This is an example of ________.

A)displacement
B)projection
C)regression
D)sublimation

Question 58

Emilio had an important presentation at work that did not go well. As a result, he spent nearly two and a half hours getting scolded and reprimanded by his immediate boss and the company owner. After getting home, he yelled at his children to "clean up this mess" after they left a couple of toys in the living room. Emilio has engaged the defence mechanism of ________ to attempt to relieve his stress and anxiety.

Question 59

Eila is a 16-year-old girl. Her mum just got remarried to Brett, a strikingly handsome and very kind man. Recently, Eila has begun to taunt Brett about his physique and even tells her mum that she can't stand him. What defence mechanism is she exhibiting?

A)Rationalisation
B)Regression
C)Reaction-formation
D)Projection

Question 60

Which order is correct for Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

A)Oral, phallic, genital, latency, anal
B)Anal, oral, genital, latency, phallic
C)Genital, anal, oral, phallic, latency
D)Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 61

The neo-Freudian, Carl Jung, suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people, called ________.

A)schemas
B)archetypes
C)prototypes
D)instincts

Question 62

Noah, the backup ruckman on the football team, never stops talking about how great he is. He insists that if the coach would only give him a chance, he would show everyone that he is the best. What might Noah be exhibiting?

A)Inferiority complex
B)Style of life
C)An archetype
D)Superiority complex

Question 63

According to Freud, mature romantic relationships are only possible when an individual has attained the ________ stage of psychosexual development.

A)anal
B)genital
C)oral
D)phallic

Question 64

Contrast Freud's theory of personality with that of the humanists' theory of personality.

Question 65

Compare and contrast the views of Sigmund Freud with those of B.F. Skinner as they apply to a discussion of personality development.

Question 66

A common criticism of Adler's, Freud's, and Jung's theories of personality development is that

A)they place too much importance on adolescence and not enough on early childhood experiences.
B)they overestimate the importance of the conscious mind in personality development.
C)they are filled with untestable claims.
D)they underestimate the human capacity for engaging in selfish and destructive actions.

Question 67

Adler suggested that the principal motive in human personality is ________.

A)sex
B)striving for superiority
C)aggression
D)self-actualisation

Question 68

Which neo-Freudian emphasised the importance of the collective unconscious in personality development?

A)Adler
B)Fromm
C)Horney
D)Jung

Question 69

Alfred Adler was most interested in understanding how the ________ complex led to differences in psychological adjustment for psychologically healthy individuals versus those who developed a mental illness.

Question 70

Most of the neo-Freudians agreed with Freud's ideas on

A)our inborn, basic destructive impulses.
B)the importance of later adult experiences influencing personality development.
C)the important roles of sexuality and aggression in personality development.
D)the unconscious influences on behaviour.

Question 71

Which neo-Freudian introduced the concept of the inferiority complex into discussions of psychological adjustment?

A)Adler
B)Fromm
C)Horney
D)Jung

Question 72

A major issue that many people have with Freud's theory is

A)that our awareness of the causes for our behaviours is quite good.
B)he overemphasised the importance of the conscious mind.
C)the generalisation of his ideas from an unrepresentative sample.
D)he underemphasised the importance of shared environmental influences in personality development.

Question 73

Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the ________.

A)collective
B)animus
C)anima
D)preconscious

Question 74

A common criticism of many psychoanalytic perspectives on personality development is that they have ________.

Question 75

When reviewing Freud's theory of personality development, a critical thinker would be most concerned about the

A)mixture of correlation with causation.
B)lack of falsifiable hypotheses for key aspects.
C)lack of extraordinary evidence for extraordinary claims.
D)high level of support for many key aspects.

Question 76

Compared to Freud himself, the neo-Freudians placed more importance on ________ and less on ________.

A)sexuality; social drives
B)the unconscious; personality
C)social drives; the unconscious
D)social drives; sexuality

Question 77

In contrast to Freud's theory, the neo-Freudians placed more importance on the role of ________ in achieving healthy personality development.

Question 78

Sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious during the ________ stage.

A)genital
B)latency
C)phallic
D)anal

Question 79

Freud placed much more emphasis on ________ than did either Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, or Carl Jung.

A)the unconscious
B)sexuality
C)anxiety
D)childhood

Question 80

Jung's theory suggests that the ________ is a collection of latent memories from people's ancestral past.

A)conscious
B)collective unconscious
C)personal unconscious
D)locus of control