Deck 13: Life Cycle Nutrition: Mother and Infant

Question 1

The FDA and EPA advise pregnant women to limit seafood consumption to 3 ounces a week of a variety of safer fish and shellfish such as canned light tuna, salmon, and shrimp.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

A low-birthweight baby is defined as one who weighs less than 5 ¹/₂ pounds.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Young children should be allowed to explore and enjoy food by eating with their fingers at first.
Controversy 13 True/False Items

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Which of the following is the single most potent indicator of an infant's future health status?

A) mother's prepregnancy weight
B) mother's weight gain during pregnancy
C) infant's birthweight
D) mother's prepregnancy nutrition status

Question 5

An infant's basal metabolic rate is only half that of an adult, based on body weight.

Question 6

During pregnancy, the recommended carbohydrate intake is less than 175 grams per day.

Question 7

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to brain damage, growth restriction, and lifelong mental retardation in children of those mothers who drink.

Question 8

A low-birthweight baby is nearly 40 times more likely to die in the first year of life than is a normal-weight baby.

Question 9

The weight that pregnant women put on is nearly all fat tissue.

Question 10

By adolescence, fatty streaks have formed in most children's coronary arteries.

Question 11

The DRI recommendation for calcium intake is higher for pregnant than non-pregnant women in the same age group.

Question 12

Physical activity during pregnancy can improve fitness, facilitate labor, and reduce psychological stress.

Question 13

All pregnant women should be assessed for glucose tolerance during one of their prenatal examinations.

Question 14

Alcohol crosses the placenta and is directly toxic to the fetus.

Question 15

A sudden, large weight gain during pregnancy is always a danger signal.

Question 16

For normal-weight women, the ideal pattern of weight gain during the first trimester is one pound per week.

Question 17

An initial goal for management of overweight and obesity in children is to encourage moderate weight loss.

Question 18

The two weeks following fertilization are considered to be a critical period developmentally for the zygote.

Question 19

Folate fortification has lowered the number of neural tube defects that occur each year.

Question 20

The composition of breast milk changes from early milk for the newborn to later milk to feed the older infant.

Question 21

A pregnant woman should strive to meet her DRI for _____ by increasing intakes of milk, cheese, yogurt, and other foods rich in this mineral, or by taking a 600 mg supplement daily.

A) sodium
B) calcium
C) iodine
D) potassium

Question 22

All pregnant women need generous amounts of _____ to spare their protein and to provide energy.

A) carbohydrate
B) fat
C) protein
D) calories

Question 23

During the second trimester of pregnancy, a daily increase of _____ calories above the allowance for nonpregnant women is recommended.

A) 2235
B) 340
C) 450
D) 530

Question 24

To obtain the folate that can reduce the risk of neural tube defects, a woman who is capable of becoming pregnant should:

A) eat folate-fortified foods.
B) take a daily supplement containing 800 micrograms of folic acid.
C) eat folate-rich foods.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 25

Which of the following determines whether the mother is able to grow a healthy placenta?

A) the mother's prepregnancy nutrition
B) the mother's prepregnancy weight
C) whether or not the mother receives vitamin supplementation
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 26

Fortified food sources of folate include all of the following except:

A) pasta.
B) bread.
C) bagels.
D) orange juice.

Question 27

At eight weeks of development, the fetus is characterized by:

A) a beating heart.
B) fully formed facial features.
C) a fully formed digestive system.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 28

Malnutrition in the mother early in pregnancy affects the baby's:

A) heart.
B) brain.
C) lungs.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 29

The pregnant woman's greater need for folate is due to:

A) the great increase in her blood volume.
B) the increase in protein needs.
C) the rapid growth of the fetus.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 30

Which of the following is the major factor in low birthweight?

A) heredity
B) smoking
C) drug use during pregnancy
D) poor nutrition

Question 31

The stage of human gestation from eight weeks after conception until birth of an infant is called a(an):

A) embryo.
B) zygote.
C) fetus.
D) ovum.

Question 32

A pregnancy weight gain of _____ pounds is recommended for women who are at their appropriate weights.

A) 13
B) 15-25
C) 25-35
D) 28-40

Question 33

Which of the following nutrients is related to the prevention of neural tube defects?

A) vitamin B₆
B) vitamin B₁₂
C) folate
D) zinc

Question 34

A pregnant woman needs about _____ grams of protein per day above prepregnancy needs.

A) 25
B) 30
C) 35
D) 40

Question 35

All of the following statements are true concerning the placenta except:

A) it is an active metabolic organ with many responsibilities.
B) it allows for the exchange of materials between baby and mother.
C) the fetus receives nutrients and carbon dioxide across the placenta.
D) the mother's blood picks up the baby's waste materials through the placenta and they are excreted.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true concerning iron during pregnancy?

A) The body conserves iron even more than usual.
B) Absorption of iron decreases.
C) Iron supplements are needed.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 37

Which of the following is among the minerals that are in great demand during pregnancy because they are involved in building the skeleton?

A) phosphorus
B) magnesium
C) zinc
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 38

The ideal pattern of weight gain for a healthy-weight woman is thought to be about _____ pounds total during the first three months of pregnancy.

A) 2
B) 3 ¹/₂
C) 4
D) 4 ¹/₂

Question 39

Which of the following does not contain vitamin B₁₂?

A) meat
B) legumes
C) eggs
D) dairy products

Question 40

All of the following are recommended for vegetarian women who are pregnant except:

A) legumes.
B) tofu.
C) whole grains.
D) protein supplements.

Question 41

Risk factors for gestational diabetes include all of the following except:

A) low BMI before pregnancy.
B) older age during pregnancy.
C) excessive weight gain during pregnancy.
D) family history of diabetes.

Question 42

Which of the following should be avoided during pregnancy?

A) alcohol
B) dieting
C) caffeine consumption
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 43

A woman who craves nonnutritious substances during pregnancy:

A) may do so for cultural reasons.
B) is experiencing pica.
C) is experiencing an adaptive behavior.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 44

Which of the following is not one of the key elements to help identify women with preeclampsia?

A) edema
B) hypertension
C) convulsions
D) protein in the urine

Question 45

If the water supply is severely deficient in _____, both breastfed and formula-fed infants require supplementation after six months of age.

A) vitamin C
B) zinc
C) fluoride
D) iron

Question 46

The effect of maternal nutritional deprivation during lactation is to:

A) reduce the quality of milk.
B) reduce the quantity of milk.
C) make breastfeeding impossible.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 47

The addition of foods to a baby's diet should be governed by all of the following considerations except:

A) the baby's nutrient needs.
B) how often the baby cries.
C) the baby's physical readiness to handle different forms of foods.
D) the need to detect and control allergic reactions.
Application-Level Multiple-Choice Items

Question 48

Alcohol consumption by women during pregnancy can result in all of the following except:

A) low infant birthweight.
B) an increase in stillbirths.
C) blindness in infants.
D) organ damage.

Question 49

It is desirable to begin feeding the infant iron-fortified cereals by about _____ months.

A) three
B) six
C) nine
D) twelve

Question 50

Exclusively breastfed babies need supplements of _____, but formula-fed babies do not.

A) calcium
B) fluoride
C) vitamin D
D) iron

Question 51

Characteristics of breast milk include that:

A) its sodium content is low.
B) its protein is largely alpha-lactalbumin.
C) its vitamin C content is low.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 52

Kathy has given birth to a small, low-birthweight infant. Which of the following most likely made the greatest contribution to this situation?

A) smoking
B) drug use during pregnancy
C) heredity
D) poor nutrition

Question 53

To prevent heartburn during pregnancy you would recommend:

A) eating less frequently.
B) relaxing and eating slowly.
C) avoiding greasy and spicy foods.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 54

Women who have uncontrolled high blood glucose levels during pregnancy may experience complications such as:

A) development of hypoglycemia later in life.
B) preterm labor.
C) low infant birthweight.
D) development of preeclampsia.

Question 55

The nausea of morning sickness:

A) arises from hormonal changes of early pregnancy.
B) can be avoided.
C) can often be alleviated.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 56

Prenatal exposure to alcohol can result in which of the following fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in children?

A) fetal alcohol syndrome, when the woman drinks only in the last 2 weeks of pregnancy
B) mood disorders and problem behaviors diagnosed in preschool years
C) mental retardation that can be reversed as the child grows older
D) difficulty in walking without assistance

Question 57

A nursing mother produces about _____ ounces of milk a day.

A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25

Question 58

Which of the following is characteristic of colostrum?

A) It contains antibodies from the mother's blood.
B) It contains white cells from the mother's blood.
C) It may transmit a bacterial infection to the infant if the mother has one.
D) a and c
E) a and b

Question 59

A pregnant teenager with a body mass index in the normal range is encouraged to gain _____ pounds or so.

A) 13
B) 20
C) 35
D) 42

Question 60

Constipation during pregnancy should be relieved by:

A) a high-fiber diet.
B) plentiful water intake.
C) the use of laxatives.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 61

A nonpregnant woman requires 46 grams of protein per day. How many grams per day would she need if she became pregnant?

A) 71
B) 94
C) 156
D) 215

Question 62

What effect does malnutrition during critical times of development in pregnancy have on the fetus?

A) Impairment of the development of an organ is irreversible.
B) If the heart is impaired in early development it can be reversed with good nutrition.
C) It is not a problem if the fetus has gained enough weight earlier.
D) Teeth will develop after the baby is born.

Question 63

A woman has gained 30 pounds in her first two months of pregnancy and has been diagnosed with gestational diabetes. What should she know about her health risks from this condition?

A) She is at risk of having a low-birthweight baby.
B) This condition is permanent and must be monitored frequently.
C) She should stop eating all carbohydrates to lower her blood glucose.
D) This condition usually goes away after the baby is born.

Question 64

Which woman is at risk of not developing a healthy placenta?

A) a woman who is 30 pounds overweight
B) a woman with anorexia nervosa who is restricting her food intake
C) a woman eating a balanced vegetarian diet
D) an underweight woman who has increased her food intake to gain weight

Question 65

If a woman develops preeclampsia during her pregnancy, what should her doctor tell her?

A) Preeclampsia causes fluid retention around the ankles.
B) She will need to shorten her exercise routine to decrease fluid retention.
C) Her symptoms will likely disappear within a few days after delivery.
D) This condition is chronic and must be monitored frequently.

Question 66

A woman who is breastfeeding is not able to eat enough food for two weeks because of a lack of money. What effect will it have on her breast milk?

A) The quantity of milk will decrease but it will still be nutritionally adequate.
B) She will stop making breast milk until she gets adequate food again.
C) There will not be any effect because the body will continue to produce enough.
D) The breast milk will be too concentrated in nutrients for the baby.

Question 67

A woman who has just become pregnant is used to drinking 2 pots of coffee a day. What adjustments should she make in her caffeine consumption?

A) drink diet colas instead of coffee
B) none-studies have shown that caffeine intake is safe during pregnancy
C) limit coffee consumption to 2 cups a day
D) eliminate tea and cola intake because they increase risk of fetal death

Question 68

Beverly consumed 1500 calories daily before she became pregnant. Approximately how many calories per day should she consume during lactation?

A) 1830
B) 1950
C) 2125
D) 2250

Question 69

The development of fetal alcohol syndrome in infants is related to alcohol intake by a woman during her pregnancy. How does this syndrome affect the infant?

A) The most severe impact happens during the first two months of pregnancy.
B) Damage to the fetus can be reversed if alcohol intake stops during pregnancy.
C) Children will grow out of the symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome as they get older.
D) This type of birth defect is very rare so it doesn't affect very many children.

Question 70

Nancy weighs 124 pounds and is at an appropriate weight for her height. How much should Nancy weigh at the end of her pregnancy?

A) 134 to 139 pounds
B) 140 to 149 pounds
C) 149 to 159 pounds
D) 152 to 164 pounds

Question 71

Cindy experienced malnutrition late in her pregnancy. Which of the following organs of the infant will most likely be affected?

A) lungs
B) heart
C) stomach
D) brain

Question 72

What should a woman who drinks a daily glass of wine with her dinner consider when she becomes pregnant?

A) One glass of red wine a day is beneficial for heart health so this practice should be continued.
B) Alcohol can help restore her appetite if she is nauseated during pregnancy.
C) Even a small amount of alcohol during a critical growth period can be damaging.
D) Alcohol can help in the transport of oxygen through the umbilical cord.

Question 73

Susie is a pregnant vegetarian who does not consume meat, fish, poultry, or animal products such as dairy foods or eggs. Susie would be at risk for developing a deficiency of:

A) vitamin C.
B) folate.
C) magnesium.
D) vitamin B₁₂.

Question 74

A 17-year-old girl still in high school has just become pregnant. What advice should she be given about her nutrient intake during pregnancy?

A) She needs to control her calorie intake so she doesn't gain very much weight.
B) She needs to take a prenatal vitamin supplement to be certain she is getting enough folate.
C) She should reduce her exercise level because it will burn too many calories.
D) She should take herbal products instead of nausea medicines for morning sickness.

Question 75

A nonpregnant woman requires 1600 calories per day to maintain her desirable body weight. How many calories per day would she need if she were in the third trimester of pregnancy?

A) 1900
B) 1940
C) 2050
D) 2125

Question 76

You are counseling a pregnant woman who is experiencing "morning sickness." To alleviate this condition you tell her to:

A) sip juice or coffee when nauseated.
B) nibble on soda crackers or dry toast.
C) try drinking beverages between meals only.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 77

An obese woman is trying to get pregnant with her first baby. What recommendation would you give her?

A) Do not gain any weight during your pregnancy.
B) Try to lose weight during your pregnancy.
C) Avoid getting pregnant if at all possible.
D) Try to achieve a healthy pre-pregnancy weight first.

Question 78

An advantage for the mother of breastfeeding her infant would be:

A) eating however much food she wants because she will lose weight quickly.
B) conserving her iron stores for several months.
C) being able to sleep through the night without interruption.
D) not needing to introduce any other foods to the infant for the first two months.

Question 79

What are the risks of hypertension during pregnancy?

A) Blood pressure will remain high with gestational hypertension even after delivery.
B) Chronic hypertension is accompanied by protein in the urine.
C) Gestational hypertension increases the likelihood of high infant birthweight.
D) Both chronic and gestational hypertension increase the chance of heart attack and stroke.

Question 80

Should all pregnant women take prenatal supplements of vitamins and minerals?

A) no, because they can lead to toxic levels of stored vitamins in some women
B) yes, because they will provide the additional energy needed during pregnancy
C) no, because they may get stomach upset and not be able to eat their foods
D) yes, because they contain the increased nutrient amounts needed during pregnancy