Deck 9: Energy Balance and Healthy Body Weight

Question 1

Waist circumference reflects the degree of _____ in proportion to body fatness.

A) visceral fatness
B) gynoid obesity
C) subcutaneous fat
D) total body fatness

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A body mass index of 25.0 to 29.9 in an adult indicates:

A) normal weight.
B) overweight.
C) underweight.
D) obesity.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The set-point theory states that the body's regulatory controls will maintain body weight over time and resist efforts to lose weight by dieting.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Women in their reproductive years are likely to carry more intraabdominal fat than are women past menopause.

Question 5

Excess fat _____ represents a greater risk to health than excess fat elsewhere on the body.

A) under the skin around the hips
B) deep within the abdomen
C) deep within the shoulders
D) under the skin of the chest

Question 6

The DRI Committee recommends at least 130 grams of carbohydrate a day.

Question 7

Excess body fatness is associated with an increased risk of:

A) some cancers.
B) gallbladder disease.
C) diverticular disease.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 8

Leptin is a hormone produced by the body to stimulate the appetite and encourage eating.

Question 9

All of the following are risks from being underweight except:

A) earlier death during a famine or siege.
B) higher risk of developing heart disease.
C) greater risk of starvation when suffering from cancer.
D) higher risk of death following surgery.

Question 10

Eating certain foods can elevate the basal metabolic rate, and thus promote weight loss.

Question 11

Physical activity must be long and arduous to achieve fat loss.

Question 12

Society plays a role in eating disorders because the associated behaviors are almost unknown in cultures where self-worth is unrelated to body leanness.

Question 13

No single body composition or weight suits everyone; needs vary by gender, lifestyle, and stage of life.

Question 14

Bulimia is more prevalent than anorexia nervosa and is more common in women than men.

Question 15

The BMI is very valuable in helping athletes determine their health risks.

Question 16

For someone with at least one obese parent, the chance of becoming obese is estimated to be between 30 and 70 percent.

Question 17

Waist circumference indicates visceral fatness, and above a certain girth, disease risks rise.

Question 18

Taller people need proportionately more energy than shorter people to balance their energy budgets.

Question 19

High-protein, low-carbohydrate diets have been shown to be much more effective than other plans in promoting successful weight loss.
Controversy 9 True/False Items

Question 20

Which of the following is not a result of obesity?

A) a tripled risk for diabetes
B) a doubled risk for osteoporosis
C) up to half of hypertension cases
D) a shift in adipokine balance

Question 21

Which of the following statements about basal metabolism is true?

A) It supports the work that goes on all the time.
B) It is directly controlled by the hormone thyroxine.
C) It accounts for the smallest component of the average person's daily energy expenditure.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 22

The psychological desire to eat is referred to as:

A) satiety.
B) appetite.
C) hunger.
D) obesity.

Question 23

A woman of normal weight may have, on the average, _____ percent of her body weight as fat.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 24

Hunger makes itself known roughly _____ hours after eating.

A) 1-2
B) 2-3
C) 3-5
D) 4-6

Question 25

All of the following are involved in signaling satiation except:

A) the stomach.
B) the small intestine.
C) the brain's hypothalamus.
D) the heart.

Question 26

Body mass index is unsuitable for use with:

A) adolescents.
B) athletes.
C) pregnant women.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 27

Which of the following is based on weight and height and used in clinical settings to assess weight status?

A) BMI
B) fatfold test
C) bioelectrical impedance
D) dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

Question 28

Energy nutrients can be stored in the body as:

A) glycogen.
B) water.
C) fat.
D) a and c
E) a and b

Question 29

_____ tissue is particularly abundant in enzymes that engage in thermogenesis but don't accomplish any other work.

A) Lean
B) Skeletal muscle
C) Excess adipose
D) Brown adipose

Question 30

About _____ percent of a meal's energy value is used up in stepped-up metabolism in the five or so hours following that meal.

A) 1-5
B) 5-10
C) 10-15
D) 15-20

Question 31

One "outside of the body" factor that contributes to obesity is:

A) the "built environment," which can discourage physical activity.
B) eating automatically in response to hunger cues.
C) spontaneous fidgeting activity.
D) a lack of food availability.

Question 32

In early food deprivation, the nervous system cannot use _____ as fuel.

A) fat
B) glucose
C) protein
D) carbohydrate

Question 33

Quick, large changes in weight are most likely the result of all of the following except:

A) changes in fat stores.
B) changes in body fluid content.
C) changes in electrolytes and fluid balance.
D) changes in lean tissues such as muscles.

Question 34

Which of the following types of foods sustain satiety longer than other foods?

A) high in fiber
B) high in protein
C) high in sugar
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 35

A rule of thumb that has been used in the past but does not apply equally to everyone is that one pound of body fat is equal to _____ calories.

A) 2500
B) 3000
C) 3500
D) 4000

Question 36

A healthy person starting with average body fat can live totally deprived of food for as long as six to eight weeks due to:

A) acidosis.
B) thermogenesis.
C) metabolism.
D) ketosis.

Question 37

What is a food desert?

A) an urban area where people live with no access to any foods for purchase
B) an area where no fast-food restaurants are available for quick and easy meals
C) a rural area where only local supermarkets are available
D) an area where only convenience stores and fast-food restaurants sell food

Question 38

All of the following factors are associated with a higher basal metabolic rate except:

A) stress.
B) starvation.
C) fever.
D) youth.

Question 39

Older people generally need less energy than younger people due to:

A) slowed basal metabolic rate.
B) declines in lean body mass.
C) decreases in height.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 40

The hormone produced by adipose tissue in response to a gain in body fatness that helps to control obesity is:

A) endorphin.
B) ghrelin.
C) leptin.
D) insulin.

Question 41

A very-low-carbohydrate diet may be accompanied by:

A) substantial fat loss.
B) ketosis.
C) increased appetite, initially.
D) slow weight loss.

Question 42

John's energy needs are 1930 calories/day, he weighs 200 lb., and he is 5'9" tall. What would be an appropriate daily calorie intake to promote safe and steady weight loss for him?

A) 1000-1200 calories
B) 1800-1900 calories
C) 930-1430 calories
D) 1430-1630 calories

Question 43

A woman who is a varsity soccer player has a BMI of 32, a waist circumference of 32, and 30 percent body fat. What would you say about her body composition?

A) she is obese and at risk for developing chronic diseases
B) she has a high level of visceral fat accumulation
C) her performance will be affected by her body fat accumulation
D) she is within recommendations for waist circumference and percent body fat

Question 44

Physical activity:

A) results in easier weight loss than calorie restriction.
B) improves chances for weight-loss success.
C) doubles energy expenditure in nonathletes.
D) a and b
E) b and c
Application-Level Multiple-Choice Items

Question 45

Complications immediately following obesity surgery often include all of the following except:

A) dehydration.
B) infection.
C) high blood pressure.
D) nausea.

Question 46

When estimating the BMR for an individual it is important to consider which of the following factors that will affect the rate?

A) the number of hours the person sleeps, because BMR increases during sleep
B) the amount of daily physical activity, because it increases BMR over time
C) the amount of muscle mass, because BMR decreases with additional muscle tissue
D) the age-related increase in BMR as people get older

Question 47

Your weight is currently stable. You have chosen to give up your daily 215-calorie mocha latte coffee. About how much weight can you expect to lose over 5 years if nothing else changes?

A) 5 pounds
B) 21 pounds
C) 14 pounds
D) 50 pounds

Question 48

The thermic effect of foods eaten can contribute to total energy expended in a day because:

A) certain foods and herbs can intensify the increase in BMR when eaten with a meal.
B) the energy expended metabolizing food can represent 40% of the daily energy used.
C) it is much more efficient than the energy burned in physical activity.
D) metabolism is stepped up for several hours after a meal in the metabolic response to food.

Question 49

One of the major benefits of physical activity for weight management is:

A) an increase in appetite immediately after exercise.
B) an increase in lean muscle tissue, which burns more energy.
C) being able to eat high-calorie snacks.
D) significantly raising the BMR for several hours after exercise.

Question 50

Which of the following strategies would be appropriate for an obese individual with a BMI of 40 or above who is healthy?

A) an herbal supplement
B) surgery such as a gastric bypass
C) liposuction or lipectomy
D) an ephedrine-containing dietary supplement

Question 51

Paul is a 19-year-old athlete who is 6' tall and weighs 178 pounds; Rick is a 40-year-old salesman who weighs 165 pounds and is 5' 7" tall. Who would have the higher basal metabolic rate?

A) Rick
B) Paul

Question 52

Fad diets are successful in the short term because they:

A) alter the body's metabolism.
B) reduce satiety and hence appetite.
C) provide the best balance of energy nutrients for weight loss.
D) induce a calorie deficit.

Question 53

An eating pattern of foods high in _____ is associated with being overweight.

A) plant proteins
B) nonnutritive sweeteners
C) nutrient density
D) energy density

Question 54

The accumulation of excess visceral fat in the body may lead to health complications because:

A) the fat is more quickly mobilized and released into the bloodstream as HDL cholesterol.
B) it can lead to chronic inflammation, which has been linked to heart disease.
C) the fat accumulates in the upper chest area, which can interfere with lung function.
D) the fat distribution is resistant to physical exercise.

Question 55

The foods emphasized by high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets clearly raise the risk for:

A) osteoporosis.
B) kidney disease.
C) heart and artery disease.
D) cancer.

Question 56

A 55-year-old woman with a BMI of 31 and waist circumference of 37 whose father and grandfather died of heart disease is at _____ risk of developing heart disease.

A) low
B) increased
C) high
D) very high

Question 57

Which of the following is not a true statement?

A) Carbohydrate from food is especially easy for the body to store as fat.
B) Protein is used to build muscles in response to exercise.
C) Alcohol delivers calories and encourages fat storage.
D) Any food can make you fat if you eat enough of it.

Question 58

Successful weight maintainers:

A) exercise regularly.
B) avoid commercial weight-loss programs.
C) limit overall food energy.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 59

A person trying to gain weight should:

A) participate in strength training.
B) eat more frequently.
C) avoid aerobic activities.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 60

Mary has a waist circumference of 38 inches. Based on this information you conclude that:

A) she develops fat centrally.
B) she has a large amount of subcutaneous fat.
C) she is at an increased risk for disease.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 61

The major role that the hormone ghrelin plays in eating is to:

A) signal hunger when the stomach is empty.
B) signal appetite when receiving external stimuli.
C) signal satiation when the stomach is full.
D) signal satiety several hours after a meal.

Question 62

The best advice for planning a daily meal pattern for successful weight loss is to:

A) avoid any snacks.
B) eliminate breakfast.
C) eat regularly.
D) have one large meal each day.

Question 63

All of the following are recommendations for physical activity to maintain a healthy body weight except:

A) episodes of physical activity that are at least 10 minutes in duration count toward exercise goals.
B) only aerobic physical activities are beneficial for weight loss.
C) more than 250 minutes per week provides significant weight loss.
D) 150 minutes a week of at least moderate-intensity physical activity is needed for preventing weight gain.

Question 64

How has physical activity played a role in weight trends in the U.S. recently?

A) Physical activity has increased dramatically over the past several years because of concerns with overweight.
B) Outdoor work and play are the main contributors to leisure time activity in this country.
C) Sedentary activities have replaced outdoor play for many people.
D) Passive exercise with machines has helped people to lose weight without physical exertion.

Question 65

Recommendations for planning a diet for weight loss include the following:

A) restrict daily intake to 800 calories initially to start adequate weight loss.
B) eliminate as much fat as possible from the menu.
C) increase meat portions.
D) reduce calories as appropriate based on current BMI.

Question 66

A woman weighs 210 pounds and is 65 inches tall. Calculate her BMI.

A) 3.23
B) 28
C) 35
D) 57

Question 67

How could Mayor Pair change the built environment in his town to help promote the healthy weight status of its residents?

A) invite a fitness center chain to open a franchise within town limits
B) add bike lanes to busy roads
C) limit the height of new buildings
D) prevent homes and businesses from being built close together

Question 68

Johnnie's father is 5' 11" tall and weighs 165 pounds, while his mother weighs 164 pounds and is 5' 2" tall. Johnnie's chances of becoming obese are at least _____ percent.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 69

Which individual's activity had the highest calorie cost?

A) Sara, who weighs 145 lb and did step aerobics (0.062 cal/lb/min) for 35 minutes
B) Ben, who weighs 180 lb and walked on the treadmill (0.048 cal/lb/min) for 25 minutes
C) Mary, who weighs 120 lb and rode her bike (0.076 cal/lb/min) for 20 minutes
D) Andrew, who weighs 163 lb and swam (0.058 cal/lb/min) for 30 minutes

Question 70

An effective method for losing weight would be to:

A) choose your long-term goal, even though it may take several years to accomplish.
B) start with a very low calorie level to give you a quick weight loss initially.
C) keep records of your food intake and exercise to spot trends.
D) use a pre-designed menu plan that is in a popular diet book on the market.

Question 71

Which of the following foods has the greatest energy density?

A) french fries that weigh 50 grams and are 167 calories
B) baby carrots that weigh 72 grams and are 31 calories
C) vanilla ice cream that weighs 39 grams and is 155 calories
D) mushroom soup that weighs 65 grams and has 175 calories

Question 72

What would be the safest way for a person living in the inner city to get exercise?

A) ride a bike to work
B) walk to the nearest city park and back
C) take the stairs instead of the elevator in a high-rise office building
D) purchase several exercise DVDs to use at home

Question 73

When setting a target for weight loss, an appropriate goal would be:

A) rapid weight loss the first several weeks.
B) reduction of BMI by at least 5 points.
C) reduction of body weight by 5-10% over a year's time.
D) a large, long-term goal to work toward.

Question 74

You are weighing a team of football players and according to the BMI values they appear to be obese. Which of the following would you most likely conclude?

A) The majority of them are probably obese and should make efforts to lose weight.
B) Their muscle weight is probably responsible for the elevated scale weights.
C) Their bones may be well mineralized, which contributes to their weights.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 75

A woman who is trying to get pregnant has a BMI of 17 and a 10 percent body fat value. What factors should she consider concerning her body composition?

A) Her pregnancy outcome may be compromised by her too-low body fat.
B) She needs to increase her body fat percentage to 40 for pregnancy.
C) Her body composition is fine because she will gain weight during pregnancy.
D) She needs to reduce her body fat in preparation for pregnancy.

Question 76

If a person uses fasting to lose weight, how will his or her body react?

A) increase its basal metabolism to burn energy
B) break down fat into ketone bodies to provide fuel
C) become internally cleansed
D) conserve its minerals by restricting their excretion

Question 77

You go to the movie theater after eating dinner and smell the popcorn in the concession stand. Although you are full, you start salivating and your stomach grumbles, so you buy a bag to eat during the show. This is an example of what signal for eating?

A) hunger
B) appetite
C) satiation
D) satiety

Question 78

You decide to skip lunch for several weeks to lose weight and fit into a favorite outfit for a special occasion. Which of the following will probably be the greatest obstacle to the success of this plan?

A) hunger
B) appetite
C) satiation
D) satiety

Question 79

Susie has been overweight for many years. She tends to eat when she is not really hungry and eats more food when she is angry or depressed. Which of the following could explain Susie's problem of overweight?

A) enzyme deficiencies
B) thermogenesis
C) external cues
D) fat cell numbers

Question 80

The best way to use physical activity to assist with weight control is to:

A) begin a high-intensity exercise program to "jump-start" energy expenditure.
B) work on strength-building activities with short duration and many repetitions.
C) walk for 30 minutes twice a week.
D) exercise daily in conjunction with a substantial calorie reduction.