Deck 6: Energy Balance and Body Composition

Question 1

The body's adaptations to fasting are sufficient to maintain life for a long period.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In the body, no metabolic difference exists between fasting and starving.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A smoker may weigh less than a non-smoker, but will likely have more visceral fat.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

People can change their voluntary actions to spend more or less energy in a day, but they cannot change their basal metabolic rate.

Question 5

When carbohydrate consumption exceeds body needs, the excess glucose is:

A)not absorbed from the small intestine.
B)excreted in the feces.
C)stored as glucose.
D)stored as glycogen only.
E)stored as glycogen and fat.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of alcohol on body weight?

A)Alcohol yields no energy so it does not affect body weight.
B)Alcohol is low in kcalories and has very little effect on body weight.
C)Alcohol slows down the body's use of fat, causing more fat to be stored.
D)Alcohol speeds up the body's metabolism and discourages the storage of body fat.

Question 7

Within a day of beginning a fast, most of the body's stores of _____ are depleted.

A)glycogen
B)amino acids
C)fatty acids
D)glycerol

Question 8

Basal metabolic needs are large compared to energy needs for activities.

Question 9

When protein consumption exceeds body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and:

A)stored as fat.
B)excreted in the feces.
C)stored as amino acids.
D)stored as glycogen and fat.

Question 10

Of all the nutrients, which is the easiest for the body to store as fat?

A)protein
B)carbohydrates
C)fat
D)vitamins

Question 11

Normally, the nervous system consumes more than 50% of the total glucose used each day.

Question 12

Energy is stored in the body for future use as:

A)triglycerides.
B)glycerol.
C)fatty acids.
D)lecithin.

Question 13

Alcohol contributes to obesity because it:

A)diminishes the body's use of fat for fuel.
B)has as many kcalories as fat.
C)increases appetite.
D)encourages storage of body protein.

Question 14

Fat can be made from an excess of any energy-yielding nutrient.

Question 15

Skinfold measurements provide an inaccurate estimate of total body fat.

Question 16

Surplus dietary carbohydrate is first stored as:

A)glycogen.
B)protein.
C)fat.
D)triglycerides.

Question 17

In the first few days of a fast, _____% of needed glucose is supplied by protein breakdown.

A)50
B)75
C)90
D)100

Question 18

Ketones can meet some of the nervous system's energy needs.

Question 19

Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles when:

A)excessive fat is present in the blood.
B)vigorous muscular activity has just ended.
C)excessive glucose is present in the blood.
D)excessive cholesterol is present in the blood.

Question 20

Voluntary activities normally require less energy in a day than basal metabolism does.

Question 21

Which of the following individuals would have the slowest basal metabolic rate?

A)a 51-year-old male
B)a 20-year-old inactive woman
C)a 25-year-old pregnant woman
D)a 3-year-old child

Question 22

The energy needed to maintain life when a person is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest is termed:

A)basal metabolism.
B)the kcalorie.
C)physiological fuel value.
D)the Estimated Energy Requirement.

Question 23

The basal metabolic rate slows with increasing age because:

A)the elderly are malnourished.
B)fat mass in the body decreases.
C)digestive efficiency declines.
D)lean body mass diminishes.

Question 24

In the first few days of fasting, body protein is used primarily to:

A)rebuild tissue.
B)replace worn out cells.
C)provide glucose.
D)stabilize fluid balance.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is false?

A)BMR is measured after a 12-hour fast.
B)RMR is higher than BMR.
C)RMR represents only that energy needed for life-sustaining processes.
D)BMR is increased during growth.

Question 26

Men generally have a higher BMR than women do because:

A)women have less lean body mass.
B)women tend to eat less.
C)men tend to eat more.
D)men have less lean body mass.

Question 27

Fasting results in:

A)degradation of lean body tissue.
B)safe, quick, and easy loss of fat tissue.
C)immediate loss of energy and mental alertness.
D)cleansing of toxins from the body.

Question 28

The part of a triglyceride that can be made into glucose is:

A)the saturated fatty acids.
B)the medium-chain fatty acids.
C)the unsaturated fatty acids.
D)the long-chain fatty acids.
E)the glycerol backbone.

Question 29

Which of the following individuals would have the lowest basal metabolic rate?

A)a pregnant woman
B)a tall, thin person
C)a malnourished person
D)a person with a fever

Question 30

The thermic effect of food represents about _____% of the total food energy taken in.

A)4
B)10
C)16
D)25

Question 31

Which of the following individuals would be classified as being very active?

A)a carpenter
B)a teacher
C)a football player
D)a gardener

Question 32

Which of the following is not a factor in the variability of energy needs between individuals?

A)gender
B)age
C)physical activity
D)food preferences

Question 33

What body component has the greatest variability in quantity and quality?

A)bone mass
B)muscle mass
C)fluid
D)fat mass

Question 34

Which of the following are acidic, water-soluble compounds formed from the incomplete breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available?

A)amino acids
B)pyruvate molecules
C)carbon dioxide
D)ketone bodies
E)ammonia and urea

Question 35

Basal metabolic rate is lowered by:

A)loss of lean body mass.
B)stress or fever.
C)high thyroid gland activity.
D)an increase in lean body mass.

Question 36

Changes that take place in the body during fasting include all of the following except:

A)wasting of lean tissue.
B)disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance.
C)impairment of disease resistance.
D)increased body temperature.

Question 37

An individual can most easily alter his/her energy output by altering:

A)the time of day he/she exercises.
B)the intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise.
C)his/her eating patterns.
D)the combination of foods eaten at a meal.

Question 38

The amount of fat a person's body stores when excess food is consumed:

A)is directly proportional to weight.
B)is not influenced by GI functioning.
C)always equals 1 pound per 3500 kcal.
D)varies widely among individuals.

Question 39

BMR is lowest during:

A)pregnancy.
B)physical activity.
C)sleep.
D)sedentary activity.

Question 40

As the body shifts to partial dependence on ketones for energy during prolonged fasting:

A)the body increases its energy output.
B)the body conserves its lean tissue.
C)the body increases its metabolism.
D)the body's loss of lean tissue increases.

Question 41

The recommended range of body fat for a woman is:

A)13 to 21%.
B)15 to 23%.
C)23 to 31%.
D)27 to 35%.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true regarding fad diets?

A)They are based on credible scientific research.
B)The FDA requires proof that they work and are safe.
C)They usually offer distorted bits of legitimate research, which makes them sound feasible.
D)Scientists have overlooked the obvious facts and a lay person has figured out the key to successful weight loss.

Question 43

Quite simply, the key to weight loss is:

A)combining foods correctly at meals.
B)not eating desserts.
C)eating less carbohydrate.
D)consuming fewer kcalories.

Question 44

Despite claims that each new fad diet is different and offers a new approach to weight loss, most fad diets

A)cut kcalories.
B)eliminate animal foods.
C)encourage skipping meals.
D)are individualized.

Question 45

Given that EER for women = [354 - (6.91 * age)] + PA * [(9.36 * wt) + (726 * ht)], estimate the energy requirements for Anne, an active 27 year old (PA = 1.27) who is 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighs 130 pounds.

A)1700-1800
B)2300-2400
C)2600-2700
D)3200-3300

Question 46

When calculating a person's EER, which of the following is not required?

A)height
B)percent body fat
C)weight
D)gender

Question 47

Obesity is officially defined as a BMI of ____ or higher.

A)25
B)30
C)35
D)40

Question 48

The health risk associated with central obesity has to do with:

A)an imbalance in adopokines.
B)the proximity of the excess fat to the gallbladder.
C)an imbalance in cytokines.
D)the proximity of excess fat to the small intestine.

Question 49

A weakness in using BMI to assess body weight is:

A)it doesn't distinguish between male and female.
B)it doesn't distinguish between young and old.
C)it doesn't indicate where excess fat is located on the body.
D)it doesn't indicate the ideal weight for a given height.

Question 50

A lack of body fat can result in:

A)infertility in women.
B)depression.
C)abnormal hunger regulation.
D)insomnia.

Question 51

Which of the following is not one of the three indicators established by obesity experts for evaluating health risks from overweight and obesity?

A)a person's disease risk profile
B)BMI
C)waist circumference
D)diet history

Question 52

A good indicator of fat distribution on an individual is:

A)BMI.
B)body weight.
C)hip circumference.
D)waist circumference.

Question 53

All of the following are health risks associated with obesity except:

A)hypertension.
B)diabetes.
C)sleep apnea.
D)tuberculosis.

Question 54

Which person is at the greatest health risk?

A)a 27-year-old woman with a waist circumference of 40 inches
B)a 25-year-old athlete with a BMI of 33
C)a 50-year-old male with a BMI of 29 who works out every day
D)a 42-year-old woman with a waist circumference of 34 inches

Question 55

About _____% of U.S.adults are overweight or obese.

A)33
B)42
C)57
D)68

Question 56

Which of the following people would be at lowest risk for the accumulation of abdominal fat?

A)a smoker
B)a postmenopausal woman
C)a middle-aged man
D)a premenopausal woman

Question 57

According to BMI criteria, a person with a BMI of 24 would be considered:

A)underweight.
B)overweight.
C)obese.
D)normal weight.

Question 58

Which type of fat poses the greatest risk to health?

A)visceral fat
B)dietary fat
C)subcutaneous fat
D)lower body fat

Question 59

Calculate the BMI of a male who is 5'11" tall and weighs 210 pounds.

A)23
B)27
C)29
D)33

Question 60

Which of these popular diets comes closest to meeting dietary standards for health?

A)Cinch!
B)Atkins Diet
C)Zone Diet
D)Dukan Diet

Question 61

Explain why less fat may be lost during fasting than is lost when at least some food is supplied.

Question 62

Describe how fat can be made from an excess of each of the energy nutrients-carbohydrate, protein, or fat.

Question 63

A safe and effective weight-loss plan:

A)promotes a 10-lb loss in 5 days.
B)includes kcal restriction and exercise.
C)provides a list of supplements needed.
D)emphasizes a few specific foods.

Question 64

Explain the mechanism through which excessive abdominal fat is thought to increase the risk of chronic disease.

Question 65

The major drawback of most fad diets is:

A)They promote false information about weight loss.
B)They do not create lifestyle changes to support long-term weight control.
C)They create false hopes among those who try them.
D)They usually require the purchase of dietary supplements.

Question 66

Matching
Match each range to the appropriate health indicator.

Question 67

Define the thermic effect of food and explain its effect on energy expenditure.

Question 68

Discuss three indicators used to identify and evaluate the health risks from overweight and obesity.

Question 69

Identify and briefly describe five factors that affect a person's basal metabolic rate.