Deck 8: The Vitamins

Question 1

Which of the following is a major cause of childhood blindness worldwide?

A)vitamin C deficiency
B)riboflavin deficiency
C)pantothenic acid deficiency
D)vitamin A deficiency

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The fat-soluble vitamins:

A)are less stable than the water-soluble vitamins.
B)are first absorbed into the lymph.
C)are usually constituents of coenzymes.
D)are not essential.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Beta-carotene prevents _____ from damaging cells.

A)free radicals
B)antioxidants
C)blood clots
D)vitamin E

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The active form of vitamin A for vision is:

A)opsin.
B)retinoic acid.
C)retinal.
D)rhodopsin.

Question 5

If your eyes have difficulty adjusting to dim light, eating which of the following foods daily might improve your vision?

A)steamed carrots
B)a peanut butter sandwich
C)brewer's yeast
D)pork chops

Question 6

It is not absolutely necessary to consume the fat-soluble vitamins every day because they:

A)would just be excreted from the body.
B)are only absorbed in limited amounts.
C)can be stored in the body for future use.
D)would reach toxic amounts in the body.

Question 7

The rate and extent to which a vitamin is absorbed and used by the body is called:

A)vitamin efficiency.
B)bioavailability.
C)fortification.
D)vitamin equivalency.

Question 8

Identify the food group that is the best source of beta-carotene.

A)protein foods group
B)milk group
C)vegetable group
D)grain group

Question 9

Vitamin A toxicity is likely to result from:

A)consuming too many dark green and deep orange vegetables.
B)overconsumption of whole grains.
C)consuming large amounts of fortified foods or vitamin A supplements.
D)drinking too much orange juice.

Question 10

Which form of vitamin A is involved in gene expression?

A)retinoic acid
B)retinol
C)retinal
D)retinol-binding protein

Question 11

A dietary deficiency of vitamin A can produce:

A)rickets.
B)night blindness.
C)a prolonged blood-clotting time.
D)sensitivity to light.

Question 12

Vitamin A plays a role in cell differentiation.What does this mean?

A)It helps cells differentiate between the vitamins.
B)It allows cells to mature so they can perform their intended functions.
C)It promotes the storage of fat-soluble vitamins.
D)It aids in differentiating between fat- and water-soluble vitamins.

Question 13

Many of the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency, such as blindness and an increase in respiratory infections, are related to the role of vitamin A in:

A)blood clotting.
B)synthesis of visual pigments.
C)maintaining the epithelial cells.
D)synthesis of hormones.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin D
D)vitamin E
E)vitamin K

Question 15

Excessive vitamin A during pregnancy poses a teratogenic risk.This means that:

A)it can increase the risk of birth defects. b it can build up in the blood and cause calcification of soft tissues.
C)it can result in a low-birth weight infant.
D)it can increase the risk of infectious disease.

Question 16

How are vitamins similar to carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?

A)typical roles in the body
B)organic nature
C)chemical structure
D)amounts required in the diet

Question 17

Which of the following statements about fat-soluble vitamins is false?

A)They are readily excreted from the body when consumed in excess.
B)They must be bound to proteins to travel in the blood.
C)They may be consumed less frequently than the water-soluble vitamins.
D)They may accumulate to toxic levels in the body.

Question 18

Vitamin A is involved in all of the following except:

A)maintaining healthy epithelial tissues.
B)maintaining healthy eye tissues.
C)fighting infection.
D)releasing energy from the energy-yielding nutrients.

Question 19

Overconsumption of the fat-soluble vitamins results in:

A)accumulation, which aids in the prevention of colds and infections.
B)no ill effects because they are excreted.
C)possible toxicity, due to an accumulation in the body.
D)weight gain due to increased fat intake.

Question 20

Children with measles or measles-related infections may benefit from supplementation with:

A)vitamin C.
B)vitamin A.
C)iron.
D)folate.

Question 21

Vitamin E is widespread in all of the following foods except:

A)margarine.
B)salad dressing.
C)wheat germ oil.
D)butter.

Question 22

After 30 minutes of sun exposure, which of the following people would have synthesized more vitamin D?

A)a light-skinned person
B)a dark-skinned person
C)neither, because skin pigmentation is not related to vitamin D synthesis
D)they would both synthesize the same amount

Question 23

An excess of vitamin _____ can cause excess calcium withdrawal from the bones.

A)A
B)B₆
C)B₁₂
D)C
E)D

Question 24

A deficiency of vitamin _____ can cause rickets.

A)A
B)B₁₂
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 25

Factors that may limit vitamin D synthesis in the body include all of the following except:

A)geographic location.
B)season of the year.
C)sunscreens.
D)use of tanning beds.

Question 26

Among fruits and vegetables, the best sources of beta-carotene are:

A)green or yellow, like lettuce and corn.
B)dark green or deep orange, like broccoli and sweet potatoes.
C)green, like lettuce, peas, and snap beans.
D)brightly colored, like tomatoes and lemons.

Question 27

The effects of a deficiency of vitamin D are most readily observed in the:

A)nervous system.
B)skeletal system.
C)muscular system.
D)epithelial tissue.

Question 28

The major role of vitamin E in the body seems to be to:

A)aid in normal blood clotting.
B)act as an antioxidant.
C)aid in formation of normal epithelial tissue.
D)aid in protein metabolism.
E)prevent skin cancer.

Question 29

From the list below, choose the most reliable food source of vitamin D.

A)whole grains
B)fortified breakfast cereal
C)yogurt
D)orange juice

Question 30

The main function of vitamin D in bone growth is to:

A)synthesize 7-dehydrocholesterol.
B)assist in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
C)mobilize calcium from the bone.
D)secrete calcitonin.

Question 31

Vitamin E deficiencies in human beings are associated with:

A)diseases of the pancreas.
B)low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets.
C)use of vitamin K supplements.
D)strict vegetarian (vegan) diets.

Question 32

Vitamin E deficiency causes:

A)xerophthalmia.
B)rickets.
C)erythrocyte hemolysis.
D)osteomalacia.

Question 33

Vitamin D can be made in the body with the help of:

A)bacteria.
B)tryptophan.
C)vitamin A.
D)sunlight.

Question 34

Vitamin D deficiency is most likely among:

A)dark-skinned people who live in the south.
B)fair-skinned people who live in the south.
C)dark-skinned people with limited exposure to sunlight.
D)fair-skinned people with limited exposure to sunlight.

Question 35

Vitamin E:

A)functions as an effective antisterility agent in human beings.
B)protects vitamin A and polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidation.
C)is needed by human beings as a dietary supplement because of the variety of functions it has in the body.
D)slows down the aging process.

Question 36

The vitamin D-deficiency disease of children is:

A)xerophthalmia.
B)osteomalacia.
C)osteoporosis.
D)rickets.

Question 37

What can be concluded from the results of research on vitamin E supplementation?

A)There is not enough evidence to recommend taking supplements to prevent heart disease.
B)Sufficient evidence exists to recommend that everyone over 40 should take a supplement.
C)Large doses are more beneficial than low doses.
D)All people who have had a heart attack should take a supplement.

Question 38

The chemical name for vitamin E is:

A)beta-carotene.
B)cholecalciferol.
C)ascorbic acid.
D)tocopherol.

Question 39

Excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults may result in:

A)greater bone density.
B)mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney.
C)deformity of the leg bones, ribs, and skull.
D)increased bone calcification.

Question 40

Osteomalacia is mainly due to a deficiency of:

A)vitamin A.
B)vitamin D.
C)parathormone.
D)calcitonin.

Question 41

The replacement of red blood cells and digestive tract cells depends most heavily on:

A)thiamin.
B)riboflavin.
C)niacin.
D)folate.

Question 42

Vitamin K has long been known for:

A)its functions in energy metabolism.
B)promoting healthy epithelial tissue.
C)its role in blood clotting.
D)enhancing calcium utilization.

Question 43

Which vitamin is most vulnerable to interactions with alcohol and other drugs?

A)vitamin C
B)vitamin E
C)folate
D)biotin

Question 44

Ascorbic acid is another name for:

A)niacin.
B)thiamin.
C)vitamin C.
D)vitamin B₆.
E)vitamin E.

Question 45

Abuse of alcohol may lead to a severe form of thiamin deficiency called:

A)beriberi.
B)Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
C)pellagra.
D)rickets.

Question 46

The first signs of vitamin C deficiency appear in the:

A)blood vessels.
B)bones.
C)hair.
D)fingernails.

Question 47

Which of the following foods would make the greatest contribution to a person's intake of riboflavin?

A)oatmeal
B)milk
C)oranges
D)yellow squash

Question 48

Absorption of _____ requires the presence of intrinsic factor.

A)vitamin B₆
B)vitamin D
C)vitamin B₁₂
D)vitamin A

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true of niacin?

A)It can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid tryptophan.
B)It can be used successfully to cure schizophrenia.
C)It is water soluble and therefore safe to administer in large doses.
D)It is an antioxidant.

Question 50

Overconsumption of the water-soluble vitamins will likely result in:

A)a reserve supply, which will aid in the prevention of colds and infections.
B)no apparent change, because they are stored in the adipose tissues.
C)no apparent change, because they are excreted.
D)toxic accumulation in the liver.

Question 51

Which vitamin can be used as a pharmacological agent for the treatment of high cholesterol?

A)thiamin
B)vitamin E
C)niacin
D)vitamin C

Question 52

Which vitamin is synthesized in the intestine by bacteria?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin D
D)vitamin E
E)vitamin K

Question 53

An important role of vitamin B₁₂ is to assist folate in:

A)cell division.
B)conversion of tryptophan to niacin.
C)release of energy from food.
D)regulation of the body's use of calcium and phosphorus.

Question 54

Vitamin B₆:

A)does not play a role in the metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients.
B)helps to regulate blood glucose.
C)is absorbed like the fat-soluble vitamins.
D)is only found in animal foods.

Question 55

Which of the following groups of people is most at risk for a primary deficiency of vitamin B₁₂?

A)the elderly
B)infants
C)athletes
D)vegans

Question 56

The most well-known role of vitamin B₆ is in relation to:

A)carbohydrate and lactose metabolism.
B)fat metabolism.
C)protein and amino acid metabolism.
D)mineral metabolism.

Question 57

Thiamin is involved in:

A)formation of red blood cells.
B)blood coagulation.
C)collagen formation.
D)energy metabolism.

Question 58

Many of the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency, such as dry scaly skin and failure of wounds to heal, are related to the role of vitamin C in the synthesis of:

A)calcium and iron.
B)thyroxin.
C)collagen.
D)adrenal hormones.

Question 59

Riboflavin is used by the body to:

A)facilitate energy metabolism.
B)prevent the disease pellagra.
C)provide building material for red blood cells.
D)maintain epithelial tissue.

Question 60

The formation of collagen requires an adequate intake of:

A)vitamin K.
B)vitamin E.
C)vitamin C.
D)folate.

Question 61

Studies suggest that a diet rich in carotenoids is associated with a lower risk of:

A)diabetes.
B)arthritis.
C)heart disease.
D)osteoporosis.

Question 62

A deficiency of niacin causes _____, whereas a deficiency of thiamin causes _____.

A)pellagra; beriberi
B)beriberi; pellagra
C)scurvy; megaloblastic anemia
D)megaloblastic anemia; scurvy

Question 63

Among the following, the best food sources for the water-soluble vitamins are:

A)butter and vegetable oils.
B)oranges and cereals.
C)sugar and cornstarch.
D)egg yolks and apples.

Question 64

_____ may result from taking megadoses of vitamin C.

A)Iron overload
B)Scurvy
C)Gout
D)Gallstones

Question 65

Which of the following groups needs an intake of vitamin C in excess of the RDA?

A)smokers
B)professional athletes
C)the elderly
D)growing children

Question 66

Identify factors that can place people at risk for vitamin E deficiency and explain why.

Question 67

Which of the following groups of phytochemicals includes lycopene?

A)resveratrols
B)carotenoids
C)flavenoids
D)phytoestrogens

Question 68

Phytochemicals:

A)are essential nutrients.
B)are bioactive compounds found in foods.
C)have no biological activity in the body.
D)are nonessential nutrients.

Question 69

The absorption of iron from iron-containing foods can double or triple when eaten at the same meal with foods containing:

A)folate.
B)protein.
C)vitamin C.
D)calcium.

Question 70

Matching

Question 71

What vitamin deficiency causes pernicious anemia?

A)vitamin B₆
B)vitamin B₁₂
C)folate
D)thiamin

Question 72

Which of the following provides resveratrol?

A)soy
B)carrots
C)flaxseed
D)red wine

Question 73

Which of these meals is lacking in vitamin C?

A)hotdog, cabbage, french fries, and milk
B)roast beef, cheese sauce, noodles, and tea
C)roast beef, broccoli, noodles, and coffee
D)spaghetti with tomato sauce, meatballs, garlic bread, and cantaloupe

Question 74

Describe the factors that may interfere with vitamin D synthesis.

Question 75

Coenzymes are important because:

A)they function as antioxidants.
B)they facilitate vitamin absorption.
C)they function as catalysts.
D)they facilitate chemical reactions.

Question 76

Research concerning the safety and effectiveness of manufactured functional foods:

A)is inconclusive at this time.
B)shows definite benefits to consuming such foods.
C)suggests that they may be substituted for prescription drugs.
D)is supported by the FDA.

Question 77

The best way to reap the benefits of phytochemicals is by:

A)eating a variety of plant foods.
B)taking a variety of supplements.
C)increasing your consumption of animal foods.
D)frequently consuming manufactured functional foods.

Question 78

Which of the following has an AI?

A)inositol
B)carnitine
C)ubiquinone
D)choline

Question 79

Identify three ways vitamin D helps to maintain blood concentrations of calcium and phosphorus.

Question 80

Which of these pairs of vitamins are the most widespread among food groups?

A)vitamin E and beta-carotene
B)pantothenic acid and biotin
C)folate and vitamin B₁₂
D)vitamin C and vitamin D