Deck 12: Intervention: Adults and Couples

Question 1

Clinical practice guidelines

A)provide recommendations based on best available evidence.
B)provide recommendations based on clinical experience.
C)were first introduced by psychologists.
D)are available only to trained healthcare professionals.

Answer 1

provide recommendations based on best available evidence.

Question 2

In order to integrate the results from multiple studies meta-analyses involve the calculation of:

A)standard differences.
B)levels of significance.
C)effect sizes.
D)the influence of outliers.

Answer 2

effect sizes.

Question 3

Smith,Glass,and Miller 1980)compared the effects of psychotherapy across different disorders and found that the largest effect sizes were found in the treatment of

A)mood and anxiety problems.
B)certain personality disorders.
C)schizophrenia.
D)eating disorders.

Answer 3

mood and anxiety problems.

Question 4

An effect size of d = .66 means that

A)there is a difference of two-thirds of a standard deviation between groups.
B)there is a standard score mean difference of .66 between groups.
C)there is a difference of 66% between groups.
D)the treated group is a third as likely as the control group to suffer from psychopathology after treatment.

Question 5

The garbage-in,garbage-out,criticism of meta-analysis claims

A)it is problematic to include different treatments together in a meta-analysis.
B)it is unsuitable to include different diagnostic groups in a meta-analysis.
C)if poor quality studies in the meta-analysis,its results will be unreliable.
D)effect sizes are not clinically meaningful.

Question 6

Smith,Glass,and Miller 1980)compared the efficacy of various types of treatment and found that the treatments with the largest to smallest effect sizes were,respectively,

A)Psychodynamic,cognitive-behavioural,developmental,behavioural
B)Cognitive-Behavioural,humanistic,behavioral,psychodynamic
C)Psychodynamic,behavioural,cognitive-behavioural,psychodynamic
D)Cognitive-Behavioural,behavioural,psychodynamic,humanistic

Question 7

What made it difficult to compare research conducted by behavioural therapists and traditional therapists in the mid-1900s?

A)Each research group used different criteria for including studies in their review.
B)Different criteria were used to evaluate whether therapy worked.
C)Interpretation of results was influenced by each group's biases.
D)All of the above.

Question 8

The first initiative to introduce clinical practice guidelines to the field of clinical psychology occurred in the early

A)1950s.
B)1970s
C)1990s.
D)2000s.

Question 9

The apples and oranges criticism of meta-analysis is that it is

A)questionable to include different treatments for comparison in the meta-analysis.
B)most meaningful if different measures are included in the meta-analysis,to better capture a disorder's evaluation.
C)important to include only recent studies.
D)it is important to include only methodologically sound studies.

Question 10

Smith and Glass's 1977)initial meta-analysis of the effect of psychotherapy suggested that

A)psychotherapy can have a substantially positive impact.
B)psychotherapy appeared to have no real impact.
C)psychotherapy appeared to have a slightly negative impact.
D)the effect of psychotherapy was unclear.

Question 11

In a randomized controlled trial

A)participants are randomly assigned to one of two or more treatment conditions.
B)Participants are randomly assigned to two treatment conditions.
C)participants are matched on demographic characteristics between the treatment and control groups.
D)external validity is maximized.

Question 12

Three years after their initial publication,Smith,Glass,and Miller 1980)published a more extensive and sophisticated meta-analysis on the effect of psychotherapy.Results were

A)substantially less positive than the original meta-analysis.
B)slightly less positive than the original meta-analysis.
C)identical to the original meta-analysis.
D)even more positive than the original meta-analysis.

Question 13

Meta analysis is a method for

A)qualitatively reviewing research studies.
B)quantitatively reviewing research studies.
C)critiquing research studies.
D)analyzing patients in the psychoanalytic tradition.

Question 14

The huge growth in empirical attention toward the effects of psychotherapy has been attributed to:

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Carl Jung
C)Hans Eysenck
D)Albert Bandura

Question 15

Mary Smith and Gene Glass are the authors of the first:

A)meta-analysis of the adult psychotherapy literature.
B)scientific article to strongly support the use of psychotherapy.
C)article advocating for evidence-based psychotherapy.
D)article to provide empirical support for psychoanalysis.

Question 16

Early attempts at meta-analysis are now considered problematic because researchers

A)weighted all measures,such as satisfaction and symptom reduction,equally.
B)failed to control for differences in sample size.
C)used all results from each study,rather than an average of results,skewing the influence of studies with more analyses.
D)all of the above.

Question 17

Prior to Hans Eysenck's controversial 1952 article challenging the efficacy of psychotherapy,

A)the results of many previously-published randomized controlled trials were called into question.
B)only a few randomized controlled trials had been published.
C)proponents of various forms of psychotherapy based their claims on RCTs.
D)proponents of various forms of psychotherapy based their claims on clinical experience and expert consensus.

Question 18

Motivation to develop clinical practice guidelines in clinical psychology came from

A)cognitive-behavioural psychologists.
B)psychodynamic therapists.
C)increasing demands for health care practices to be demonstrably effective and cost-effective.
D)from mental health professions.

Question 19

In 1952,Hans Eysenck published a review from which he concluded that rates of improvement among clients receiving psychodynamic or eclectic psychotherapy were

A)better than rates of remission of symptoms among untreated clients.
B)comparable to rates of remission of symptoms among untreated clients.
C)comparable to rates of remission of symptoms among clients treated with cognitive-behavioural therapy.
D)better than rates of remission of symptoms among clients treated with cognitive-behavioural therapy.

Question 20

In their examination of whether RCTs exclude too many patients who normally seek treatment,Stirman and colleagues 2003)found that

A)there were very few treatment options for patients with comorbid diagnosis.
B)there was uncertainty around suitable treatment options for patients with comorbid diagnosis.
C)there are likely to be efficacious treatment options for patients with comorbid disorders.
D)Both A and B.

Question 21

A psychotherapy that has been found,in a series of randomized controlled trials or single-participant designs,to be efficacious in the treatment of a specific condition is known as an)

A)validated treatment.
B)empirically supported treatment.
C)internally-sound treatment.
D)clinically effective treatment.

Question 22

There are evidence-based psychological treatment for

A)very few affective disorders.
B)the most commonly encountered mental disorders.
C)most personality disorders.
D)all ICD diagnoses.

Question 23

In the final stage of CBT the psychologist focuses on:

A)challenging long-standing beliefs.
B)challenging negative automatic thoughts.
C)adopting a more positive activity schedule.
D)predicting future challenges.

Question 24

Initial sessions of CBT tend to focus primarily on

A)cognitive restructuring tasks.
B)behavioural activation tasks.
C)completing thought records.
D)challenging schemas.

Question 25

The APA Society of Clinical Psychology 1995 task force required which of the following conditions be met for a treatment to be designated as an empirically supported treatment?

A)Evidence of symptom reduction.
B)Improved functioning among participants.
C)Data were derived from at least two independently conducted RCTs or from a large series of single-case studies.
D)All of the above.

Question 26

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NICE)stepped care model for the management of depression includes the following possible treatments except:

A)electroconvulsive therapy.
B)antidepressant medication.
C)interpersonal psychotherapy.
D)transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Question 27

In cognitive-behavioural treatment of depression,behavioural activation tasks could include

A)making a special meal.
B)relaxing on the couch.
C)disputing dysfunctional beliefs.
D)reflecting on life goals.

Question 28

For a treatment method to be referred to as an empirically supported treatment it must have demonstrated success

A)from a large series of RCTs and a large series of single-case studies.
B)from a large series of RCTs or a large series of single-case studies.
C)from at least 2 RCTs and a large series of single-case studies.
D)from at least 2 independently conducted RCTs or a large series of single-case studies.

Question 29

The Canadian Psychological Association task force on evidence-based psychological services recommended that psychologists give the strongest weight to:

A)syntheses of studies that balance internal and external validity.
B)expert consensus.
C)prior experience in treating a problem.
D)primary research that is high in internal and external validity.

Question 30

The strength of the empirical evidence for each of the recommended steps in the NICE guidelines for the treatment of depression is

A)very strong for all of the steps.
B)averagely proportionate for most of the steps.
C)relatively strong for some of the steps and relatively weak for other steps.
D)relatively weak for most of the steps.

Question 31

The cognitive-behavioural approach to treating posttraumatic stress disorder includes __________,which is not included in CBT treatment for depression.

A)behavioural activation
B)cognitive restructuring
C)prolonged exposure
D)activity scheduling

Question 32

Which of the following are the three main treatment components of CBT for posttraumatic stress disorder?

A)Relaxation skills,imaginal exposure,in vivo exposure
B)Imaginal exposure,in vivo exposure,hypnosis
C)Relaxation skills,hypnosis,in vivo exposure
D)Relaxation skills,in vivo exposure,behavioural activation

Question 33

Which component of CBT for posttraumatic stress disorder involves having the client recount his/her traumatic experiences for an extended period in order to encourage the client to fully emotionally process the trauma?

A)In vivo exposure
B)Imaginal exposure
C)Field exposure
D)behavioural activation

Question 34

Clinically significant differences refer to

A)statistically demonstrated differences between treatment groups.
B)differences that are evidenced by improved quality of life,cure,or recovery.
C)a client's self-reported level of satisfaction with his/her receipt of therapy.
D)a clinician's perception of the client's improvement throughout the course of therapy.

Question 35

Behavioural activation generally begins with

A)setting treatment goals.
B)time management training.
C)challenging automatic thoughts.
D)scheduling pleasurable activities.

Question 36

Chambless and Hollon 1998)set which of the following guidelines)for the development of treatment studies of empirically supported treatments?

A)The research must have sufficient statistical power to detect moderate differences.
B)The research must have been conducted using a treatment manual or its equivalent.
C)There must be valid and reliable treatment outcome measures that assess the problems addressed by the treatment.
D)All of the above.

Question 37

Thought monitoring requires recording the types of thoughts that typically occur around

A)upsetting situations.
B)positive situations.
C)Both of the above
D)None of the above

Question 38

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NICE)guides health care professionals and patients in making decisions about health care treatment options.The evidence for the NICE guidelines for treating depression are

A)all supported by strong empirical evidence.
B)each supported by variable qualities of empirical evidence.
C)not supported by empirical evidence,but are currently under investigation.
D)not supported by empirical evidence.

Question 39

A type of initial,exploratory treatment study in which no control group is used and,typically,few participant exclusion criteria are applied is known as an)

A)unrandomized design.
B)imperfect RCT.
C)open trial.
D)limited trial.

Question 40

CBT for depression generally starts with

A)self-monitoring of the link between activities and mood.
B)prescribing pleasurable activities.
C)research into pleasurable activities.
D)thought challenging.

Question 41

Emotionally-focused therapy for couples is a

A)cognitive-behavioural treatment.
B)interpersonal treatment.
C)psychodynamic treatment.
D)process-experiential treatment.

Question 42

One of the key issues addressed through the early steps of Emotionally-Focused Couple Therapy is

A)problem-solving and communication.
B)faulty behaviour cycles.
C)unrealistic expectations.
D)attachment difficulties.

Question 43

Effective treatments are treatments that have been demonstrated within

A)a real-world clinical setting.
B)a controlled research study.
C)Both A and B
D)None of the above

Question 44

In a survey of almost 900 psychologists,Addis and Krasnow 2000)found that psychologists with the strongest ______ views on these treatments were those _____ likely to be familiar with the nature of manual-based treatments.

A)negative; least
B)negative; most
C)positive; least
D)positive; most

Question 45

Effectiveness trials indicate that efficacious treatments

A)cannot be effectively transported to routine practice.
B)can be transported to routine clinical practice,but with significant loss of treatment impact.
C)can be transported to routine clinical practice,with moderate loss of treatment impact.
D)can be transported to routine clinical practice,with little loss of treatment impact.

Question 46

Emotionally-focused couple therapy is designed to

A)modify partners' emotional responses.
B)modify partners' interactional patterns.
C)foster or establish a secure emotional bond in the couple.
D)all of the above.

Question 47

Efficacious treatments are treatments that have been demonstrated within

A)a clinical setting.
B)a controlled research study.
C)Both A and B
D)None of the above

Question 48

Benchmarking can be used to

A)determine which intervention will be most effective for a specific mental health problem.
B)compare the results of controlled research studies with clinical practice research results.
C)compare various interventions for a mental health issue within a clinical setting.
D)determine the type of treatment for which a given patient is suited.

Question 49

The rapid introduction of new evidence-based psychological treatments is hindered by

A)the inability to patent psychological treatments.
B)training requirements for psychological treatments.
C)ethical codes and professional guidelines usually prohibiting advertising psychological treatments to the public.
D)all of the above.

Question 50

The component of CBT for PTSD in which a psychologist develops a hierarchy of feared stimuli with the patient and encourages the patient to intentionally expose himself or herself to increasingly fearful stimuli is known as

A)imaginal exposure.
B)emotional processing.
C)progressive fear desensitization.
D)in vivo exposure.

Question 51

A 2006 survey of accredited doctoral training programs found that _____ Ph.D.programs and _____ of Psy.D.programs did not require any training in evidence-based treatments.

A)no; some
B)very few; some
C)many; some
D)almost half; two-thirds

Question 52

Emotionally-focused therapy is an intervention method used primarily for

A)parent-child relationship problems.
B)couples experiencing relationship problems.
C)any type of relationship problems.
D)behavioural problems in youth.