Deck 9: Water and the Minerals

Question 1

Which of the following is a trace mineral?​

A) ​iron
B) ​sulfur
C) ​calcium
D) ​potassium
E) ​magnesium

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In regard to caffeine, the DRI committee determined that:​

A) ​beverages that contain caffeine do not count toward meetings one's fluid needs.
B) ​a person should not consume more than three cups of caffeine-containing beverages a day.
C) ​caffeinated beverages contribute to daily total water intake similarly to non-caffeinated beverages.
D) ​caffeine causes a net deficit of fluid in the body; therefore, caffeine-containing beverages should be avoided by athletes particularly.
E) ​caffeinated beverages disrupt the acid-base balance in the body and should be avoided.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

There is a correlation between high salt intake in people and high rates of hypertension.​

Question 5

What percentage of an adult's body is water?​

A) ​30
B) ​40
C) ​60
D) ​90
E) ​100

Question 6

The hormone that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water rather than excrete it is​

A) ​thyroxine.
B) ​renin.
C) ​cortisone.
D) ​epinephrine.
E) ​ADH.

Question 7

In which of the following is water the least involved?​

A) ​regulating body temperature.​
B) ​converting lipids to amino acids.
C) ​serving as a solvent for minerals and vitamins.
D) ​acting as a lubricant around joints.
E) ​maintaining blood volume

Question 8

Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide.​

Question 9

Electrolytes in the body function to:​

A) ​maintain fluid balance.
B) ​stimulate enzyme action.
C) ​synthesize protein.
D) ​maintain the health of cell membranes.
E) ​increase cell division.

Question 10

According to the DRI committee, the adequate intake for total water for a female is:​

A) ​2 cups per day.
B) ​2.7 L per day.
C) ​3.7 L per day.
D) ​24 ounces per day.
E) ​3.5 gallons per day.

Question 11

Which of the following organ systems plays the primary role in maintaining acid-base balance?​

A) ​lungs
B) ​skin
C) ​GI tract
D) ​kidneys
E) ​lymphatic

Question 12

​What is the minimum amount of urine the body must excrete each day to remove waste products?

A) ​500 mL
B) ​700 mL
C) ​1000 mL
D) ​2300 mL
E) ​3000 mL

Question 13

The UL for sodium intake for adults is set at:​

A) ​500 mg.
B) ​1200 mg.
C) ​1500 mg.
D) ​2300 mg.
E) ​3000 mg

Question 14

Bluish lips and fingertips are a sign of mild dehydration (loss of <5% of body weight).​

Question 15

The largest percentage of sodium in people's diets comes from:​

A) ​salt added during cooking.
B) ​fresh fruits and vegetables.
C) ​salt added at the table.
D) ​the natural salt content of foods.
E) ​salt added to foods by manufacturers.

Question 16

Which of the following groups of people would have the lowest sodium intakes?​

A) ​those who avoid adding salt to their food
B) ​those who exercise strenuously on a regular basis
C) ​those who eat mostly processed foods
D) ​those who eat mostly whole, unprocessed foods
E) ​those on a low carbohydrate diet

Question 17

​The primary regulator of extracellular fluid volume is:

A) ​chlorine.
B) ​sodium.
C) ​magnesium.
D) ​potassium.
E) ​calcium.

Question 18

Body sodium levels are largely regulated through:​

A) ​changes in intestinal absorption, depending on need.
B) ​changes in fecal excretion.
C) ​storage of excess sodium in the liver.
D) ​excretion of excess potassium by the kidneys.
E) ​excretion of excess sodium by the kidneys.

Question 19

It is necessary to supplement your diet with inositol and carnitine.​

Question 20

A person must have water in his or her diet:​

A) ​because the kidneys exert no control over the amount of water excreted in the urine.
B) ​to prevent vitamin imbalances in the body.
C) ​because the kidneys must excrete a minimum amount of water as urine to rid the body of wastes.
D) ​in order to prevent water intoxication.
E) ​in order to take in minerals.

Question 21

Which of these foods are richest in potassium?​

A) ​fresh fruits and vegetables
B) ​milk and dairy products
C) ​meats and meat substitutes
D) ​bread and cereals
E) ​fatty fish

Question 22

The most reliable food source of chloride is:​

A) ​meats and whole-grain cereals.
B) ​milk and milk products.
C) ​dark green vegetables.
D) ​drinking water.
E) ​salt.

Question 23

Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to:​

A) ​provide energy for cells.
B) ​provide rigidity for the bones.
C) ​regulate the transmission of nerve impulses.
D) ​regulate muscle contraction.
E) ​reduce inflammation in the tissues.

Question 24

Which of the following would be least likely to increase blood calcium levels?​

A) ​increased absorption of calcium in the intestine.
B) ​retention of calcium by the kidneys.
C) ​release of calcium from the bones.
D) ​manufacture of calcium from albumin.
E) ​increased intake of calcium in the diet.

Question 25

An important function of chloride in the body is to:​

A) ​maintain fluid balance.
B) ​regulate metabolism.
C) ​develop bone cells.
D) ​control blood glucose levels.
E) ​regulate blood pressure.

Question 26

Bones continuously gain and lose minerals. This ongoing process is called:​

A) ​reorganization.
B) remodeling.
C) ​reorienting.
D) ​redesigning.
E) ​demineralizing.

Question 27

In many people, chronic high intakes of which of the following can raise blood pressure?​

A) ​sodium
B) ​potassium
C) ​calcium
D) ​phosphorus
E) ​zinc

Question 28

The typical U. S. diet provides how much potassium?​

A) ​adequate
B) ​excessive
C) ​inadequate
D) ​none
E) ​It depends on the geographical location.

Question 29

Heart failure related to potassium loss may occur:​

A) ​with diets low in fresh fruits and vegetables.
B) ​as a result of severe diarrhea.
C) ​in persons with diabetes.
D) ​due to an excessive intake of protein.
E) ​when people are also deficient in calcium.

Question 30

Which of the following foods is low in sodium?​

A) ​pickles
B) ​fresh carrots
C) ​processed cheese
D) ​bologna
E) ​pizza

Question 31

​Which of the following provides the least amount of potassium?

A) ​orange juice
B) ​bananas
C) ​potatoes
D) ​broccoli
E) ​cheese

Question 32

Calcium is found in the most abundance in:​

A) ​dark green vegetables.
B) ​milk.
C) ​meats.
D) ​cereal grains.
E) ​soy products.

Question 33

When blood calcium falls too low, a regulatory system acts in three locations to raise it. Which of the following is one of those locations?​

A) ​stomach
B) ​heart
C) ​lungs
D) ​kidneys
E) ​brain

Question 34

People who regularly take prescription drugs such as steroids and diuretics are at risk for a deficiency of:​

A) ​potassium.
B) ​chloride.
C) ​iodine.
D) ​selenium.
E) ​calcium.

Question 35

Osteoporosis is found in:​

A) ​young women; they have porous and thin bones.
B) ​older women; they have large bones.
C) ​older women; they have porous, thin, and fragile bones.
D) ​young children; they have bowed legs.
E) ​men; they have thick bones.

Question 36

Potassium:​

A) ​is directly necessary for protein synthesis in cells.
B) ​protects bone structure against degeneration.
C) ​is the body's principal electrolyte inside the cells.
D) ​is necessary for wound healing.
E) ​helps maintain gastric acidity.

Question 37

Which of the following body processes is not dependent upon the presence of calcium in the body fluids?​

A) ​blood clotting
B) ​muscle contractions
C) ​transmission of nerve impulses
D) ​secretion of hormones
E) ​transport of oxygen in the blood

Question 38

The major negative ion of the extracellular fluid is:​

A) ​sodium.
B) ​potassium.
C) ​chloride.
D) ​calcium.
E) ​magnesium.

Question 39

Which of the following is the least likely reason that osteoporosis is more prevalent in women?​

A) ​Women consume less calcium.
B) ​Women have lower bone mass.
C) ​Women have smaller bodies.
D) ​Bone loss begins later in women.
E) ​Women lose more bone after menopause.

Question 40

Which of the following foods provide the least amount of bioavailable calcium?​

A) ​milk
B) ​sardines
C) ​cheddar cheese
D) ​spinach
E) ​turnip greens

Question 41

Which mineral is a principal component of cell membranes?​

A) ​iron
B) ​phosphorus
C) ​potassium
D) ​iodine
E) ​magnesium

Question 42

A person who is severely lacking in which of the following may experience a sulfur deficiency?​

A) ​carbohydrate
B) ​fatty acids
C) ​protein
D) ​vitamins
E) ​sodium

Question 43

Iron is important in the body because it is:​

A) ​needed for blood clotting.
B) ​an integral part of bones and teeth.
C) ​an antioxidant.
D) ​an integral constituent of hemoglobin.
E) ​necessary for digestion of protein.

Question 44

Of the following, the mineral that is least likely to be deficient in anyone's diet is:​

A) ​calcium.
B) ​phosphorus.
C) ​iron.
D) ​iodine.
E) ​sodium.

Question 45

In order to increase the amount of iron absorbed from a meal, you would:​

A) ​consume tea as a beverage with the meal.
B) ​eat a calcium-rich food with the meal.
C) ​consume orange juice as a beverage with a meal.
D) ​avoid eating foods rich in vitamin C with the meal.
E) ​drink plenty of coffee before each meal.

Question 46

Worldwide, the most common nutrient deficiency is:​

A) ​zinc deficiency.
B) ​selenium deficiency.
C) ​iron deficiency.
D) ​iodine deficiency.
E) ​magnesium deficiency.

Question 47

​Which of the following is a poor food source of iron?

A) ​dried fruits
B) ​enriched cereals
C) ​legumes
D) ​cheese
E) ​clams

Question 48

​Which of the following is a hormone secreted in response to elevated blood iron levels?

A) ​transferrin
B) ​ferritin
C) ​hemosiderin
D) ​hepcidin
E) ​myoglobin

Question 49

The best food sources of magnesium include:​

A) ​legumes, whole grains, and chocolate.
B) ​milk, rice, and apples.
C) ​oranges, beef, and cheese.
D) ​oils, bananas, and pork.
E) ​pizza, potatoes, and tomatoes.

Question 50

In the U.S., low iron intake is often associated with:​

A) ​high sugar and fat intakes.
B) ​high protein intake.
C) ​low carbohydrate intake.
D) ​low intake of fruits and vegetables.
E) ​pregnancy.

Question 51

Amino acids containing which of the following minerals help to form the shape of proteins?​

A) ​sulfur
B) ​sodium
C) ​phosphorous
D) ​selenium
E) ​iron

Question 52

The percentage of dietary iron normally absorbed is about:​

A) ​10-15%.
B) ​25-50%.
C) ​35-65%.
D) ​70-80%
E) ​90-100%.

Question 53

Iron is a component of which of the following proteins, responsible for transport of oxygen in the bloodstream?​

A) ​myoglobin
B) ​transferrin
C) ​hemosiderin
D) ​hepcidin
E) ​hemoglobin

Question 54

Of the foods listed, the best source of phosphorus is:​

A) ​tofu.
B) ​chicken.
C) ​noodles.
D) ​lettuce.
E) ​pears.

Question 55

Which of the following would be least likely to cause a magnesium deficiency?​

A) ​vomiting
B) ​diarrhea
C) ​constipation
D) ​alcohol abuse
E) ​malnutrition

Question 56

Which of the following enhances calcium absorption from the GI tract?​

A) ​vitamin D
B) ​vitamin C
C) ​protein
D) ​linoleic acid
E) ​intrinsic factor

Question 57

The hallucinations commonly experienced during withdrawal from alcohol intoxication are believed to be due to a deficiency of:​

A) ​magnesium.
B) ​phosphorus.
C) ​iron.
D) ​calcium.
E) ​potassium.

Question 58

​Pica is a behavior seen in some people who are deficient in:

A) ​sodium.
B) ​potassium.
C) ​chromium.
D) ​iron.
E) ​sulfur.

Question 59

Which of the following is true of phosphorus?​

A) ​It participates in the transfer of energy during cellular respiration.
B) ​It is not necessary for growth.​
C) ​Only limited amounts are found with calcium in bones and teeth.
D) ​It aids in blood glucose regulation.
E) ​It is required for the synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds

Question 60

Magnesium's major functions in the body would be least likely to include which of the following?​

A) ​assisting the operation of hundreds of enzymes.
B) ​synthesis of protein in the soft tissues.
C) ​allowing muscles to relax after contraction.
D) ​regulation of body temperature.
E) ​regulation of immune system function.

Question 61

Which of the following is a cofactor for many enzymes, but can cause brain-disease-like toxicity symptoms if inhaled in dust?​

A) ​Copper
B) ​Magnesium
C) ​Molybdenum
D) ​Manganese
E) ​Fluoride

Question 62

Fluoride seems to be helpful in preventing:​

A) ​cancer.
B) diabetes.​
C) ​dental decay.
D) ​heart disease.
E) ​goiter.

Question 63

Supplement users are more likely to have excessive intakes of:​

A) ​the B vitamins.
B) ​iron, zinc, vitamin A, and niacin.
C) ​vitamins A, D, E, and K.
D) ​calcium, iron, vitamin C, and thiamin.
E) ​folate, vitamin A, and vitamin C.

Question 64

The leading cause of accidental ingestion fatalities among children is an overdose of:​

A) ​iron.
B) ​vitamin D.
C) ​zinc.
D) ​niacin.
E) ​vitamin C.

Question 65

Which mineral is essential for wound healing?​

A) ​potassium
B) ​sulfate
C) ​zinc
D) ​iodine
E) ​chromium

Question 66

When selecting a vitamin-mineral supplement, choose one in which the nutrient levels are:​

A) ​at or very close to the RDA.
B) ​all the same.
C) ​at least 200 percent of the RDA.
D) ​at least 300 percent of the RDA.
E) ​at "therapeutic doses."

Question 67

Matching
a. the balance between water intake and water excretion that keeps the body's water content constant.
b. the loss of water from the body that occurs when water output exceeds water input.
c. the rare condition in which body water contents are too high.
d. a part of the brain that helps regulate many body balances, including fluid balance.
e. in the brain, the "king gland" that regulates the operation of many other glands.
f. a hormone released by the pituitary gland in response to high salt concentrations in the blood; the kidneys respond by reabsorbing water.
g. a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that stimulates the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys; also regulates chloride and potassium concentrations.
h. the fluid between the cells (interstitial fluid), plasma, and the water of structures such as the skin and bones.
i. high blood pressure.
j. a precursor to hemoglobin.
k. a craving for nonfood substances.
​dehydration

Question 68

High intakes of which of the following interfere with copper absorption and can lead to a deficiency?​

A) ​sodium
B) ​iron
C) ​chromium
D) ​manganese
E) ​zinc

Question 69

Which of the following foods, food components or nutrients is least likely to contribute to iron deficiency?​

A) ​tannins
B) ​calcium
C) ​phytates
D) ​vitamin C
E) ​white rice

Question 70

Matching
a. the balance between water intake and water excretion that keeps the body's water content constant.
b. the loss of water from the body that occurs when water output exceeds water input.
c. the rare condition in which body water contents are too high.
d. a part of the brain that helps regulate many body balances, including fluid balance.
e. in the brain, the "king gland" that regulates the operation of many other glands.
f. a hormone released by the pituitary gland in response to high salt concentrations in the blood; the kidneys respond by reabsorbing water.
g. a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that stimulates the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys; also regulates chloride and potassium concentrations.
h. the fluid between the cells (interstitial fluid), plasma, and the water of structures such as the skin and bones.
i. high blood pressure.
j. a precursor to hemoglobin.
k. a craving for nonfood substances.
​aldosterone

Question 71

Your client is asking for advice in choosing a supplement. Which of the following supplement preparations would you advise he choose?​

A) ​contains carnitine or inositol
B) ​claims to be "high-potency" or a "therapeutic dose"
C) ​contains a balance of vitamins and minerals
D) ​claims to be "organic" or "natural" preparations with added substances
E) ​contains 30 mg of iron per dose

Question 72

​Keshan disease is related to a deficiency of:

A) ​fluoride.
B) ​iodine.
C) ​selenium.
D) ​iron.
E) ​chromium.

Question 73

Which of the following would be least likely to be associated with iodine deficiency?​

A) ​weight gain
B) ​cretinism
C) ​suffocation
D) ​goiter
E) ​mental retardation

Question 74

A good food source of iodine is:​

A) ​bananas.
B) ​seafood.
C) ​broccoli.
D) ​pork.
E) ​lettuce.

Question 75

A diabetes-like condition may develop when which of the following is lacking in the diet?​

A) ​iron
B) ​zinc
C) ​chromium
D) ​molybdenum
E) ​selenium

Question 76

The best advice to give a healthy person eating a typical diet who is considering a supplement to improve his health is:​

A) ​Choose a supplement that has been approved by the FDA.
B) ​Spend your money on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meats, and milk products instead.
C) ​Buy supplements that have the USP symbol on the label for assurance of safety and effectiveness.
D) ​Choose a supplement that contains the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for maximum effectiveness.
E) ​Choose a "natural" or "organic" supplement.

Question 77

Matching
a. the balance between water intake and water excretion that keeps the body's water content constant.
b. the loss of water from the body that occurs when water output exceeds water input.
c. the rare condition in which body water contents are too high.
d. a part of the brain that helps regulate many body balances, including fluid balance.
e. in the brain, the "king gland" that regulates the operation of many other glands.
f. a hormone released by the pituitary gland in response to high salt concentrations in the blood; the kidneys respond by reabsorbing water.
g. a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that stimulates the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys; also regulates chloride and potassium concentrations.
h. the fluid between the cells (interstitial fluid), plasma, and the water of structures such as the skin and bones.
i. high blood pressure.
j. a precursor to hemoglobin.
k. a craving for nonfood substances.
​antidiuretic hormone

Question 78

Which of the following situations would be least likely to necessitate intake of nutrient supplements in amounts consistent with the RDA?​

A) ​when your energy intake is low
B) ​​when you are a vegan
C) ​when you have an illness that takes away your appetite
D) ​when you depend primarily on grocery-store foods
E) ​when you are pregnant

Question 79

The best way to ensure an adequate intake of trace minerals is to:​

A) ​eat foods containing the major minerals.
B) ​make sure your diet is sufficient in vitamins.
C) ​consume a variety of foods.
D) ​practice dietary adequacy.
E) ​consume supplements.

Question 80

​Zinc is most abundant in foods with high amounts of which of the following?

A) ​alcohol
B) ​protein
C) ​carbohydrate
D) ​ fat
E) ​antioxidants