Deck 51: Personality: Trait Theories

Question 1

Which theories seek to describe personality in terms of a small number of underlying personality factors?

A)trait
B)psychodynamic
C)behaviorist
D)humanistic

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Ramon would be described as relaxed,thoughtful,unaggressive,and quiet and tends to appreciate smooth and relaxing music,such as soft rock and r&b.According to Rentfrow,Ramon would fit into which music-personality category?

A)mellow
B)unpretentious
C)sophisticated
D)contemporary

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In a series of studies,Peter Rentfrow found that the types of music which people prefer tend to be associated with their personality characteristics.The five music-personality categories are

A)classical,rap,rock,country,and jazz.
B)mellow,unpretentious,sophisticated,intense,and contemporary.
C)opera,religious,pop,blue grass,and blues.
D)refined,trendy,unconventional,relaxed,and passionate.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Trait theorists believe that we have a hereditary readiness to behave in particular ways since they think of traits as

A)miniature cardinal types.
B)biological predispositions.
C)character profiles.
D)possible selves.

Question 5

To better understand personality,trait theorists attempt to

A)analyze traits.
B)classify traits.
C)interrelate traits.
D)do all of these.

Question 6

According to Rentfrow,people in the unpretentious category are cheerful,extroverted,reliable,helpful,and conservative and tend to enjoy

A)smooth and relaxing music,such as contemporary adult,r&b,soft rock,and soul.
B)upbeat conventional music,such as country,pop,religious,and rock-n-roll.
C)energetic and rhythmic music,such as dance,electronic,funk,hip-hop,and rap.
D)reflective and complex music,such as blues,classical,folk,jazz,opera,and world.

Question 7

Researchers have found that students are more likely to prefer to meet and talk to people through the Internet than face-to-face if they are high in the trait of

A)introversion.
B)extroversion.
C)melancholia.
D)intellectual curiosity.

Question 8

Gayle would be described as cheerful,conventional,extroverted,reliable,helpful,and conservative and tends to enjoy upbeat conventional music,such as country and rock-n-roll.According to Rentfrow,Gayle would fit into which music-personality category?

A)mellow
B)contemporary
C)unpretentious
D)sophisticated

Question 9

According to Rentfrow,people in the mellow category are thoughtful,unaggressive,and quiet and tend to appreciate

A)smooth and relaxing music,such as contemporary adult,r&b,soft rock,soul.
B)reflective and complex music,such as blues,classical,folk,jazz,opera,and world.
C)upbeat conventional music,such as country,pop,religious,and rock-n-roll.
D)energetic and rhythmic music,such as dance,electronic,funk,hip-hop,and rap.

Question 10

In a series of studies,Peter Rentfrow found that which of the following tended to be associated with people's personality characteristics?

A)their tastes in foods
B)their style of dress
C)the types of preferred music
D)the types of preferred entertainment

Question 11

An adjective checklist would most likely be used by a

A)psychodynamic therapist.
B)behaviorist.
C)humanistic therapist.
D)trait theorist.

Question 12

In a series of studies,Peter Rentfrow found that the types of music which people prefer tend to be associated with their personality characteristics.Which of the following is NOT one of the five music-personality categories?

A)mellow
B)intense
C)sophisticated
D)unconventional

Question 13

The trait approach would be used to identify

A)the possible selves that one can choose from based on his or her character profile.
B)stable qualities a person shows in most situations.
C)situation-specific behaviors.
D)only characteristics that are shared by a group or culture.

Question 14

Sissy approaches most situations with optimism but tends to expect the worst each time she applies for a job and worries that she won't get it.If her pessimism is limited to this situation or just a few others,then

A)optimism would still be considered a stable disposition for Sissy.
B)pessimism would be a more accurate trait with which to describe Sissy.
C)neither the trait of optimism nor the trait of pessimism should be used to describe Sissy.
D)trait theory would not be a good way to describe or predict Sissy's behavior.

Question 15

Approximately how many English words refer to personal characteristics?

A)8,000
B)10,200
C)15,000
D)18,000

Question 16

If you were asked to describe the personality of your best friend,and you said that she was optimistic,reserved,and friendly,you would be using the approach.

A)psychodynamic
B)analytical
C)humanistic
D)trait

Question 17

Regarding introversion-extroversion,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Introversion and extroversion can be thought of as types and as traits.
B)Knowing how a person rates on the dimension of introversion-extroversion allows us to predict how the person will behave in a variety of situations.
C)Students high in the trait of extroversion are more likely to prefer to meet and talk to people through the Internet than face-to-face.
D)Separating people into broad types,such as "introvert" or "extrovert," may oversimplify personality.

Question 18

The dominant approach to the study of personality is currently the approach.

A)trait
B)psychodynamic
C)behaviorist
D)humanistic

Question 19

Jorge goes to a psychologist who will identify,classify,and analyze Jorge's stable enduring characteristics.Once these characteristics are identified and analyzed,they can be used to predict future behavior.This psychologist is utilizing the approach.

A)psychodynamic
B)trait
C)behavioristic
D)humanistic

Question 20

Of the various trait theories,which of the following is currently the most influential and proposes that all personalities vary along the key factors of extroversion,agreeableness,conscientiousness,neuroticism,and openness to experience?

A)Cattell's surface­source trait model
B)Allport's theory of individual traits
C)the Five Factor Personality Model
D)Myers-Brigg Type Indicator

Question 21

According to Rentfrow,people in the sophisticated category value aesthetic experiences,have good verbal abilities,are liberal,and tolerant of others and tend to like music that is

A)energetic and rhythmic,such as dance,electronic,funk,hip-hop,and rap.
B)upbeat and conventional,such as country,pop,religious,and rock-n-roll.
C)smooth and relaxing,such as contemporary adult,r&b,soft rock,and soul.
D)reflective and complex,such as blues,classical,folk,jazz,opera,and world.

Question 22

According to Allport,the inconsistent and superficial aspects of a person are called traits.

A)secondary
B)individual
C)surface
D)tertiary

Question 23

According to Gordon Allport,characteristics that are shared by most members of a culture are termed __________ traits.

A)cultural
B)ethnic
C)general
D)common

Question 24

Which personality theorist referred to the traits shared by members of a culture as common traits and the unique qualities of a particular person as individual traits,classified as cardinal,central,and secondary traits?

A)Raymond Cattell
B)Julian Rotter
C)Gordon Allport
D)Alfred Adler

Question 25

With respect to Gordon Allport's theory,which type of trait does NOT belong with the other three?

A)source
B)cardinal
C)central
D)secondary

Question 26

Jay is curious about new experiences,enjoys taking risks,and is physically active.He prefers intense,rebellious music,such as hard rock,heavy metal,and punk.According to Rentfrow,Jay would most likely fit into which music-personality category?

A)intense
B)unpretentious
C)contemporary
D)mellow

Question 27

Michael is talkative,full of energy,forgiving,and physically attractive.He tends to reject conservative ideals and prefers energetic,rhythmic music,such as funk,hip-hop,and rap.According to Rentfrow,Michael would most likely fit into which music-personality category?

A)intense
B)unpretentious
C)contemporary
D)sophisticated

Question 28

According to Gordon Allport,traits that tell us how people from a particular nation or culture are similar,or which traits a culture emphasizes,are referred to as traits.

A)cardinal
B)common
C)secondary
D)source

Question 29

According to Rentfrow,people in the intense category are curious about new experiences,enjoy taking risks,are physically active and prefer

A)rebellious music,such as alternative,hard rock,heavy metal,and punk.
B)upbeat conventional music,such as country,pop,religious,and rock-n-roll.
C)energetic and rhythmic music,such as dance,electronic,funk,hip-hop,and rap.
D)reflective and complex music,such as blues,classical,folk,jazz,opera,and world.

Question 30

Historians tell us that all of Abraham Lincoln's personality was dominated by the trait of honesty,which,according to Allport,would mean that this trait is a trait.

A)common
B)cardinal
C)source
D)primary

Question 31

According to Rentfrow,people in the contemporary category are talkative,full of energy,forgiving,and physically attractive and tend to reject conservative ideals.These people tend to prefer

A)rebellious music,such as alternative,hard rock,heavy metal,and punk.
B)reflective and complex music,such as blues,classical,folk,jazz,opera,and world.
C)upbeat music,such as country,pop,religious,and rock-n-roll.
D)energetic and rhythmic music,such as dance,electronic,funk,hip-hop,and rap.

Question 32

One's food preferences,attitudes,political opinions,musical tastes,and so forth are examples of what Allport called __________ traits.

A)cardinal
B)central
C)primary
D)secondary

Question 33

Compassion was the overriding trait of Mother Theresa's personality.According to Gordon Allport,when a trait,such as Mother Theresa's compassion,is so basic and dominant that all of a person's behavior can be traced to that trait,the trait is called a trait.

A)common
B)cardinal
C)source
D)primary

Question 34

According to Allport,some traits are so basic that all of a person's activities can be traced to the existence of these traits.Allport calls such traits traits.

A)common
B)cardinal
C)central
D)source

Question 35

The basic building blocks that make up the core of personality are called traits.

A)common
B)behavioral
C)cardinal
D)central

Question 36

According to Gordon Allport,if a majority of people in the United States show the trait of competitiveness,then,for Americans,this trait would be considered a trait.

A)common
B)cardinal
C)secondary
D)source

Question 37

Martha values aesthetic experiences,has excellent verbal abilities,and is liberal and tolerant of others.She tends to like music that is reflective and complex,such as blues,folk,and jazz.According to Rentfrow,Martha would most likely fit into which music-personality category?

A)mellow
B)unpretentious
C)sophisticated
D)intense

Question 38

When college students were asked to describe someone they knew well,they mentioned an average of __________ traits.

A)ten secondary
B)seven central
C)four cardinal
D)eight cardinal

Question 39

According to Gordon Allport,the personality traits that define a particular person's unique qualities are termed __________ traits.

A)common
B)surface
C)source
D)individual

Question 40

When people are asked to describe a person they know very well,they usually identify six to seven core traits that characterize this person's personality.According to Allport,these core traits would be the person's traits.

A)source
B)surface
C)cardinal
D)central

Question 41

The main difference between Allport's classification of traits and Cattell's classification of traits is that

A)Allport classified traits subjectively,while Cattell used a statistical approach.
B)Allport classified traits statistically,while Cattell used a subjective approach.
C)Allport's source traits are the visible areas of personality.
D)Cattell's central traits are the basic building blocks of personality.

Question 42

The dimensions of personality stressed by Eysenck include

A)psychosexual stages and Oedipal conflicts.
B)the collective unconscious and archetypes.
C)introversion-extroversion and emotional stability.
D)cognitions and reinforcement.

Question 43

Surface and source traits are the trait classifications of

A)Julian Rotter.
B)Walter Mischel.
C)Raymond Cattell.
D)Gordon Allport.

Question 44

The classification of central and secondary traits was determined

A)subjectively.
B)projectively.
C)statistically.
D)objectively.

Question 45

Which of the following used factor analysis to reduce a large number of surface traits into 16 source traits,or factors?

A)Gordon Allport
B)Abraham Maslow
C)Raymond Cattell
D)Julian Rotter

Question 46

Katy prefers colorful clothes,is a vegetarian,is politically liberal,and is often late to any appointment.According to Allport,this description identifies Katy's traits.

A)secondary
B)surface
C)cardinal
D)common

Question 47

Fatima prefers vanilla milkshakes and cheeseburgers,likes horror movies and punk rock bands,and wears blue jeans almost all the time.According to Allport,this description identifies Fatima's traits.

A)secondary
B)surface
C)cardinal
D)common

Question 48

Which of the following was the English psychologist who proposed the theory that many personality traits are related to whether one is introverted or extroverted and whether one tends to be emotionally stable or unstable (highly emotional)?

A)Julian Rotter
B)Hans Eysenck
C)Albert Bandura
D)Carl Rogers

Question 49

Four types of temperament recognized by the early Greeks are sanguine,choleric,phlegmatic,and

A)manic.
B)melancholic.
C)somatic.
D)anxious.

Question 50

Eysenck saw the characteristics of personality as being related to the four types of temperament first recognized by the early Greeks.Which of the following is NOT one of those four types?

A)melancholic
B)choleric
C)sanguine
D)somatic

Question 51

If you are imaginative,we automatically know that you will be inventive,original,curious,creative,innovative,and ingenious.Thus,according to Raymond Cattell being imaginative would be considered a trait.

A)source
B)surface
C)cardinal
D)secondary

Question 52

Raymond Cattell called the core of a person's personality,that is,the person's underlying personality characteristics,traits,or factors.

A)surface
B)source
C)common
D)cardinal

Question 53

To reduce the large number of surface traits to 16 source traits,Raymond Cattell used a statistical technique known as

A)factor analysis.
B)the Likert scale.
C)cumulative analysis.
D)situational testing.

Question 54

Raymond Cattell referred to the visible features of one's personality as traits.

A)source
B)surface
C)common
D)central

Question 55

Eysenck believed that the characteristics of personality were related to four types of temperament,melancholic,choleric,phlegmatic,and sanguine,which were first recognized by

A)the Romans.
B)the early Greeks.
C)the Chinese (Ming Dynasty).
D)Nostradamus.

Question 56

To look for connections among traits,Cattell used a statistical technique that correlated multiple measurements and identified general underlying factors.This technique is called

A)factor analysis.
B)the Likert scale.
C)cumulative analysis.
D)situational testing.

Question 57

Cattell used a statistical technique called factor analysis to reduce a large number of visible traits into 16 __________ traits,or factors.

A)surface
B)source
C)common
D)cardinal

Question 58

If a person is sad and gloomy,the early Greeks would have said that the person had which temperament?

A)melancholic
B)choleric
C)sanguine
D)phlegmatic

Question 59

A subjective method of classifying traits was used by

A)Dollard and Miller.
B)Raymond Cattell.
C)Julian Rotter.
D)Gordon Allport.

Question 60

Raymond Cattell's classification of source traits was determined

A)subjectively.
B)introspectively.
C)projectively.
D)statistically.

Question 61

A graphic representation of an individual's scores on several personality characteristics is referred to as a

A)personality analog.
B)trait profile.
C)rating scale histogram.
D)somatotypic scatter plot.

Question 62

Eysenck saw the characteristics of personality as being related to the four types of temperament first recognized by the early Greeks.Which of the following is the correct match between the temperament and its definition?

A)melancholic---sluggish,calm
B)choleric--------hot-tempered,irritable
C)sanguine-------sad,gloomy
D)phlegmatic-----cheerful,hopeful

Question 63

The 16 Personality Factor (16 PF)test was developed by

A)Gordon Allport.
B)Albert Bandura.
C)Raymond Cattell.
D)Carl Jung.

Question 64

Scrooge,in Dickens's A Christmas Carol,would rate lowest on which of the Big Five factors?

A)conscientiousness
B)agreeableness
C)neuroticism
D)melancholia

Question 65

If a person is cheerful and hopeful,the early Greeks would have said that the person had which temperament?

A)melancholic
B)choleric
C)sanguine
D)phlegmatic

Question 66

Your younger brother tends to be sluggish and calm.The early Greeks would have said that your younger brother has which temperament?

A)melancholic
B)choleric
C)sanguine
D)phlegmatic

Question 67

Raymond Cattell used his Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF)to identify a person's traits.

A)cardinal
B)surface
C)source
D)primary and secondary

Question 68

Eysenck saw the characteristics of personality as being related to the four types of temperament first recognized by the early Greeks.Which of the following is the correct match between the temperament and its definition?

A)melancholic---hot-tempered,irritable
B)choleric--------cheerful,hopeful
C)sanguine-------sad,gloomy
D)phlegmatic-----sluggish,calm

Question 69

In the five-factor model of personality,the dimension that measures whether a person is quiet,reserved,passive,and a loner or whether a person is talkative,active,affectionate,and a joiner is called

A)neuroticism.
B)openness to experience.
C)agreeableness.
D)extroversion.

Question 70

To develop a trait profile of a client,a psychologist might administer Raymond Cattell's test known as the

A)TAT.
B)MMPI-2
C)Type Indicator.
D)16 PF.

Question 71

Your roommate tends to be hot-tempered and irritable.The early Greeks would have said that your roommate has which temperament?

A)melancholic
B)choleric
C)sanguine
D)phlegmatic

Question 72

You describe your friend Noel as outgoing and friendly,conscientious,even-tempered,and curious.You have just rated his personality based on

A)the five-factor model.
B)the MMPI-2.
C)Hans Eysenck's dimensions.
D)Dollard and Miller's critical situations theory.

Question 73

The source traits identified by Cattell can be measured using a test known as the

A)MMPI-2.
B)16 PF.
C)TAT.
D)WAIS.

Question 74

Carrie is talkative,active,affectionate,and readily joins in with a group.On the five-factor model of personality,Carrie would rate high on which dimension?

A)agreeableness
B)openness to experience
C)conscientiousness
D)extroversion

Question 75

The dimensions of the "Big Five" factor model of personality are

A)introversion,extroversion,neuroticism,stability,and agreeableness.
B)extroversion,agreeableness,conscientious,neuroticism,and openness to experience.
C)introversion,neuroticism,egocentric,intelligence,and control.
D)extroversion,openness to experience,stability,egocentric,and neuroticism.

Question 76

Dr.Alba presents you with a trait profile of your personality.She is most likely using this profile to report your results on

A)the 16 PF.
B)the Stanford-Binet.
C)a polygraph.
D)a biofeedback assessment.

Question 77

The "Big Five" factor model of personality was based on attempts to further reduce the 16 factors developed by which theorist down to just five universal dimensions?

A)Gordon Allport
B)Raymond Cattell
C)Hans Eysenck
D)Dollard and Miller

Question 78

You describe your friend Joel as reserved,hostile,irresponsible,temperamental,and disinterested in ideas.You have just rated his personality based on

A)the five-factor model.
B)the MMPI-2.
C)Hans Eysenck's dimensions.
D)Dollard and Miller's critical situations theory.

Question 79

In the five-factor model of personality,the dimension that measures whether you are a friendly,nurturant,and caring person or if you are cold,indifferent,suspicious,and self-centered is called

A)neuroticism.
B)openness to experience.
C)agreeableness.
D)extroversion.

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions in the "Big Five" factor model of personality?

A)openness to experience
B)neuroticism
C)agreeableness
D)melancholia