Deck 3: Digestion,Absorption and Transport

Question 1

What does the pharynx do? 

A) Directs food from the mouth to the esophagus 
B) Secretes saliva 
C) Allows air to pass to and from the lungs 
D) Separates the abdomen from the thoracic cavity 
E) Prevents choking while swallowing

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following defines lumen? 

A) The flavor of monosodium glutamate 
B) The opening between the duodenum and jejunum 
C) The conduit from the mouth to the stomach 
D) The intestinal enzyme that hydrolyzes dietary nucleic acids 
E) The continuous inner space within the GI tract

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following organs does not provide secretions to aid in digestion? 

A) Appendix 
B) Stomach 
C) Salivary glands 
D) Liver 
E) Pancreas

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What substance is secreted by the gallbladder to emulsify fats? 

A) Bile 
B) Mucus 
C) Pepsinogen 
D) Digestive enzymes 
E) Gastrin

Question 5

Which part of the GI tract houses bacteria and lymph cells? 

A) Mouth 
B) Appendix 
C) Liver 
D) Gallbladder 
E) Pancreas

Question 6

Which term describes the backward flow of stomach contents? 

A) Pepsinogen 
B) Gastric mucosa 
C) Reflux 
D) Catalyst 
E) Bile

Question 7

What protects stomach cells from acid and disease-causing bacteria? 

A) Hydrochloric acid 
B) Water 
C) Gastric glands 
D) Mucus 
E) Bile

Question 8

Which of the following statements about taste buds is FALSE? 

A) They react only with particles in solution. 
B) Fluid is needed to help dissolve foods for tasting. 
C) There are five basic taste sensations: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. 
D) They can individually sense only one of the basic taste sensations at a time. 
E) Taste perceptions are influenced by aroma, appearance, and temperature.

Question 9

By the time the contents of the GI tract reach the ________,the three energy-yielding nutrients have been digested.

A) pharynx 
B) ileum 
C) stomach 
D) duodenum 
E) pancreas

Question 10

What structure allows air to and from the lungs? 

A) Trachea 
B) Epiglottis 
C) Esophageal sphincter 
D) Chyme 
E) Pyloric sphincter

Question 11

What do sphincter muscles do? 

A) Control peristalsis. 
B) Mix food with saliva. 
C) Secrete digestive juices into the GI tract. 
D) Regulate the flow of food particles along the GI tract. 
E) Trigger hormone release.

Question 12

The acidity of gastric juice registers ________ on the pH scale.

A) above 7 
B) 6 
C) 5 
D) 3 
E) below 2

Question 13

Which statement about the stomach is FALSE? 

A) It churns, mixes, and grinds food. 
B) It holds a bolus in its upper portion before transferring it to the lower portion. 
C) It adds digestive juices turning a bolus into chyme. 
D) It manufactures bile salts to help digest fats. 
E) It releases chyme little by little through the pyloric sphincter.

Question 14

Which of the following is not contained in pancreatic juice? 

A) Hydrolysis 
B) Carbohydrase 
C) Lipase 
D) Protease 
E) Bicarbonate

Question 15

A mouthful of food that has been chewed and swallowed is called ________.

A) chyme 
B) bile 
C) a reflux 
D) an emulsifier 
E) a bolus

Question 16

You eat a salad for lunch.Your body breaks down these foods into nutrients in preparation for absorption.This is called ________.

A) digestion 
B) ingestion 
C) excretion 
D) mastication 
E) segmentation

Question 17

What is the primary function of the epiglottis? 

A) To allow passage from the esophagus to the stomach 
B) To protect airways during swallowing 
C) To absorb water and minerals 
D) To house lymph cells 
E) To pass food from the mouth to the stomach

Question 18

The primary function of the anus is to ____.

A) control functioning of the colon 
B) open to allow passage of waste materials 
C) store waste materials prior to evacuation 
D) absorb excess water from waste materials 
E) store digestive hormones until they are needed

Question 19

The pyloric sphincter opens into the ________.

A) large intestine 
B) rectum 
C) small intestine 
D) colon 
E) bile duct

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a muscular action of digestion? 

A) Segmentation. 
B) Sphincter contractions. 
C) Peristalsis. 
D) Stomach action. 
E) Salivation.

Question 21

Which of the following would a dietitian recommend to enhance digestion and absorption? 

A) Eating several snacks per day so the GI tract is not overwhelmed 
B) Combining different food types 
C) Avoiding meat and fruit at the same meal 
D) Taking enzyme pills or powder periodically for system rejuvenation 
E) Eating only one type of food at each meal in order to avoid overstimulation of acid

Question 22

What are crypts? 

A) Projections on the inner surface of the small intestine 
B) Tubular glands that secret juices into the small intestine 
C) Cells of the GI tract that secret mucus 
D) Hairlike projections that trap nutrient particles and transport them to cells 
E) Glands that store bile

Question 23

Which secretion's principal enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion? 

A) Saliva 
B) Bile 
C) Gastric juice 
D) Pancreatic juice 
E) Hydrochloric acid

Question 24

How is blood routed through the body? 

A) Heart to arteries to capillaries to veins to heart 
B) Heart to capillaries to veins to arteries to heart 
C) Heart to veins to arteries to capillaries to heart 
D) Heart to veins to capillaries to arteries to heart 
E) Heart to arteries to veins to capillaries to heart

Question 25

How is blood routed through the digestive system? 

A) Heart to arteries to capillaries (intestines) to hepatic portal vein to capillaries (liver) to hepatic vein to heart 
B) Heart to capillaries to arteries (intestines) to hepatic portal vein to arteries (liver) to hepatic vein to heart 
C) Heart to arteries to capillaries (liver) to hepatic portal vein to capillaries (intestines) to hepatic portal vein to heart 
D) Heart to capillaries to arteries (gallbladder) to hepatic portal vein to arteries (liver) to hepatic vein to heart 
E) Heart to arteries to capillaries (intestines) to hepatic vein to capillaries (pancreas) to hepatic portal vein to heart

Question 26

The exchange of oxygen,nutrients,and waste materials takes place across ________ walls.

A) ducts 
B) venule 
C) aortic 
D) capillary 
E) lymph vessel

Question 27

The hepatic portal vein collects blood from the GI tract and conducts it to the ____.

A) liver 
B) heart 
C) pancreas 
D) hepatic vein 
E) spleen

Question 28

The top portion of the small intestine is called the ________.

A) duodenum 
B) ileum 
C) anus 
D) ileocecal valve 
E) rectum

Question 29

Which term refers to the uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood of the lymph? 

A) Digestion 
B) Absorption 
C) Mastication 
D) Ingestion 
E) Segmentation

Question 30

When does absorption begin? 

A) Immediately after eating 
B) Within one hour of eating 
C) Within three to four hours after eating 
D) At least five hours after eating 
E) About 12 hours after eating

Question 31

Which of the following has the highest pH? 

A) Water 
B) Pancreatic juice 
C) Gastric juice 
D) Bile 
E) Battery acid

Question 32

What term refers to the fingerlike projections from the folds of the small intestine? 

A) Villi 
B) Cilia 
C) Mesenteric vessels 
D) Anemone 
E) Goblet cells

Question 33

Which organ stores bile until it is needed? 

A) Stomach 
B) Gallbladder 
C) Liver 
D) Pancreas 
E) Small intestine

Question 34

Which statement about the absorptive system is FALSE? 

A) Cells of the intestinal tract are specialized to absorb different nutrients. 
B) Fat soluble nutrients pass through villi and enter the lymph. 
C) The small intestine is about 25-feet long. 
D) The many folds and villi of the small intestine increase its surface area, which helps nutrient absorption. 
E) If one part of the GI tract becomes dysfunctional, one's diet should be adjusted accordingly.

Question 35

Glucose moves against a concentration gradient,which requires energy; therefore,it is absorbed by ________.

A) simple diffusion 
B) complex diffusion 
C) facilitated transport 
D) active transport 
E) endocytosis

Question 36

When a water-soluble nutrient molecule has been absorbed and has crossed into the cell of a villus,it enters the bloodstream and is guided to the ________.

A) liver 
B) heart 
C) lungs 
D) kidneys 
E) gallbladder

Question 37

Water and small lipids cross into the intestines freely; therefore,they are absorbed by ________.

A) simple diffusion 
B) complex diffusion 
C) facilitated transport 
D) active transport 
E) endocytosis

Question 38

In which organ does most absorption take place? 

A) Small intestine 
B) Large intestine 
C) Liver 
D) Gallbladder 
E) Stomach

Question 39

What is the most metabolically active organ in the human body? 

A) Liver 
B) Adrenal gland 
C) Stomach 
D) Small intestine 
E) Brain

Question 40

What do intestinal microvilli do? 

A) Secret bile salts 
B) Secret mucus 
C) Transport nutrient particles into cells 
D) Transport pancreatic enzymes 
E) Stimulate peristalsis

Question 41

What is lymph? 

A) A light red fluid that stores fat-soluble vitamins 
B) A clear fluid that contains infection-fighting white blood cells 
C) A white fluid that contains probiotics 
D) A greenish fluid that contains abundant platelets and water-soluble vitamins 
E) A viscous, red fluid that contains red blood cells and platelets

Question 42

Which statement about gastrointestinal microbes is FALSE? 

A) The GI tract is home to about 100 trillion microbes. 
B) Obese people have more diverse microbe populations than do non-obese people. 
C) Few microbes can live in the stomach. 
D) GI microbiota play a crucial role in health. 
E) GI microbiota change in response to short-term and long-term dietary patterns.

Question 43

Vomiting expels the contents of the stomach up through the ________ to the mouth.

A) esophagus 
B) larynx 
C) trachea 
D) salivary glands 
E) duodenum

Question 44

Which two systems coordinate all the digestive and absorptive processes? 

A) Endocrine and thoracic 
B) Portal and lymphatic 
C) Nervous and hormonal 
D) Hormonal and circulatory 
E) Circulatory and nervous

Question 45

What does gastrin do? 

A) It stimulates the pancreas to secret bicarbonate-rich juices into the small intestine to maintain a slightly alkaline pH. 
B) It stimulates stomach glands to release the components of hydrochloric acid to maintain an acidic pH. 
C) It stimulates the gallbladder to secret bile into the duodenum to emulsify fats. 
D) It stimulates the pancreas to secret enzyme-rich juices to digest fats and proteins. 
E) It stimulates the pancreas to secret enzyme-rich juices to slow GI tract motility

Question 46

Bacteria in the GI tract also produce ________.

A) mucus 
B) several minerals 
C) glucose 
D) several vitamins 
E) energy

Question 47

What food contains probiotics and has been used for thousands of years to promote a healthy GI tract? 

A) Fish 
B) Yogurt 
C) Poultry 
D) Spinach 
E) Kale

Question 48

The lymphatic system collects fluid from tissues throughout the body and directs its flow toward the ________.

A) liver 
B) heart 
C) spleen 
D) pancreas 
E) gallbladder

Question 49

Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum to emulsify fats? 

A) Lipase 
B) Gastrin 
C) Secretin 
D) Cholecystokinin 
E) Glucagon

Question 50

Choking occurs when food slips into the ________ and completely blocks passageways.

A) pharynx 
B) larynx 
C) trachea 
D) esophagus 
E) diaphragm

Question 51

Which of the following is a hormone produced by cells in the duodenum wall? 

A) Gastrin 
B) Secretin 
C) Glucagon 
D) Gastric-inhibitory peptide 
E) CCK

Question 52

Living microorganisms found in foods and dietary supplements that,when consumed in sufficient quantities,are beneficial to health are called ________.

A) probiotics 
B) prebiotics 
C) postbiotics 
D) symbiotics 
E) abiotics

Question 53

Which term is defined as food components that are not digested by the human body but are used as food by the GI bacteria to promote their growth and activity? 

A) Prebiotics 
B) Probiotics 
C) Postbiotics 
D) Symbiotics 
E) Abiotics

Question 54

What slows GI motility? 

A) Gastrin 
B) Secretin 
C) Prozymogen 
D) Cholecystokinin 
E) Insulin

Question 55

What is intestinal ischemia? 

A) Reduced blood flow to the intestines 
B) Microscopically small fungi 
C) Mucus-secreting intestinal projections 
D) Inflammation of two or more sphincter muscles 
E) Collection of microbes in the intestines

Question 56

The normal pH of the stomach is about ________.

A) 0.75 
B) 1.5 
C) 2.5 
D) 7.5 
E) 8.5

Question 57

Which of the following is a hormone secreted by the cells in the stomach wall? 

A) Gastrin 
B) Insulin 
C) Secretin 
D) Cholecystokinin 
E) Glucagon

Question 58

Which vehicle provides the passageway from the lymphatic system to the vascular system? 

A) Villi 
B) Hepatic portal vein 
C) Subclavian vein 
D) Common bile duct 
E) Thoracic duct

Question 59

Which of the following does not promote a healthy digestive system? 

A) Pleasant mealtime conversation 
B) Disruptive mealtime environments 
C) Adequate sleep 
D) Physical activity 
E) Nourishing foods

Question 60

Which statement accurately describes the pancreas? 

A) The major hormone controlling the release of pancreatic enzymes is insulin. 
B) Quick dietary changes improve digestion because of pancreas inefficiency. 
C) The pancreas can increase the activity of fat-degrading enzymes in response to more fat in the diet. 
D) In general, the amounts of digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas remain constant over a wide range of nutrient intakes. 
E) Pancreatic enzymes can digest protein and fat but not carbohydrate.

Question 61

The maintenance of constant internal conditions by the body's control systems is called ________.

Question 62

Which term describes the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus,causing damage to the esophageal cells and the sensation of heartburn? 

A) colitis 
B) watery stools 
C) lymphatic malabsorption 
D) gastroesophageal reflux 
E) celiac disease

Question 63

Cells of the GI tract that secret mucus are called ________ cells.

Question 64

A high-fiber diet can reduce pressure in the rectal veins and help prevent ________.

A) Reflux 
B) hiccups 
C) hemorrhoids 
D) peptic ulcers 
E) vomiting

Question 65

Vomiting and diarrhea can lead to life-threatening ________.

A) dehydration 
B) indigestion 
C) hemorrhoiditis 
D) acid dysregulation 
E) ulcers

Question 66

The wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along are called ________.

Question 67

The semiliquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum is called ________.

Question 68

________ are small vessels that connect arteries to veins.

Question 69

Which of the following is not a recommended strategy for treating an ulcer? 

A) Avoid drinking caffeine and alcohol. 
B) Minimize use of aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. 
C) Avoid strenuous activity. 
D) Do not smoke. 
E) Avoid aggravating foods.

Question 70

The washing of the large intestine with a powerful enema machine is known as colonic hydrotherapy or ________.

Question 71

MATCHING
a.Liver
b.Crypts
c.Goblet
d.Segmentation
e.pH
f.Gastrin
g.Secretin
h.Arteries
i.Appendix
j.Water
k.Esophagus
l.Gallbladder
m.Lipase
n.Hepatic portal vein
o.Lymph
p.Ileocecal valve
q.Cholecystokinin
r.Villi
s.Hydrolysis
t.Lymphatic system
Blind sac containing bacteria and lymph cells

Question 72

MATCHING
a.Liver
b.Crypts
c.Goblet
d.Segmentation
e.pH
f.Gastrin
g.Secretin
h.Arteries
i.Appendix
j.Water
k.Esophagus
l.Gallbladder
m.Lipase
n.Hepatic portal vein
o.Lymph
p.Ileocecal valve
q.Cholecystokinin
r.Villi
s.Hydrolysis
t.Lymphatic system
Conduit from the mouth to the stomach

Question 73

Which of the following is one of the most common GI disorders and is characterized by abdominal pain,cramping,and a disturbance in the motility of the GI tract? 

A) colitis 
B) irritable bowel syndrome 
C) celiac disease 
D) diverticulosis 
E) reflux

Question 74

Which term describes fermentable oligosaccharides,disaccharides,monosaccharides,and polyols that are commonly found in wheat,onions,some fruits and vegetables,sorbitol,and some dairy? 

A) Antacids 
B) Diverticula 
C) Gluten 
D) FODMAP 
E) Pepsis

Question 75

Foods that produce gas typically are high in ________.

A) carbohydrates 
B) protein 
C) vitamins 
D) minerals 
E) lipids

Question 76

All the organs and glands associated with the ingestion and digestion of food make up the ________.

Question 77

What terms refers to the sacs that develop in the weakened areas of the intestinal wall? 

A) constipation 
B) diarrhea 
C) diverticula 
D) colitis 
E) ulcers

Question 78

What is the typical treatment for ulcers that develop in response to H.pylori infections? 

A) Diets rich in fiber 
B) Surgery 
C) Antacids 
D) Antibiotics 
E) Naproxen

Question 79

MATCHING
a.Liver
b.Crypts
c.Goblet
d.Segmentation
e.pH
f.Gastrin
g.Secretin
h.Arteries
i.Appendix
j.Water
k.Esophagus
l.Gallbladder
m.Lipase
n.Hepatic portal vein
o.Lymph
p.Ileocecal valve
q.Cholecystokinin
r.Villi
s.Hydrolysis
t.Lymphatic system
Periodic squeezing by the intestine's circular muscles

Question 80

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by the inflammation of the small intestine that occurs in response to foods that contain ________.

A) gluten 
B) collagen 
C) whey 
D) elastin 
E) keratin