Deck 11: Toward Racial Democracy

Question 1

In the 1970s,Native American boarding schools reached peak enrollments.In these schools,which started in the late 1800s,efforts to "civilize" American Indians by prohibiting talk in native languages,replacing native names with Americanized versions,and mandating styles of dress and grooming commensurate with European-American beauty standards,were widely practiced.The assumptions of which model of racial integration were displayed in such schools?

A)the melting pot
B)assimilation
C)multiculturalism
D)cosmopolitanism

Answer 1

B  

Question 2

In contrast to the models of color-blindness and multiculturalism,the racial democracy ideal envisions an "ideal America" as:

A)a place where people's racial and ethnic differences are respected but that respect is secondary to the respect given to each person's individual accomplishments and abilities to succeed in society
B)a place where empathy,mutuality,and common respect between people has created a pattern of cultural respect,where all groups are given equal social merit
C)a place where people are liberated beyond the structural restraints of the legacies associated with their racial and ethnic groups through a systematic redress of racial injustices
D)a place where people don't need to acknowledge race and ethnicity because the ideals of race equality finally match the reality of the society

Answer 2

C  

Question 3

During the period of urbanization in American society that was part of the industrial revolution,America imported a model of slum exploitation that had been widespread in what region?

A)Latin America
B)the Soviet Union
C)Southeast Asia
D)Europe

Answer 3

D  

Question 4

During the early 1900s,Irish immigrants to the United States were often discriminated against in hiring and in other ways).According to Park's Race Relations Cycle,which state does this period of anti-Irish sentiment best represent?

A)contact
B)conflict
C)accommodation
D)assimilation

Question 5

During the first Republican debate of the 2016 election season,presidential candidate Ben Carson said," ...when I take someone to the operating room,I'm actually operating on the thing that makes them who they are.The skin doesn't make them who they are.The hair doesn't make them who they are.And it's time for us to move beyond that because . . .our strength as a nation comes in our unity." His statement reflects:

A)the way that politicians advocate for making changes at the institutional level to achieve racial democracy
B)the resurgence in the popularity of the "salad bowl" versus "melting pot" idea of American society
C)the color-blind thinking that is central to much of American racial discourse today
D)the way Elijah Anderson's ideal of the "cosmopolitan canopy" has permeated political discourse

Question 6

Some people have argued that the ideas of color-blindness and multiculturalism are not really that different from one another.Which of the following statements best explains this argument?

A)Both color-blindness and multiculturalism argue that racial identity should not be important in society.
B)Both color-blindness and multiculturalism rely on a race-neutral reading of constitutional law.
C)Both color-blindness and multiculturalism assert that emphasizing race holds America back from real racial progress.
D)Both color-blindness and multiculturalism avoid difficult discussions of institutional racism and structural inequalities.

Question 7

Two political commentators are debating the merits of affirmative action.One commentator argues that affirmative action should be eliminated now that there's "an even playing field" for everyone.The other commentator replies,"The fact is that people who live in the white suburbs have advantages over blacks and Latinos in the city,just like they have advantages over poor people more generally." The second commentator's argument against ending affirmative action is responding to which of the following tendencies of color-blindness?

A)the tendency of color-blindness to rationalize group differences as a result of people's cultures
B)the tendency of color-blindness to minimize the importance of the historical legacies of race-based structural inequalities
C)the tendency of color-blindness to invoke claims of equality that seem to be based on moral principles
D)the tendency of color-blindness to chastise people for claiming that they experience discrimination on a day-to-day basis

Question 8

Which industry that exploits the economic plight of the poor and racial minorities does Chapter 11 note as having more stores across the United States than McDonald's restaurants?

A)pawn shops
B)pay-day lenders
C)used car lots
D)street vendors

Question 9

One problem with Horace Kallen's ideal of a hyphenated,culturally pluralistic society is that ______________.

A)it excludes whites of European descent from its "orchestra" analogy
B)it doesn't address the obstacles hindering the incorporation of nonwhites into a majority-white nation
C)it erodes our national culture by focusing on differences more than similarities
D)groups lose their identities over time and become part of an overarching American identity

Question 10

To argue that schools should adjust their curriculum so that African,Asian,and indigenous accounts of history be incorporated with equal weight alongside European accounts is to advocate for:

A)the melting pot
B)racial justice and democracy
C)civic engagement
D)color-blind education

Question 11

Critics of the color-blind ideal make which of the following arguments?

A)Racial prejudices are not viewed as problematic in the color-blind ideal.
B)Color-blindness is not based on a vision of a moral or just society.
C)Forms of everyday racism not only cannot be addressed by the color-blind framework but also may actually derive from it.
D)It reinforces racial boundaries.

Question 12

Which of the frameworks used for responding to racial inequalities aspires to the goal of living in a society where people are judged "not by the color of their skin but by the content of their character," as Martin Luther King,Jr. ,once stated?

A)color-blindness
B)multiculturalism
C)cosmopolitanism
D)racial democracy

Question 13

A proponent of color-blindness would be most likely to offer which of the following critiques of cosmopolitanism?

A)By highlighting the importance of racial and ethnic identities,cosmopolitanism divides rather than unites Americans.
B)Cosmopolitanism does not solve the problems of race-based policies any more effectively than color-blindness does.
C)Cosmopolitanism does not believe all cultures have equal worth.
D)Cosmopolitanism does not promote systemic change.

Question 14

When a person says that "a person's character counts more than race" when competing for jobs or school admissions,they are relying on:

A)the ideology of color-blindness
B)the universalism of racial bias
C)an application of the racial democracy model of integration
D)the ideology of the "cosmopolitan canopy"

Question 15

A metaphor for the multicultural framework that the textbook mentions is:

A)a salad bowl
B)a jar of mixed nuts
C)a mosaic
D)a graffiti mural

Question 16

In social and political debate,the ideal of color-blindness has pushed itself to the _____________ of the ideological debate.

A)periphery
B)center
C)left
D)right

Question 17

An elementary school that recognizes holidays of various groups during the fall and into winter by having children make crafts relating to the Islamic celebration of Eid al-Adha,the Christian celebration of Christmas,the Jewish celebration of Hanukkah,and the American civic celebration of Thanksgiving,among many others,is most likely adopting which of the following frameworks?

A)color-blindness
B)multiculturalism
C)assimilation
D)abstract liberalism

Question 18

In American history,the assimilation model:

A)took into account the diversity of peoples in American society,including descendants of African slaves,Asian immigrants,European immigrants,Native Americans,and Latinos
B)was a dialogue of interactions where the "melting pot" of American society produced transformation to both the new peoples in society and those already established
C)was most pronounced in the South
D)required that people adopt the predominant cultural norms of the established society of power and influence while minimizing the practices of their racial/ethnic groups

Question 19

According to Elijah Anderson,a "cosmopolitan canopy" is:

A)a pluralistic space where people come to appreciate one another's differences and empathize with each other
B)a place that offers a "time-out" from normal life and social relationships
C)an environment where racial and ethnic differences don't matter
D)a natural evolution of a melting pot society

Question 20

To move toward racial democracy and take into account the realities of race privilege means that:

A)we have moved beyond discussing color-blindness as an ideal and cemented the realities of color-blindness in the way that society is structured
B)we must abandon any commitment to the ideals of color-blindness and the diversity of multiculturalism
C)we must begin with people's actual experiences with other people and social institutions,where racial injustices are a reality
D)we resolve to cut through the tensions of racial avoidance by confronting the limits of people's experiences with color-blindness

Question 21

While a strength of __________ is that it/they can give impoverished minorities a sense of self-respect and provide an outlet for justified anger,one weakness of this form of protest is that __________.

A)urban uprisings;they are often self-destructive and short-lived
B)passive resistances;they are usually ineffective
C)civil disobedience;it has failed to call attention to societal maladies
D)organized marches;they marginalize the role of minority women

Question 22

In the United States,the census bureau classifies Hispanic-origin people as being either racially black or racially white.This classification is an example of:

A)symbolic reclassification
B)collective reasoning
C)society's symbolic order
D)hidden curriculum

Question 23

The textbook notes that when seeking office,President Obama made a speech that minimized the importance of racial categories,calling upon a color-blind logic to bring people together as Americans.During his time in office,some people have criticized him for not being adamant enough about the racialized dynamics of certain events such as the riots in Ferguson,Missouri,and the shooting of Trayvon Martin.These critiques best reflect how:

A)racial injustice is often perpetrated in plain sight but forgotten in public discussion
B)color-blindness is the only framework that people use when talking about race in politics
C)racial events are not socially constructed through political discourses
D)a politician's race-neutrality can foster support among constituents

Question 24

If a campus fraternity presented itself as a white supremacy group:

A)the multiculturalism framework would reject the existence of this group outright because of the efforts of multiculturalists to accept groups that bring about positive interrelationships among others in society
B)proponents of multiculturalism would be presented with an ideological challenge in such a scenario because of the intention by multiculturalists to see value in every perspective
C)the multiculturalism framework would question how a democratic community can be created on the campus with representation from each and every group,including those who are a part of the fraternity
D)multiculturalists would visit the fraternity and try to reason with the members by explaining the cosmopolitan view of life and advancing an agenda of solidarity

Question 25

Jeremy,who is white,has been thinking about how he teases his friend Lee,who is Asian,about being "good at math." Jeremy has recently come to realize that by making such claims,he is using a stereotype and has determined to stop making such jokes.This type of personal change is a result of:

A)the indirect influence of Lee's laughing at the jokes
B)the decline in the "model minority" stereotype for Asian Americans
C)the openness of Jeremy to deliberate reflection and self-criticism about his actions
D)the disruptions of the race traitor approach to interactions

Question 26

According to the textbook authors,when it comes to confronting people who make racist comments:

A)it's best not to ask them questions about their beliefs or comments
B)thinking about your timing to challenge the comments may be as important as what you say
C)it is important to make sure that you "win" the confrontation with the offending person
D)it is always best to deal with these comments on the spot right when they happen)

Question 27

An approach to racial interaction that advocates for confrontational interactions to challenge the racial order is called:

A)the race traitor approach
B)the Malcolm X approach
C)the racial integration approach
D)the multiracial approach

Question 28

An aspect of the color-blind ideology called "color-blind racism" occurs when:

A)everybody in society ignores racism and discrimination because we are supposed to live in a colorblind society
B)people lash out at each other for reasons other than race
C)poor whites' lack of awareness of the existence of other groups in society
D)whites use the language and rhetoric of color-blindness to discriminate against blacks and other people of color

Question 29

Efforts to correct the white racial bias built into SAT tests is an example of an attempt at change on the _____________ level.

A)individual
B)interactional
C)institutional
D)collective

Question 30

The legislation that prohibits discrimination by housing lenders and landlords is called:

A)the Fair Housing Act
B)the Unified Housing Act
C)the Landlord Fairness Act
D)the Renters Act

Question 31

When people feel despondent because some people they know will never seem to abandon their racial biases,they can:

A)adopt an assimilationist perspective of racial justice,understanding that racial bias will erode with time
B)give up on advancing racial agendas because in our society only individual-level change makes any real difference
C)move on to devote their time and energy to fighting for racial justice and democracy at the institutional level
D)reconcile themselves to adopting the color-blind framework and to ignoring the realities of race in day-to-day life

Question 32

What is the 80/20 phenomenon?

A)This is the notion that about 80 percent of social movements are individually motivated and 20 percent of social movements are institutionally motivated.
B)This is the distribution of multiracial participants 20 percent)in the Hawaii working-class sugar movement to white participants 80 percent).
C)This is the idea that within the color-blind ideological framework,about 80 percent of social policies are supposed to be color-blind,whereas about 20 percent are supposed to be race-conscious.
D)This is the idea that roughly 80 percent of social change is brought about by 20 percent of the population.

Question 33

Using the practice of affirmative action under the integrative model means:

A)diversity in the workplace,higher education,and other institutions is achieved by focusing on why diversity benefits the institution rather than on moral issues
B)as people of different racial backgrounds work together,cleavages may arise;by tackling these confrontationally,racial progress happens
C)the rationale for inclusion is based on a philosophy of quantitative/numerical representation
D)that institutions achieve racial democracy by allowing worthy and qualified people of all races the chance for meaningful participation

Question 34

If a person seeks to expand his or her cultural awareness by changing his or her social settings and experiences,that person is:

A)engaging in indirect institutional change
B)engaging in indirect individual change
C)engaging in direct institutional change
D)engaging in direct individual change

Question 35

Multiracial social movements:

A)have a long history in the United States
B)are usually less effective than movements primarily composed of people of one race
C)demonstrate that changing people as individuals is easier than changing institutions
D)are based on the color-blind ideology

Question 36

Kennedy,a black female,and Samuel,a white male,are a married couple that see their relationship as an emblem of racial progress.While not denying the importance of their relationship,advocates for institutional-level racial change might say that:

A)interracial relationships set the standard for interactional change that institutions should copy
B)interracial relationships demonstrate the accommoda-tion level of Park's Race Relations Cycle,and are thus not related to society's institutions
C)interracial relationships are too narrow a gauge of interracial progress,and that this type of interactional change alone cannot overturn structural racism
D)interracial relationships encourage the shift in collective social thinking necessary to usher in true colorblindness

Question 37

What are the limits of "diversity training"?

A)Diversity training has very few limits because it helps people to expand their awareness of the different forms of structural discrimination and racism.
B)Diversity training is limited by only being used in the context of organizations and in workplaces.
C)Diversity training suffers because it does not encourage people to confront the stereotypes associated with diversity itself.
D)Diversity training has expanded to incorporate so much difference that it signals human variation instead of calling forth structural racism.

Question 38

Organized protests by American Indian rights activist groups against the use of American Indian mascots,such as the Washington Redskins,are examples of efforts to make changes toward racial democracy at the level of _____________.

A)individual effort
B)interactional change
C)institutional action
D)collective action

Question 39

The dismantling of many Jim Crow Era segregation policies is an example of what type of change?

A)a change to cultural norms rather than laws
B)a change to people's individual mindsets
C)a change of micro-aggressions and micro-interactions
D)a legal and institutional change

Question 40

Sociologist William Julius Wilson argues that neither antidiscrimination laws nor affirmative action has succeeded in __________.

A)improving the life chances of the least well-off in society
B)increasing the number of minority applicants to four-year colleges
C)increasing diversity in the workplace
D)increasing the college graduation rate of minorities

Question 41

Do you think that some Americans today still believe in a variation of the old vision of America as a melting pot? Provide two examples,including one from the textbook,to support your opinion.

Question 42

How can asking people questions about their racial perceptions open up a dialogue for potential growth at the level of interactions?

Question 43

What is the basic problem with statements such as "Blacks are very athletic."?

Question 44

How does "racial intelligence" provide foresight in new situations?

Question 45

When a person chooses to look toward uncomfortable racial situations and encounters with openness and self-reflection,he or she is receptive to:

A)color-blindness
B)racial healing
C)accommodation
D)symbolic encounters

Question 46

After the national crisis on September 11,2001,the phrase "United We Stand" emerged as a unifier across racial boundaries.Does this phrase represent the framework of color-blindness or cosmopolitanism?

Question 47

When the membership of a racial justice social movement is itself multiracial:

A)the social movement usually fails to achieve its goals
B)the goals of the movement are reflected in its composition
C)other social movements use the membership base to advance goals of intersectionality
D)pan-ethnic groups form powerful alliances within the movements

Question 48

Explain why addressing only the prejudices held by individuals allows institutional and structural racism to persist in society.

Question 49

Why do the proponents of color-blindness critique cosmopolitanism? Do you agree with their critiques? Why or why not?

Question 50

A white politician,acknowledging the ways in which policies he previously supported have negatively impacted communities of color,makes the statement that he "only hopes that I can somehow change who I am in my remaining lifetime and pass on to my children what I've learned..." In this example,the man most likely:

A)is in the initial stages of racial awareness
B)is stuck in the experience of white guilt
C)has become bitter about his white racial identity
D)has confronted how his identity and actions feed racism

Question 51

For proponents of the color-blind framework,what is the role of racial identity in society?

Question 52

Explain why the melting pot is the common symbol of American assimilation.

Question 53

Explain the steps of Park's race relations cycle.

Question 54

Can people go "too far" in accepting adversarial cultures through the lens of multiculturalism? Discuss one example to support your answer.

Question 55

A person is most effective at changing his or her own attitudes and behaviors when the changes are:

A)self-perpetuating
B)imposed by others
C)all-encompassing
D)incremental