Deck 16: Life Cycle Nutrition: Infancy,Childhood and Adolescence

Question 1

Why should new foods be introduced to an infant one at a time? 

A) It prevents overfeeding of the infant. 
B) It allows for easier detection of any allergic reactions to that food. 
C) It prevents contamination from a used spoon. 
D) It aids iron absorption. 
E) It reduces risk of upset stomach.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In an infant,which organ uses about 60% of the day's total energy intake? 

A) Liver 
B) Brain 
C) Kidney 
D) Skeletal muscle 
E) Small and large intestines

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following represents a risk of formula feeding? 

A) Lead-deficiencies in available water sources for infants over 6 months old 
B) Excessive fluoride levels in available water sources for infants of any age 
C) Inadequate fluoride levels in available water sources for infants under 6 months old 
D) Lack of sufficient FDA oversight on currently available formulas 
E) Lack of sufficient FDA testing for contamination with Salmonella

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What factor in breast milk inhibits inflammatory bowel disease and supports a healthy epithelial barrier? 

A) Colostrum 
B) Lactoferrin 
C) TGF-β 
D) Bifidus factor 
E) Lysozyme

Question 5

Which of the following formulas should be used first when an infant is found to be lactose intolerant? 

A) Egg 
B) Soy 
C) Barley 
D) Hydrolyzed protein 
E) Goat's milk

Question 6

A healthy adult requires less than 40 kcalories per kilogram of body weight.A healthy infant requires about ________ kcalories per kilogram of body weight.

A) 25 
B) 75 
C) 100 
D) 225 
E) 450

Question 7

Which of the following supplements is recommended for infants who are breastfed exclusively? 

A) DHA 
B) Vitamin D 
C) Calcium 
D) Sodium 
E) Casein

Question 8

During the second year,a healthy infant gains less than ________ pounds and grows about ________ inches taller.

A) 10, 5 
B) 10, 10 
C) 15, 5 
D) 15, 10 
E) 20, 5

Question 9

When is it potentially acceptable for an infant to be fed fat-free milk? 

A) After 6 months of age 
B) After 1 year of age 
C) After 2 years of age 
D) As soon as complementary foods are introduced 
E) When the diet supplies 30% of kcalories from fat

Question 10

When compared to breast milk or infant formula,cow's milk contains too much ________ and too little ________.

A) protein, carbohydrate 
B) protein, fat 
C) fat, protein 
D) fat, carbohydrate 
E) carbohydrate, protein

Question 11

The term "failure to thrive" sometimes is used to describe infants and children with ________.

A) carbohydrate deficiency 
B) carbohydrate toxicity 
C) protein deficiency 
D) protein toxicity 
E) vitamin D deficiency

Question 12

Of the following cereals,which is least likely to result in an allergic reaction upon first feeding? 

A) Oat 
B) Rice 
C) Corn 
D) Wheat 
E) Barley

Question 13

Infants benefit from bifidus factors in breast milk because bifidus factors ________.

A) prevent respiratory infections 
B) favor the growth of "friendly" bacteria in the digestive tract 
C) regulate cell growth 
D) prevent bacteria from getting the iron needed to grow 
E) kill bacteria

Question 14

What term is defined as the milk-like substance secreted right after delivery? 

A) Lactadherin 
B) Lactoferrin 
C) DHA 
D) Colostrum 
E) TGF-β

Question 15

On what are infant recommendations for vitamins and minerals based? 

A) Average amounts present in body tissues of thriving infants 
B) Adult RDA scaled down to infants on a per kg body weight basis 
C) An out-of-date scale from the 1950s 
D) Average amounts consumed by thriving infants breastfed by well-nourished mothers 
E) Average amounts found in breast milk

Question 16

A healthy infant that weighs 7 pounds at birth likely will weigh ________ pounds by her first birthday.

A) 14 
B) 21 
C) 28 
D) 35 
E) 42

Question 17

At what age should breastfed infants be offered complementary foods? 

A) 1 month 
B) 3 months 
C) 6 months 
D) 9 months 
E) 1 year

Question 18

What is alpha-lactalbumin? 

A) The main carbohydrate in human breast milk 
B) The main carbohydrate in cow's milk 
C) A fatty acid in human breast milk 
D) The chief protein in human breast milk 
E) The chief protein in cow's milk

Question 19

Which of the following defines nursing bottle tooth decay? 

A) Development of caries resulting from frequent use of non-sterile bottles and nipples. 
B) Bacterial attack of teeth due to use of lead-rich drinking water. 
C) Extensive tooth decay infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle. 
D) Tooth decay resulting from prolonged exposure to soft food due to the infant's inability to swallow normally. 
E) Tooth decay resulting from the rubbing of the nipple against the teeth and consequent thinning of enamel.

Question 20

Why is goat's milk inappropriate for infants? 

A) It is high in iron. 
B) It has a low folate content. 
C) It is low in protein. 
D) It is high in calcium. 
E) It lacks vitamin D.

Question 21

What percentage of children younger than 4 years are diagnosed with food allergies? 

A) 1 to 3% 
B) 4 to 8% 
C) 10 to 12% 
D) 15 to 18% 
E) 22 to 25%

Question 22

A child who develops antibodies to a certain food is said to have a ________.

A) food allergy 
B) food intolerance 
C) food-hyposensitivity reaction 
D) transient immune suppression 
E) food tolerance

Question 23

Which of the following statements about the diets of today's children is FALSE? 

A) Few children eat the USDA recommended daily amounts from each food group. 
B) Children 2 to 6 years of age eat more solid fat, added sugar, and sodium. 
C) Preschool children eat more pizza and candy than those in previous decades. 
D) Children consume adequate amounts of vitamin E, potassium, and fiber. 
E) Children consume more fruit than they did in previous years.

Question 24

Which of the following accurately describes how hunger affects behavior in children? 

A) Children who fail to eat breakfast typically become hyperactive after eating lunch. 
B) Children who skip breakfast typically make up the nutrient deficits at later meals. 
C) Midmorning snacks improve classroom performance all the way to lunchtime. 
D) Although breakfast-skippers show reduced attention spans, they tend to perform well on tasks requiring concentration. 
E) Hunger's short-term effects on behavior are well researched, but there is little evidence regarding its long-term effects.

Question 25

Approximately how many children live in U.S.households without enough available food? 

A) 1 million 
B) 6 million 
C) 10 million 
D) 16 million 
E) 60 million

Question 26

Pica,a craving for nonfood items like dirt and old paint,can lead to ________ in children.

A) lead poisoning 
B) hyperactivity 
C) food allergies 
D) obesity 
E) type 2 diabetes

Question 27

Which foods most often cause anaphylactic shock in children with food allergies? 

A) Eggs, peanuts, and milk 
B) Bananas, shellfish, and cola 
C) Apples, noodles, and tree nuts 
D) Wheat, hops, and chocolate 
E) Barley, corn, and quinoa

Question 28

What percentage of young school aged children exhibit hyperactivity? 

A) 7% 
B) 11% 
C) 15% 
D) 17% 
E) 23%

Question 29

An active 6-year-old child need about _________ kcalories per day to meet energy needs.

A) 400 
B) 800 
C) 1600 
D) 2400 
E) 3200

Question 30

Which of the following accurately describes the need for supplements in childhood? 

A) Very few children take nutrient supplements of any kind. 
B) A child's diet typically is rich in iron-fortified foods, so supplementation is not recommended. 
C) The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a daily multivitamin for all children under the age of 12. 
D) Children who fail to consume vitamin D-fortified foods should receive a daily supplement of 15 micrograms. 
E) The FDA is responsible for testing all dietary supplements for their safe use in children.

Question 31

What is thought to account,in part,for the rise in the prevalence of peanut allergy? 

A) Excess sodium consumed as part of the peanuts 
B) Exposure to medicinal skin creams containing peanut oil 
C) Impaired digestion/absorption resulting from elevated leptin and adiponectin levels 
D) Increased inflammation of the immune system due to altered ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids 
E) Hyperstimulation of the immune system by multiple vaccines

Question 32

Each year from age 1 to adolescence,a child typically grows taller by 2 to 3 inches and heavier by ________ pounds.

A) 2 to 3 
B) 5 to 6 
C) 10 to 12 
D) 15 to 18 
E) 20 to 23

Question 33

Which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S.toddlers 1 to 3 years of age? 

A) Iron 
B) Protein 
C) Calcium 
D) Vitamin C 
E) Fiber

Question 34

Which of the following foods should not be fed to infants because of the risk of botulism? 

A) Peanut butter 
B) Honey 
C) Gum 
D) Fruit juice 
E) Rice milk

Question 35

A 1-year-old who drinks more than 3 cups of cow's milk a day is at an increased risk for developing a deficiency of which nutrient? 

A) Iron 
B) Folate 
C) Vitamin A 
D) Vitamin C 
E) Vitamin D

Question 36

Brady is allergic to peanuts.In the school cafeteria,he begins to have difficulty breathing,his tongue and face swell,and he begins vomiting.Brady most likely is in immediate need of a life-saving injection of ________.

A) cortisone 
B) serotonin 
C) epinephrine 
D) acetylcholine 
E) histamine

Question 37

Which of the following nutrients need to be supplied by solid foods in a baby's diet? 

A) Vitamin C and iron 
B) Vitamin A and zinc 
C) Vitamin B12 and fluoride 
D) Vitamin E and magnesium 
E) Sodium and iron

Question 38

Which of the following accurately describes the link between lead exposure and nutrition? 

A) Absorption of lead is higher on an empty stomach. 
B) Lead toxicity is most prevalent in children around the time of puberty. 
C) Federal regulations have successfully prevented widespread lead toxicity. 
D) The symptoms of lead toxicity can be reversed by adding iron to the diet. 
E) Lead exposure is extremely rare in the United States.

Question 39

Which of the following is true regarding children's energy intake and activity levels? 

A) Children tend to eat the same amount of food at each meal. 
B) Overweight children have appetites similar to normal-weight children. 
C) Energy needs per kg of body weight continually increase from 1 to 5 years of age. 
D) Children following a vegan diet may have difficulty meeting their energy needs. 
E) An active 10-year-old child requires about 3200 kcal/day.

Question 40

Which of the following describes how iron deficiency affects children's behavior? 

A) It affects brain function long before blood effects appear. 
B) Testing is a tedious, cost-prohibitive process for many families. 
C) It is the primary factor in tension-fatigue syndrome. 
D) Mild deficiency enhances mental performance by lowering physical activity level, thereby leading to increased attention span. 
E) Children who had iron deficiency as infants recover completely when iron levels are normalized.

Question 41

Which of the following is an effective strategy for dealing with obesity in a child? 

A) Treat the child with Alli, the over-the-counter version of orlistat. 
B) Institute a "Clean Plate Club" for the family dinner table. 
C) Set a good example by eating healthy nutritious meals and exercising each day. 
D) Take control and strongly encourage the child to limit food intake and exercise vigorously. 
E) Begin a behavior modification program that rewards healthy choices and punishes unhealthy choices.

Question 42

In general,how long does the adolescent growth spurt last? 

A) 1 year 
B) 2.5 years 
C) 3.5 years 
D) 4 years 
E) 4.5 years

Question 43

Which of the following people would be considered a gatekeeper of nutrition? 

A) A mother who works two part-time jobs to afford the high cost of groceries, which the children feed themselves. 
B) A father who shops for fruits and vegetables at the local farmer's market and prepares family meals. 
C) A child who begs for, but is denied, a breakfast cereal with a coveted toy inside. 
D) A cashier at a convenience store that sells snacks and local bakery items. 
E) A local farmer who grows corn and soybeans.

Question 44

Approximately how many children participate in the School Breakfast Program? 

A) 1 million 
B) 2 million 
C) 12 million 
D) 21 million 
E) 112 million

Question 45

About how many hours of television do children aged 8 to 18 years watch each day? 

A) 2.5 
B) 3 
C) 4.5 
D) 5 
E) 6.5

Question 46

Which of the following is a recommended strategy for honoring children's mealtime preferences? 

A) Offer vegetables that are raw or undercooked and served separate from other foods. 
B) Serve varied, spicy flavors to entice a child's taste buds. 
C) Cook food until very hot to keep a child from eating too quickly. 
D) Allow children to eat at the "grown-up" table using china and silverware. 
E) Try a series of gourmet foods with fancy names to build the child's cultural awareness.

Question 47

How many ounces of sugar-sweetened soft drinks do adolescent boys consume each day at school? 

A) 8 
B) 12 
C) 20 
D) 24 
E) 26

Question 48

School lunches must meet at least ________ of the RDA for key nutrients.

A) 1/4 
B) 1/3 
C) 1/2 
D) 2/3 
E) 7/8

Question 49

Approximately how many children receive free or reduced-price lunches through the National School Lunch Program? 

A) 1 million 
B) 3 million 
C) 13 million 
D) 31 million 
E) 113 million

Question 50

What is the leading cause of pediatric hypertension? 

A) Obesity 
B) High sodium intake 
C) Insufficient calcium intake 
D) Potassium deficiency 
E) High HDL cholesterol

Question 51

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics,what is the recommended maximum number of hours/day of television viewing for a child between 2 and 5 years of age? 

A) 0 
B) 1 
C) 2 
D) 3 
E) 5

Question 52

Which of the following statements accurately describes how obesity affects the physical and psychological health of a child? 

A) Overweight children begin puberty later than their normal-weight peers. 
B) Overweight children have less bone and muscle mass than their peers. 
C) Negative stereotypes typically lead to emotional and social problems. 
D) Risks for developing asthma are low, but may rise after puberty. 
E) Researchers find that underweight children tend to react most positively to overweight bodies, which makes them supportive playmates for overweight children.

Question 53

To help improve a child's BMI,the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limiting television and video time for children older than 5 years to ________ hours per day.

A) 2 
B) 3 
C) 3.5 
D) 4 
E) 4.5

Question 54

Which of the following statements accurately describes healthy snacking advice? 

A) Parents should teach children not to snack so that they are hungry at mealtimes. 
B) Children should be discouraged from snacking when their parents are not present. 
C) Children should be given an abundance of pocket money to purchase snacks at school, where options are always healthier. 
D) Exceptionally active children can enjoy high-calorie snacks like pudding or pancakes. 
E) Snacks, like potato chips, should be available to children so that they fulfill their cravings for nutrient-poor foods, which then "frees them up" to make healthy choices at mealtime.

Question 55

Approximately what percentage of U.S.children between 2 and 19 years of age are either overweight or obese? 

A) 8 
B) 16 
C) 32 
D) 48 
E) 56

Question 56

To maintain skeletal,muscular,and cardiovascular health,a child should be physically active for at least ________ minutes each day? 

A) 20 
B) 30 
C) 45 
D) 60 
E) 90

Question 57

Children who are allowed to choose freely from a variety of foods,usually select foods that are high in ________.

A) iron 
B) fiber 
C) sugar 
D) protein 
E) fat

Question 58

Which of the following statements accurately describes the genetic and environmental factors that affect childhood obesity? 

A) The typical obese child learns food behaviors from friends, not family. 
B) A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood. 
C) The chances of an obese child becoming an obese adult decline as the child grows older. 
D) As a society, our eating and activity patters are roughly the same as they were 40 years ago. 
E) In children 2 to 18 years old, one-tenth of total energy intake comes from empty kcalories

Question 59

Overweight teens with at least one obese parent have about a ________ chance of becoming obese adults.

A) 10% 
B) 35% 
C) 50% 
D) 65% 
E) 80%

Question 60

Which of the following factors has limited the success of the School Breakfast Program? 

A) The cost is prohibitive 
B) The meals are not nutritious 
C) Children simply do not participate in it 
D) Only about 25% of the nation's schools participate in it 
E) Recent legislation has reduced funding for it

Question 61

Approximately what percentage of an average teenager's daily food energy intake is derived from snacks? 

A) 15% 
B) 25% 
C) 35% 
D) 50% 
E) 75%

Question 62

Which of the following accurately describes beverage intake by adolescents? 

A) Soft drinks have been replaced with sweetened fruit juices. 
B) Milk is typically used as a snack, not a mealtime beverage. 
C) Males typically drink more milk than females. 
D) Drinking two cans of caffeinated soft drinks in a day can cause sweating and an inability to concentrate. 
E) Soft drinks are typically consumed in addition to milk, not instead of it.

Question 63

An often fatal foodborne illness caused by the ingestion of foods containing a bacteria that grow without oxygen is ________.

Question 64

For children born in the year 2000,the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is ________ for boys and ________ for girls.

A) 10%, 20% 
B) 20%, 10% 
C) 30%, 40% 
D) 40%, 30% 
E) 50%, 75%

Question 65

A life-threatening,whole-body allergic reaction to an offending substance is called ________.

Question 66

________ are services that collect,screen,process,and distribute donated human milk.

Question 67

A ________ is the maximum amount of residue permitted in a food when a pesticide is used according to the label directions.

Question 68

What term is defined as the period of life in which a person becomes physically capable of reproduction? 

A) Tweenager 
B) Adolescence 
C) Puberty 
D) Juvenescence 
E) Immaturity

Question 69

________ is inattentive and impulsive behavior that is more frequent and severe than is typical of others a similar age.

Question 70

The period from the beginning of puberty until maturity is called ________.

Question 71

Which of the following statements accurately describes energy and nutrient needs during adolescence? 

A) Blacks, females, and overweight children are most at risk for vitamin D deficiencies. 
B) Girls in an adolescent growth spurt need an additional 2.9 mg of iron a day. 
C) More nutrient-dense foods are needed by males because of their faster development. 
D) The risk for calcium insufficiency is greatest in males due to their high intake of soft drinks. 
E) The adolescent growth spurt begins around age 12 for females and 10 for males.

Question 72

The energy-yielding nutrient that makes up 55% of breast milk is ________.

Question 73

The iron-deficiency anemia that develops when an excessive milk intake displaces iron-rich foods from the diet is called ________.

Question 74

On any given day,how many adolescents smoke a cigarette for the first time? 

A) 1000 
B) 2000 
C) 3000 
D) 4000 
E) 5000

Question 75

About how many meals each week are eaten outside the home by adolescents? 

A) 7 
B) 10 
C) 14 
D) 17 
E) 21

Question 76

Energy and nutrient needs are greater during ________ than at any other time of life,except pregnancy and lactation.

A) infancy 
B) early childhood 
C) adolescence 
D) early adulthood 
E) late adulthood

Question 77

Key people who control other people's access to foods and thereby exert profound impacts on their nutrition are called ________.

Question 78

Without intervention,how many children are destined to suffer from adult heart disease within the next 30 years? 

A) 600,000 
B) 6,000,000 
C) 60,000,000 
D) 600,000,000 
E) 6,000,000,000

Question 79

________ is a type of artery disease characterized by plaques on the inner walls of the arteries.

Question 80

Caitlin is a 12-year-old girl and has started to menstruate.Caitlin needs an additional ____ milligrams of iron per day.

A) 1.9 
B) 2 
C) 2.5 
D) 3.1 
E) 4