Deck 17: Life Cycle Nutrition: Adulthood and the Later Years

Question 1

In the United States,woman who live to the age of 85,can expect to survive an additional _______ years,on average.

A) 3 
B) 5 
C) 7 
D) 9 
E) 11

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Longevity is defined as ________.

A) long duration of life 
B) a person's age in years from date of birth 
C) maximum number of years of life attainable by a species 
D) average number of years lived by people in a given society 
E) a person's perceived mental well-being

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following accurately describes how men and women respond to stress? 

A) Women's general reactions to stress are different than those of men. 
B) The ability to respond is weaker in older women compared with older men. 
C) Elderly women invite stress by sharing experiences with others; elderly men alleviate stress by compartmentalizing. 
D) Psychological stressors such as divorce or death of a loved one are handled much less well by elderly men compared with elderly women. 
E) There are no clinically important differences in men's and women's responses to stress.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Reducing energy intake by a minimum of ________ brings about measurable improvements in body fat,blood pressure,insulin response,and blood lipids.

A) 10% 
B) 15% 
C) 20% 
D) 25% 
E) 30%

Question 5

Animal research has shown life-prolonging benefits when energy intake is restricted to about ________ percent of normal.

A) 90 
B) 85 
C) 80 
D) 75 
E) 70

Question 6

Nora says her grandfather acts like a 25-year-old man.Nora is referring to her grandfather's ________ age.

A) chronological 
B) physiological 
C) ephemeral 
D) transient 
E) historical

Question 7

In Sardinia,Italy,and Nicoya,Costa Rica,people live long,healthy,and active lives well past 100 years.These places collectively are called ________.

A) Red Zones 
B) Blue Zones 
C) Age Hot Spots 
D) Longevity Hot Spots 
E) Quality Circles

Question 8

What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States? 

A) 21-34 years 
B) 35-49 years 
C) 50-64 years 
D) 65-84 years 
E) Over 85 years

Question 9

Which of the following is not a physical stressor? 

A) Alcohol abuse 
B) Smoking 
C) Pain 
D) Exams 
E) Illness

Question 10

Hunger is persistent when energy is restricted by ________ percent.

A) 5 
B) 10 
C) 25 
D) 30 
E) 50

Question 11

The maximum potential human life span is currently about ________ years.

A) 110 
B) 120 
C) 130 
D) 140 
E) 150

Question 12

Gavin says his grandmother celebrated her 93rd birthday.Gavin is referring to his grandmother's ________.

A) life expectancy 
B) physiological age 
C) life span 
D) chronological age 
E) quality of life

Question 13

What is the average life expectancy in the United States today? 

A) 79 years 
B) 81 years 
C) 86 years 
D) 89 years 
E) 93 years

Question 14

What is the most important predictor of a person's mobility in the later years? 

A) Iron consumption 
B) Tobacco use 
C) Chronological age 
D) Regular physical activity 
E) Genetics

Question 15

An estimated ________ percent of older adults in the United States are obese.

A) 15 
B) 25 
C) 35 
D) 45 
E) 55

Question 16

By 2030,approximately what fraction of the U.S.population is projected to be 65 years or older? 

A) 1/100 
B) 1/25 
C) 1/10 
D) 1/8 
E) 1/5

Question 17

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between energy restriction and longevity? 

A) Improvements in longevity depend on reducing energy intake but not on the amount of body fat. 
B) Restriction of energy intake in genetically obese animals does not seem to improve longevity. 
C) Biochemical markers for longevity in humans are improved only when energy intake is reduced by at least one-third. 
D) The activities of the genes of older mice on energy-restricted diets are similar to those of mice on standard diets. 
E) Research with humans has found a substantial increase in longevity with a 5% reduction in energy intake.

Question 18

What was the average life expectancy in the United States in 1900? 

A) 42 years 
B) 47 years 
C) 55 years 
D) 59 years 
E) 65 years

Question 19

Using animal data to extrapolate to humans,researchers estimate that it would take a person ________ years of restricting energy intake to 30% of normal,to increase life expectancy by 3 years.

A) 5 
B) 7 
C) 10 
D) 15 
E) 30

Question 20

The CDC recommends older adults engage in strength training at least two (nonconsecutive)days a week,at a moderate to high intensity,for ________ repetitions per exercise.

A) 10-15 
B) 15-20 
C) 20-25 
D) 25-30 
E) 35-40

Question 21

How many eligible seniors participate in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program? 

A) 1/10 
B) 1/4 
C) 1/3 
D) 1/2 
E) 2/3

Question 22

Adults aged 51 to 70,who engage in minimal outdoor activity,need ________ micrograms of vitamin D daily.

A) 15 
B) 20 
C) 25 
D) 30 
E) 35

Question 23

Which of the following best describes the effect of aging on the immune system? 

A) Immunity is improved by abundant intake of iron-rich red meats and calcium-rich butter. 
B) In the United States, infectious diseases rarely cause of deaths in the elderly. 
C) Immune function does not decline with age in people who maintain good nutrition. 
D) Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating infections in older people who have deficient immune systems. 
E) In elderly persons, nutritional status rarely influences immune functioning.

Question 24

The basal metabolic rate declines ________ percent per decade due to lean muscle mass and diminishing thyroid hormones.

A) 1-2 
B) 2-4 
C) 4-8 
D) 8-16 
E) 16-24

Question 25

Even with the help of Social Security,how many adults over age 65 live in poverty? 

A) 9 
B) 15 
C) 26 
D) 33 
E) 40

Question 26

The nutrient needs of older people ________.

A) vary according to individual histories 
B) remain the same as in young adult life 
C) increase and necessitate supplementation 
D) decrease for vitamins and minerals due to changes in body composition 
E) are addressed by four DRI categories

Question 27

The DRI recommends ________ milligrams of calcium for women over 50 and older and men over 70.

A) 1000 
B) 1200 
C) 1400 
D) 1600 
E) 1800

Question 28

A person who has difficulty swallowing has ________.

A) edentulous 
B) sarcopenia 
C) dysphagia 
D) pressure ulcers 
E) gout

Question 29

How many adults over age 65 would live in poverty without the help of Social Security? 

A) 9 
B) 15 
C) 26 
D) 33 
E) 40

Question 30

What is sarcopenia? 

A) Loss of central visual activity 
B) Loss of muscle mass and strength 
C) Softening of bones 
D) Difficulty swallowing 
E) Paralysis of GI tract muscles

Question 31

A person with edentulous should eat ________.

A) soft foods 
B) red meats 
C) raw fruits and vegetables 
D) leafy green vegetables 
E) foods rich in vitamin C

Question 32

Researchers have studied several nutrient interventions aimed at relieving depression in older adults.They found that these interventions ________.

A) may or may not be effective. 
B) are never effective. 
C) are mildly effective for women, but not men. 
D) are greatly effective for both men and women. 
E) may worsen depression in very old individuals.

Question 33

The combination of an inefficient and overactive immune response in the aged is called ________.

A) inflammaging 
B) dysphagic cell mass 
C) sarcopenic undermining 
D) endentulous-induced wasting 
E) cachexia of aging

Question 34

For adults older than 65,mortality is lowest among individuals who are ________.

A) underweight 
B) at a healthy weight 
C) slightly overweight 
D) obese 
E) classified with clinically severe obesity

Question 35

Betty was diagnosed with a pressure ulcer,which means she has damage to her ________.

A) skin 
B) colon 
C) mouth 
D) stomach 
E) eye

Question 36

Older adults with atrophic gastritis are vulnerable to ________ deficiency.

A) folate 
B) calcium 
C) vitamin D 
D) vitamin B12 
E) zinc

Question 37

Which of the following accurately describes concerns about water intake in elderly people? 

A) They may not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth. 
B) They have an increased total body water content compared with younger adults. 
C) They urinate more frequently, so require greater hydration. 
D) They tend toward overhydration, which results in mental lapses and disorientation. 
E) They develop pressure ulcers and urinary tract infections due to abundant intake of foods with high-water content.

Question 38

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with two common problems of aging: osteoporosis and ________.

A) dysphagia 
B) dementia 
C) atrophic gastritis 
D) cataracts 
E) gout

Question 39

Louis is an 80-year-old man.How much have his energy needs declined since he was 30 years old? 

A) 5 
B) 15 
C) 25 
D) 35 
E) 45

Question 40

What is the minimum number of glasses of water an older adult must drink each day to prevent dehydration? 

A) 2 
B) 4 
C) 6 
D) 8 
E) 10

Question 41

Which of the following statements describes the iron intake of older adults? 

A) Iron needs of men increase throughout their lifetime. 
B) Iron-deficiency anemia is more common among older adults than younger people. 
C) Antacids tend to increase iron stores. 
D) Elevated iron stores are likely for older people who eat red meat and take iron supplements. 
E) Elevated iron stores impair immunity, which can lead to infectious diseases.

Question 42

Which of the following is true of food assistance programs of the Older Americans Act? 

A) Eligibility begins at 50. 
B) There are no income limits for eligibility. 
C) Meals on Wheels is generally preferred to congregate meals. 
D) Currently, only luncheon meals are offered. 
E) Meals for people with special dietary needs are offered, but less frequently that regular meals.

Question 43

Older adults primarily diet in order to ________.

A) economize when food prices increase 
B) improve appearance 
C) pursue a medical goal such as reducing cholesterol 
D) reduce risks for development of atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia 
E) reduce feelings of depression

Question 44

Which of the following statements accurately describes alcohol use among the elderly? 

A) Binge drinking is more frequent in the elderly than in younger persons. 
B) The proportion of binge drinkers in greater in the elderly than any other age group. 
C) In elderly individuals, unlike in younger individuals, alcohol use is not associated with other risky behavior such as illicit drug use. 
D) Determining alcohol abuse among the elderly community requires costly assessment by medical professionals. 
E) Elderly individuals are rarely successfully treated for alcohol abuse and dependence.

Question 45

Which type of arthritis most commonly disables older people? 

A) Osteoarthritis 
B) Rheumatoid arthritis 
C) Gout 
D) Fibromyalgia 
E) Psoriatic arthritis

Question 46

Which term refers the clouding of the eye lenses that impairs vision and can lead to blindness? 

A) Retinitis 
B) Keratoids 
C) Cataracts 
D) Rhodolipids 
E) Glaucoma

Question 47

What is the most important nutrition concern for people with Alzheimer's disease? 

A) Ensuring adequate intakes of antioxidant nutrients and DHA 
B) Maintaining appropriate body weight 
C) Monitoring intake of medications that may interfere with nutrient bioavailability 
D) Treatment for iron overload to prevent formation of new neurofibrillary tangles 
E) Taking vitamin and mineral supplements appropriate for dementia treatment

Question 48

Approximately how many people in the United States are diagnosed with some form of arthritis each year? 

A) 5 million 
B) 10 million 
C) 50 million 
D) 500 million 
E) 5 billion

Question 49

Which of the following statements describes the mineral nutrition of older adults? 

A) Zinc intake is adequate for about 95% of this group. 
B) Iron absorption is reduced due to low stomach acidity. 
C) Calcium intakes of females are near the RDA for this group. 
D) Vitamin D is more readily absorbed by the thinner skin of this group. 
E) Folate excesses are fairly common.

Question 50

What organ is affected by macular degeneration,a common condition for older people? 

A) Bone 
B) Eyes 
C) Liver 
D) Kidneys 
E) Stomach

Question 51

What percentage of people in the United States has a cataract by age 75? 

A) 15% 
B) 25% 
C) 33% 
D) 50% 
E) 75%

Question 52

What form of arthritis is characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints? 

A) Osteoarthritis 
B) Rheumatoid arthritis 
C) Gout 
D) Fibromyalgia 
E) Psoriatic arthritis

Question 53

To ascertain the risk of malnutrition among older people,the Nutrition Screening Initiative uses a checklist based on the word ________.

A) evaluate 
B) identify 
C) decide 
D) assess 
E) determine

Question 54

What is the name of the program that provides low-income older adults with coupons that are exchangeable for fresh vegetables and fruits at community-supported farmers' markets and roadside stands? 

A) Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program 
B) Fresh Food for the Disadvantaged Elderly 
C) Old Age and Survivors Health Benefits Program 
D) Federal Food Pantry 
E) Eldercare Food Assistance

Question 55

Which of the following foods has been shown to reduce joint inflammation in people with rheumatoid arthritis? 

A) Red meat 
B) Whole grains 
C) Fruit juices 
D) Fish with omega-3 fatty acids 
E) Vitamin D-fortified milk

Question 56

Which of the following would be the best substitute for fresh milk for the elderly person living alone who wishes to avoid food waste? 

A) UHT milk 
B) Low-cost expired milk 
C) Calcium carbonate tablets 
D) Ricemilk 
E) Soymilk

Question 57

The brain degeneration of an overweight 60-year-old person is comparable to that of a ________-year-old adult.

A) 62 
B) 65 
C) 67 
D) 70 
E) 72

Question 58

What is a congregate meal? 

A) A meal provided for groups of elderly in a place like a community center 
B) A meal prepared for the elderly that meets two-thirds of the Dietary Recommended Intakes 
C) A meal prepared for individual elderly members of large church organizations and delivered to their homes 
D) A meal provided through the Nutrition Screening Initiative for nursing home residents 
E) A meal prepared by a community organization and delivered to home-bound individuals where they live

Question 59

Which of the following statements describes a connection between nutrition and cataract formation? 

A) Obese and lean people have the same risk for cataracts. 
B) Adequate intakes of vitamin K and folate seem to delay the onset of cataract formation. 
C) Nutrition seems to play little, if any, role in the onset of cataracts. 
D) Vitamin C supplements in doses of 1,000 mg for several years appear to raise the risk for cataracts. 
E) Antioxidant supplements appear to prevent cataracts.

Question 60

1 in ________ U.S.adults is affected by Alzheimer's disease after age 65.

A) 2 
B) 5 
C) 8 
D) 12 
E) 15

Question 61

What is a common side effect from taking certain prescription drugs and consuming grapefruit juice? 

A) A metallic taste in the mouth appears. 
B) Blood concentrations of the drugs increase. 
C) Weight gain of 5 to 7 pounds 
D) Physiological effects are diminished. 
E) Absorption is greatly reduced.

Question 62

Which of the following foods in particular must be restricted in the diet of a person taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug to treat Parkinson's disease? 

A) Red meat 
B) Sauerkraut 
C) Salmon 
D) Cruciferous vegetables 
E) Chocolate

Question 63

________ initiate and conduct nerve impulse transmissions.

Question 64

Which of the following is commonly used as an additive in liquid medicines and causes diarrhea? 

A) Sorbitol 
B) Maltose 
C) Saccharin 
D) Aspartame 
E) Lactulose

Question 65

Inflammation of a joint,usually accompanied by pain,swelling,and structural changes is called ________.

Question 66

Which of the following interferes significantly with the utilization of the antibiotic tetracycline? 

A) Folate 
B) Zinc 
C) Calcium 
D) Vitamin B12 
E) Vitamin C

Question 67

________ is a deterioration of the macular area of the eye that can lead to loss of central vision and eventual blindness.

Question 68

The loss of brain function beyond the normal loss of physical adeptness and memory that occurs with aging is called _________.

Question 69

Clumps of beta-amyloid protein pieces,commonly found on the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease are called ________.

Question 70

The activity of the anticoagulant drug warfarin is affected by its interaction with ________.

A) vitamin K 
B) grapefruit juice 
C) sodium 
D) aged meats 
E) vitamin B12

Question 71

________ is a general term referring to any threat to a person's wellbeing.

Question 72

Compounds of nitrogen-containing bases such as adenine,guanine,and caffeine are called ________.

Question 73

Snarls of threadlike strands that extend from the nerve cells,commonly found on the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease are called ________.

Question 74

What percentage of adults aged 65 years and older takes at least one prescription medicine? 

A) 50 
B) 60 
C) 70 
D) 80 
E) 90

Question 75

A person's perceived physical and mental well-being is referred to as ________.

Question 76

Antibiotics and antacids often contain large amounts of ________.

A) sugar 
B) sodium 
C) sorbitol 
D) lactose 
E) niacin

Question 77

People who take diuretic medications may need to take a ________ supplement.

A) vitamin K 
B) vitamin D 
C) iron 
D) potassium 
E) sodium

Question 78

A person's age in years from his or her date of birth is one's ________.

Question 79

How does aspirin reduce inflammation and relieve pain? 

A) It acts as a sedative. 
B) It promotes wound healing and blood clotting. 
C) It interferes with prostaglandins. 
D) It binds to nerve receptors. 
E) It stimulates endorphins.

Question 80

The medication megestrol acetate ________.

A) relieves depression 
B) promotes weight loss 
C) enhances appetite 
D) stimulates insulin production 
E) treats dementia