Deck 18: Diet and Health

Question 1

Which of the following measurements puts a person at high risk for coronary heart disease? 

A) Total blood cholesterol below 200 mg/dL 
B) Body mass index between 25 and 29.9 
C) Fasting triglycerides of 150 to 199 mg/dL 
D) Blood pressure of 140/90 or higher 
E) LDL cholesterol under 100 mg/dL

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Phagocytes are a white blood cells that _____.

A) are the last resort for fighting off foreign substances in the body 
B) initiate the release of lymphocytes when foreign substances enter the body 
C) secrete cytokines 
D) consist of neutrophils and macrophages 
E) are involved with production of lymphocytes

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is the earliest age by which most people have well-developed arterial plaque? 

A) 30 
B) 40 
C) 50 
D) 55 
E) 60

Answer 3

A

Question 4

C-reactive protein is a marker for _____.

A) extent of heart damage following a heart attack 
B) future risk for heart attack or stroke 
C) degree of arterial wall damage 
D) extent of plaque buildup 
E) hypertension risk

Question 5

Which of the following is not an antigen? 

A) Bacteria 
B) Macrophages 
C) Viruses 
D) Toxins 
E) Allergens

Question 6

A stroke is _____.

A) an aneurysm in the brain 
B) a myocardial infarction 
C) a cerebrovascular accident 
D) the 15th leading cause of death in the United States 
E) not related to hypertension

Question 7

What is the role of omega-3 fatty acids in immune function? 

A) Maintain healthy skin and other epithelial tissues as barriers to infection 
B) Regulate T-cell responses 
C) Help resolve inflammation when it is no longer needed for the immune response 
D) Protect against oxidative damage 
E) Help maintain an effective immune response.

Question 8

A typical symptom of coronary heart disease is _____.

A) high blood pressure 
B) angina 
C) pallor 
D) jaundice 
E) sore throat

Question 9

Which of the following substances is not involved in the inflammation process? 

A) Free radicals 
B) macrophages 
C) LDL cholesterol 
D) Cytokines 
E) Minerals

Question 10

Which of these substances is not part of the immune system? 

A) B-cells 
B) Cytokines 
C) Neutrophils 
D) Antibodies 
E) Lipoproteins

Question 11

What is lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2)? 

A) A pancreatic enzyme 
B) A blood protein and marker for hypertension risk 
C) A marker for plaque inflammation 
D) A LDL cholesterol-lowering medicine 
E) A liver enzyme

Question 12

Of these body organs and glands,which one is involved in immunity? 

A) Liver 
B) Pancreas 
C) Parathyroid gland 
D) Kidneys 
E) Spleen

Question 13

What is the name for the accumulation of fatty deposits,smooth muscle cells,and fibrous connective tissue in the artery walls? 

A) Plaque 
B) Fatty streaks 
C) Emboli 
D) Aneurysm 
E) Thrombus

Question 14

The type of disease that is characterized by arterial plaque and that is the major cause of cardiovascular disease is _____.

A) thrombosis 
B) hypertension 
C) atherosclerosis 
D) cholesterolemia 
E) metabolic syndrome

Question 15

Of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States,how many have some relationship with diet? 

A) Two 
B) Four 
C) Five 
D) Six 
E) Eight

Question 16

Of the following nutrients,which one has a known specific role in immunity? 

A) Selenium 
B) Vitamin K 
C) Thiamin 
D) Copper 
E) Molybdenum

Question 17

The process in which immune cells engulf and then destroy foreign antigens is known as 

A) antigenesis. 
B) phagocytosis. 
C) cytotoxicosis. 
D) inflammation. 
E) immunization.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a risk factor for type 2 diabetes? 

A) Age 
B) Diets high in added sugars (beverages) 
C) Genetics 
D) Sedentary lifestyle 
E) High saturated fat and/or trans fat diets

Question 19

A heart attack is _____.

A) severe angina 
B) an aneurysm in the chest 
C) sudden tissue death caused by blockages of vessels that feed heart muscle 
D) a heart valve malfunction 
E) an abnormal surge of blood into the heart's left ventricle

Question 20

The most common form of cardiovascular disease is _____.

A) hypertension 
B) congestive heart failure 
C) elevated blood cholesterol 
D) myocardial infarction 
E) coronary heart disease

Question 21

With which of these factors is high blood triglycerides known to be associated? 

A) High alcohol intake 
B) Smoking 
C) Type 2 diabetes 
D) Underweight 
E) Postmenopausal estrogen therapy

Question 22

Which of the following is not a risk factor for hypertension? 

A) Low calcium intake 
B) High salt intake 
C) Aging 
D) genetics 
E) more than two alcoholic drinks a day

Question 23

Which of the following is not considered a risk factor for heart disease? 

A) Hypertension 
B) Diabetes 
C) High LDL cholesterol 
D) Low blood pressure 
E) Low HDL cholesterol

Question 24

Physically,people with untreated hypertension will 

A) have headaches. 
B) feel dizzy. 
C) experience ringing in the ears. 
D) fatigue easily. 
E) not feel anything.

Question 25

Peripheral resistance is the resistance blood encounters in the 

A) veins. 
B) arteries. 
C) capillaries. 
D) arterioles. 
E) heart.

Question 26

What is a desirable blood level for triglycerides? 

A) <125 mg/dL 
B) <150 mg/dL 
C) 150 to180 mg/dL 
D) 180 to 200 mg/dL 
E) <240 mg/dL

Question 27

What is a characteristic of an atherogenic diet? 

A) Low saturated fat 
B) High trans fat 
C) Plant based 
D) Moderate calcium 
E) High fiber

Question 28

What level of HDL cholesterol puts a person at high risk for coronary heart disease? 

A) <40 mg/dL 
B) 30-40 mg/dL 
C) 40-50 mg/dL 
D) 50-60 mg/dL 
E) ≥59 mg/dL

Question 29

What is a lifestyle change that cardiac experts recommend for reducing cardiovascular disease risk? 

A) Avoid exposure to second-hand smoke. 
B) Use solid fats made with canola or safflower oil. 
C) Exercise at least twice weekly. 
D) If you use alcohol, drink one glass of red wine daily. 
E) Consume low-fat milk products, especially yogurt, at least five times weekly.

Question 30

Which of the following is not a characteristic of metabolic syndrome? 

A) Insulin resistance 
B) Abdominal obesity 
C) Abnormal blood lipids 
D) Macrocytic anemia 
E) High blood pressure

Question 31

If lifestyle changes fail to lower LDL cholesterol or blood pressure,what is the next course of action? 

A) Medicines 
B) Bariatric surgery, if overweight 
C) Liquid diet 
D) Angioplasty 
E) Severe kcalorie restriction diet

Question 32

Low blood pressure is generally a sign of _____.

A) anemia 
B) lung disease 
C) kidney failure 
D) short life expectancy 
E) long life expectancy

Question 33

How does obesity raise blood pressure? 

A) By constricting blood vessels, thereby restricting blood flow. 
B) By inhibiting secretion of hormones that help regulate blood pressure. 
C) By altering kidney function. 
D) By causing the heart to work harder. 
E) By promoting inflammation of the arterial walls, thereby reducing their elasticity.

Question 34

What proportion of adults in the United States has high blood triglycerides? 

A) 1/10 
B) 1/4 
C) 1/3 
D) 1/2 
E) 2/3

Question 35

What percentage of people in the United States has at least one major risk factor for coronary heart disease by age 20? 

A) 10 
B) 20 
C) 30 
D) 40 
E) 50

Question 36

Which of these modifications can result in the largest reduction in systolic blood pressure? 

A) Limiting alcohol consumption to no more than two drinks a day for men and no more than one drink a day for women 
B) Consuming no more than 2300 mg sodium a day 
C) Maintaining a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 
D) Engaging in aerobic exercise for at least 40 minutes a day for most days of the week 
E) Following the DASH eating plan

Question 37

Which substance has the biggest role in the development of atherosclerosis? 

A) HDL cholesterol 
B) LDL cholesterol 
C) Hemoglobin 
D) Calcium 
E) Sodium

Question 38

What is a difference in the incidence of coronary heart disease between men and women? 

A) Men's risk for coronary heart disease goes up significantly at age 45; women's at age 55 to 60. 
B) Men are more likely to die from coronary heart disease than women. 
C) After age 60, women are more likely to die from coronary heart disease than men 
D) Women have a higher risk for developing coronary heart disease but men have a higher risk of dying from it. 
E) Women's overall risk for coronary heart disease may be higher because they have higher homocysteine levels.

Question 39

About what proportion of US adults does high blood pressure affect? 

A) 1/10 
B) 1/4 
C) 1/3 
D) 1/2 
E) 1/5

Question 40

About what percentage of people with hypertension are overweight or obese? 

A) 50 
B) 60 
C) 70 
D) 80 
E) 85

Question 41

Compared to the typical American diet,what is one nutrient that the DASH eating pattern provides more of? 

A) Iron 
B) Calcium 
C) Vitamin C 
D) Thiamin 
E) Vitamin B12

Question 42

Which of the following is not true of diabetic ketoacidosis? 

A) It results in ketonuria. 
B) It can lead to diabetic coma. 
C) It occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. 
D) It occurs only in type 1 diabetes. 
E) It results from the production of ketones for energy since glucose cannot enter the cells.

Question 43

Which of the following groups is at higher risk for type 2 diabetes? 

A) Women 
B) Men 
C) Caucasians 
D) Native Americans 
E) Alcoholics

Question 44

Which of the following is true of cancer? 

A) Although it can originate anywhere in the body, cancer is one single disorder. 
B) In almost all cases, the role of diet in cancer is to protect against its development. 
C) Among environmental risk factors, the two known to cause cancer are radiation and smoking. 
D) There are many cancers, and they have different characteristics. 
E) While not a risk factor for cancer, obesity increases the risk of dying from cancer because fat cells interfere with chemotherapy.

Question 45

Some diuretics can lead to a deficiency of what nutrient? 

A) Sodium 
B) Calcium 
C) Potassium 
D) Phosphate 
E) Manganese

Question 46

What is polydipsia,a common symptom of untreated diabetes? 

A) Increased urge to urinate 
B) Excessive fluid losses 
C) Excessive thirst 
D) Excessive hunger 
E) Multiple electrolyte deficiencies

Question 47

Unlike type 1 diabetes,type 2 diabetes _____.

A) affects only adults. 
B) is much more likely to be associated with obesity 
C) has a different set of complications 
D) does not have the same symptoms. 
E) is diagnosed with a fasting plasma glucose of 100 to 125 mg/dL

Question 48

The A1C is a test to measure _____.

A) fasting plasma glucose 
B) non-fasting blood glucose 
C) percentage of hemoglobin with glucose attached 
D) cumulative values for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and blood glucose 
E) the amount of glucose in the urine

Question 49

Where does diabetes rank among the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States? 

A) No. 2 
B) No. 3 
C) No. 5 
D) No. 7 
E) No. 10

Question 50

Carbohydrate intake for people with diabetes should _____.

A) be higher in the evening than in the morning 
B) be consistently spaced throughout the day 
C) exclude added sugars 
D) include limited amounts of fruits and fruit juices 
E) represent 60 percent of the day's kcalorie intake

Question 51

Microangiopathies that develop in people with diabetes can lead to _____.

A) impaired nutrient absorption 
B) weight loss 
C) loss of liver function 
D) hypertension 
E) loss of kidney function

Question 52

Which of the following is a recommendation of the DASH eating plan? 

A) Eat 6 ounces of grains daily. 
B) Consume at least 3 cups of fat-free or low-fat milk daily. 
C) Eat only poultry and fish. 
D) Eat 4 to 5 ounces of nuts, seeds, and legumes a week. 
E) Consume the equivalent of 1 cup of fruit daily.

Question 53

What is prediabetes? 

A) Another name for gestational diabetes 
B) A consistent fasting plasma glucose of 100 to 125 mg/dL 
C) An AIC below 5.7% 
D) A condition similar to metabolic syndrome except that blood pressure is normal 
E) A disorder in which some complications of diabetes have developed but a diagnosis of diabetes has not yet been made

Question 54

Between 2004 and 2014,the number of states with a prevalence of diabetes among adults of 9 percent or more increased by how many? 

A) 11 
B) 16 
C) 18 
D) 21 
E) 25

Question 55

Diuretics lower blood pressure by 

A) decreasing fluid loss. 
B) increasing fluid loss. 
C) removing calcium ions. 
D) promoting blood homeostasis. 
E) reducing bile salts.

Question 56

One difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is that in type 1 diabetes _____, 

A) insulin therapy is always required 
B) obesity is a factor 
C) only children are affected 
D) the diagnosis is based on a fasting plasma glucose of 150 mg/dL or higher 
E) there are few, if any, symptoms.

Question 57

Which of the following is true of hypertension treatments? 

A) Treatment with medicine often includes more than one drug. 
B) A low-sodium diet is more beneficial to women than men. 
C) Weight loss alone rarely achieves significant results. 
D) Almost always, medicines are the most effective treatment. 
E) Research results on the effectiveness of the DASH eating plan are still inconclusive.

Question 58

The first step in carbohydrate counting is to _____.

A) determine an appropriate carbohydrate allowance 
B) figure out the amount of added sugar currently consumed 
C) determine the ideal body weight 
D) make a list of favorite foods 
E) determine the appropriate protein intake

Question 59

About what percentage of diabetes cases are diagnosed as type 1? 

A) 1 to 2 
B) 3 to 5 
C) 5 to 10 
D) 10 to 12 
E) 15

Question 60

The most dramatic increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes over the past two decades has involved _____.

A) African Americans 
B) Hispanic Americans 
C) Premenopausal women 
D) Postmenopausal women 
E) Children and adolescents

Question 61

The organ of the body that plays a key role in regulating blood pressure by controlling the secretion of hormones involved in vasoconstriction and retention of sodium and water is the _____.

Question 62

MATCHING
a.Antigens
b.Neutrophils
c.DASH
d.Antipromoter
e.Stroke
f.Initiator
g.Metabolic syndrome
h.LDL cholesterol
i.Cruciferous
j.Carbohydrate counting
k.Atherogenic
l.Hypertension
m.Metastasis
n.Healthy Eating Plate
o.Macrophages
p.Heart disease
q.Atherosclerosis
r.Type 1 diabetes
s.Type 2 diabetes
t.Inflammation
Immune response that underlies obesity and many chronic diseases

Question 63

To reduce the risk of cancer,the American Cancer Society recommends _____.

A) taking dietary supplements 
B) eating whole grains 
C) engaging in 75 minutes of vigorous exercise daily 
D) excluding red meats from the diet 
E) avoiding potatoes and other starchy foods

Question 64

What is the Healthy Eating Plate? 

A) An alternative to the USDA's MyPlate that focuses on the links between diet and health 
B) A vegetarian alternative to the USDA's MyPlate 
C) A 1200 kcalorie weight reduction diet 
D) A phytochemical-rich diet 
E) A carbohydrate counting plan

Question 65

MATCHING
a.Antigens
b.Neutrophils
c.DASH
d.Antipromoter
e.Stroke
f.Initiator
g.Metabolic syndrome
h.LDL cholesterol
i.Cruciferous
j.Carbohydrate counting
k.Atherogenic
l.Hypertension
m.Metastasis
n.Healthy Eating Plate
o.Macrophages
p.Heart disease
q.Atherosclerosis
r.Type 1 diabetes
s.Type 2 diabetes
t.Inflammation
Most common type of white blood cells

Question 66

Which of the following is not a cruciferous vegetable? 

A) Broccoli 
B) Cauliflower 
C) Cabbage 
D) Spinach 
E) Brussels sprouts

Question 67

MATCHING
a.Antigens
b.Neutrophils
c.DASH
d.Antipromoter
e.Stroke
f.Initiator
g.Metabolic syndrome
h.LDL cholesterol
i.Cruciferous
j.Carbohydrate counting
k.Atherogenic
l.Hypertension
m.Metastasis
n.Healthy Eating Plate
o.Macrophages
p.Heart disease
q.Atherosclerosis
r.Type 1 diabetes
s.Type 2 diabetes
t.Inflammation
Substances that elicit the immune response once in body

Question 68

The term that describes the body's reaction to foreign antigens by neutralizing or eliminating them,thus preventing damage,is known as the ____________________ .

Question 69

The name of the protein released during the acute phase of infection or inflammation that enhances immunity,among other things,and whose presence may be used to assess a person's risk for an impending heart attack or stroke is ____________________.

Question 70

Dietary factors that may protect against the development of cancer are known as _____.

Question 71

What risk factor do cancers of the esophagus,breast,colon,and larynx share? 

A) Low-fiber diet 
B) Red meat 
C) High-calcium diet 
D) Body fatness 
E) Alcoholic drinks

Question 72

Which of the following is true about the association between diet and chronic diseases? 

A) A moderate weight loss can help improve blood glucose but rarely blood lipids or blood pressure. 
B) While heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer are four distinct diseases, they all have similar causes and treatments. 
C) Quantity, not variety, is the key to getting the health benefits of fruits and vegetables. 
D) Chronic diseases are neither caused nor prevented by diet alone. 
E) People who follow dietary advice will likely eliminate most, if not all, of their risk for a chronic disease.

Question 73

Of the following foods,which is considered a cancer initiator? 

A) Legumes 
B) Grilled meat 
C) Garlic 
D) Fruit 
E) Milk

Question 74

What proportion of cancers do some experts estimate may be linked to diet? 

A) 1/10 
B) 1/8 
C) 1/4 
D) 1/3 
E) 1/2

Question 75

Which of the following dietary components may protect against cancer? 

A) Fiber 
B) Inositol and biotin 
C) Certain saturated fats 
D) Protein from animal sources 
E) Certain sugars

Question 76

Known as the _____vegetables,cabbage,cauliflower,broccoli,and brussels sprouts contain a variety of phytochemicals that defend against certain cancers.

Question 77

The development of cancer is called _____.

A) malignancy 
B) tumor promotion 
C) tumor initiation 
D) synergism 
E) carcinogenesis

Question 78

The term for elevated blood glucose is _____.

Question 79

What is the name of the potential carcinogen created in certain starchy foods,such as potatoes,when fired or baked at high temperatures? 

A) Aflatoxins 
B) Lycopene 
C) Acrylamide 
D) Heterocyclic amines 
E) Allium

Question 80

_____ is a type of artery disease characterized by plaques on the inner walls of the arteries.