Deck 6: Generalization and Discrimination Learning

Question 1

The set of all stimuli that have the same consequence as the training stimulus is called the:

A)configural node.
B)topographic representation.
C)receptive field.
D)consequential region.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

If a generalization gradient were a flat horizontal line,it would mean that:

A)very little generalization has occurred.
B)a lot of discrimination has occurred.
C)a lot of generalization has occurred.
D)both generalization and discrimination have occurred.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Larry is visiting his grandmother and cooking dinner for her.Since his grandmother has a different model of microwave oven than his,Larry has learned that he needs to push a different sequence of buttons on his grandmother's microwave oven when he wants to use it for cooking.This is an example of:

A)generalization.
B)discrimination.
C)sensory preconditioning.
D)negative patterning.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Lucy was bitten by a small white dog and now she has a fear of all dogs,regardless of their size or color.This is an example of:

A)negative patterning.
B)acquired equivalence.
C)generalization.
D)discrimination.

Question 5

When a discrete-component representation is used,there is:

A)lots of generalization.
B)no generalization.
C)no discrimination.
D)no discrimination or generalization.

Question 6

Howard can tell from the way his baby cries whether she is hungry,needs changing,is sick,or is tired.This is an example of:

A)generalization.
B)discrimination.
C)sensory preconditioning.
D)negative patterning.

Question 7

Which model(s)can account for generalization?

A)only discrete-component models
B)only distributed models
C)both discrete-component and distributed models
D)neither discrete-component nor distributed models

Question 8

In a ______ representation,nodes or neurons responding to physically similar stimuli are near each other.

A)discrete-component
B)distributed
C)topographic
D)consequential

Question 9

Martha studied hard for her math test,and found that she learned some study habits that helped her study for her physics test.This is an example of:

A)generalization.
B)discrimination.
C)sensory preconditioning.
D)negative patterning.

Question 10

In a ______ representation,stimuli are represented by overlapping sets of nodes or stimulus elements.

A)discrete-component
B)distributed
C)topographic
D)consequential

Question 11

If we train a discrete-component model to respond to a blue light,how will it respond to a blue-green light?

A)It will respond as strongly as it does to the blue light.
B)It will respond less strongly than it does to the blue light.
C)It will respond more strongly than it does to the blue light.
D)It will not respond at all to the blue-green light.

Question 12

The shape of generalization gradients shows that two very similar stimuli are_____ ,while two very different stimuli are ______.

A)expected to produce similar consequences;expected to produce different consequences
B)expected to produce different consequences;expected to produce similar consequences
C)difficult to tell apart;easy to tell apart
D)easy to tell apart;difficult to tell apart

Question 13

The discrete-component model and the distributed model described in your textbook differ in that only the:

A)discrete-component model includes input nodes.
B)distributed model includes input nodes.
C)discrete-component model includes an internal representation layer.
D)distributed model includes an internal representation layer.

Question 14

Freda once became sick after eating pepperoni pizza.Based on the idea of a generalization gradient,which of the following foods would she be MOST likely to avoid in the future?

A)spaghetti
B)broccoli
C)ice cream
D)sausage pizza

Question 15

_______ representations use a unique node to represent each individual stimulus.

A)Discrete-component
B)Distributed
C)Topographic
D)Consequential

Question 16

If we train a distributed model to respond to a blue light and then present it with a blue-green light,it responds to the blue-green light because:

A)both lights activate the same input nodes.
B)the weights from the input nodes to the internal representation layer are fixed.
C)both lights activate some of the same nodes in the internal representation layer.
D)the blue-green input node activates the blue input node.

Question 17

The transfer of past learning to new situations and problems is known as:

A)negative patterning.
B)acquired equivalence.
C)generalization.
D)discrimination.

Question 18

Suppose we reinforce a rat for responding to an 800-Hz tone,and we then observe that its response to a novel 750-Hz tone is about 50% of its response to the 800-Hz tone.The lower response to the 750-Hz tone occurs because the rat:

A)cannot tell the difference between the two tones,so it responds by guessing.
B)expects a 50% probability that its response will lead to a reward.
C)can hear the 750-Hz tone about half as well as the 800-Hz tone.
D)has learned to discriminate between the tones;therefore,it makes different responses to them.

Question 19

Compared to the generalization gradient that is observed when no discrimination training is given,the generalization gradient that is observed after discrimination training is:

A)shallower.
B)steeper.
C)the same.
D)shallower or steeper,depending on the stimulus.

Question 20

Suppose Pigeon A is reinforced for pecking a key when a yellow light is on.Suppose too that pigeon B is reinforced for pecking in response to a yellow light,but is also trained to not respond when an orange light is on.If we test both pigeons with a yellow-orange light,we will find that:

A)both pigeons will give the same response to the yellow-orange light.
B)neither pigeon will respond to the yellow-orange light.
C)pigeon A will give a stronger response to the yellow-orange light than pigeon B.
D)pigeon B will give a stronger response to the yellow-orange light than pigeon A.

Question 21

In the peak shift effect,the maximum response during generalization is:

A)to the nonreinforced stimulus.
B)to the reinforced stimulus.
C)shifted toward the nonreinforced stimulus.
D)shifted away from the nonreinforced stimulus.

Question 22

The rapid expansion of resources required to encode configurations as their number of component features increases produces:

A)the consequential region.
B)a combinatorial explosion.
C)the generalization gradient.
D)a topographic representation.

Question 23

Suppose we pair a light and a tone in the first phase of a sensory preconditioning paradigm.If we then pair just the light with a food pellet,such that the light elicits a salivation response,the tone presented alone will:

A)elicit no response.
B)elicit salivation only if the light is presented at the same time.
C)suppress salivation.
D)elicit salivation.

Question 24

Blough's study using two different fixed-ratio schedules to reward pigeons for pecking at lights below or above 597nm demonstrated the operation of _________ and __________.

A)sensory preconditioning;discrete-component networks
B)the error-correction mechanism of the Rescorla-Wagner model;discrete-component networks
C)the shared-elements mechanism;the error-correction mechanism of the Rescorla-Wagner model
D)the shared-elements mechanism;sensory preconditioning

Question 25

When prior training that two stimuli are equivalent increases the amount of generalization between them,it is known as:

A)acquired equivalence.
B)sensory preconditioning.
C)discrimination training.
D)negative patterning.

Question 26

If we use a red light and a blue light as our stimuli in a negative patterning task,we would reward responding:

A)to one light but not the other.
B)only when both lights are on at the same time.
C)only to a purple light.
D)to either light alone but not when both are on at the same time.

Question 27

Stimulus features that are easy to dissociate are called ______ features.

A)separable
B)configural
C)integral
D)consequential

Question 28

In a single-layer network using a discrete-component representation,negative patterning:

A)is represented by assigning a weight of 1 to one stimulus and a weight of 0 to the other.
B)is represented by assigning a weight of 1 to both stimuli and a weight of 0 to their combination.
C)is represented by assigning a weight of 1 to both stimuli and to their combination.
D)cannot be represented in any way that would make the network respond correctly.

Question 29

Suppose you train a dog to come running for food when you whistle a 60 dB whistle and also train the same dog to NOT come running when you whistle a 70 dB whistle.According to the peak shift effect,which of the following whistles would then lead to the dog's fastest running?

A)50 dB
B)60 dB
C)70 dB
D)80 dB

Question 30

One solution to the problem of combinatorial explosion is to design a network in which:

A)there is no internal representation layer.
B)nodes in the internal layer can be designated as configural nodes as needed.
C)the weights between the input nodes and the internal layer are fixed weights.
D)the weights between the output nodes and the internal layer are fixed weights.

Question 31

Chloe learned that babies who cry a lot also have trouble sleeping.When she later learned that babies who have trouble sleeping tend to be highly intelligent,she inferred that babies who cry a lot are also highly intelligent.This relationship is an example of:

A)acquired equivalence.
B)sensory preconditioning.
C)discrimination training.
D)negative patterning.

Question 32

Negative patterning is difficult to learn because it requires the organism to suppress its tendency to:

A)make a motor response.
B)discriminate.
C)categorize.
D)generalize.

Question 33

Marissa was trained to sort some blocks based on their color.Her sister Alli was trained to sort the same blocks,based on their shape.If we test both girls on their ability to discriminate the blocks,based on either shape or color,we should find that:

A)both girls will perform well on shape discrimination but not so well on color discrimination.
B)both girls will perform well on color discrimination but not so well on shape discrimination.
C)Marissa will perform better on color discrimination than shape discrimination.
D)Alli will perform better on color discrimination than shape discrimination.

Question 34

What is the name of the phenomenon in which prior presentation of a compound stimulus results in a later tendency for learning about one stimulus of the compound to generalize to the other stimulus?

A)acquired equivalence
B)sensory preconditioning
C)discrimination training
D)negative patterning

Question 35

According to Spence,the peak shift effect occurs because the:

A)observed response is given by the difference between the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients.
B)organism ignores the excitatory generalization gradient.
C)organism ignores both the excitatory and the inhibitory generalization gradients.
D)observed response is given by the inhibitory generalization gradient.

Question 36

In negative patterning,the connection from a configural node to the output node is given a:

A)negative weight that cancels the weights from the individual cues,leading to no response to the compound stimulus.
B)negative weight that cancels the weights from the individual cues,leading to an increased response to the compound stimulus.
C)weight of 0,leading to no response to the compound stimulus.
D)weight of 0,leading to an increased response to the compound stimulus.

Question 37

Which of the following is true regarding configural nodes?

A)They are part of the input layer of a discrete-component representation.
B)They are part of the input layer of a distributed representation.
C)They respond only when a combination of input nodes are active.
D)Their connection to the output node has a positive weight.

Question 38

Blough (1975)used two different fixed-ratio schedules to reward pigeons for pecking at lights below or above 597nm.He found that pecking:

A)gradually decreased as the wavelength of the light increased.
B)gradually increased as the wavelength of the light increased.
C)was lowest just above 597nm and highest just below 597nm.
D)was highest just above 597nm and lowest just below 597nm.

Question 39

Aidan plays well with his brother,and he plays well with his sister,but when Aidan tries to play with both of them together the three of them just ends up arguing.This is an example of:

A)discrimination training.
B)negative patterning.
C)sensory preconditioning.
D)acquired equivalence.

Question 40

Gavin often gets punched by Tyler,the school bully.Gavin is also afraid of Tyler's twin brother,Tristan,since Tristan looks just like Tyler.This is an example of:

A)similarity-based generalization.
B)meaning-based generalization.
C)negative patterning.
D)sensory preconditioning.

Question 41

The different sensory cortices receive information about:

A)whether a salient event has occurred.
B)the other sensory modalities.
C)the nature of an important consequence.
D)the type of response to make.

Question 42

Which of the following is true regarding the primary sensory cortices?

A)There is a specific cortical region dedicated to processing information from each sensory modality.
B)Each region of the cortex responds preferentially to a particular type of stimulus.
C)Neighboring cortical regions respond to similar stimuli.
D)All of the answers are true.

Question 43

In a sensory preconditioning experiment,lesions to the hippocampal area lead to a(n)________ in the CR in the ______ exposure condition.

A)decrease;compound
B)increase;compound
C)decrease;separate
D)increase;separate

Question 44

Suppose we lesion the hippocampus of a rabbit.We present a blue light and a yellow light together for several trials,and then present just the yellow light followed by a shock until the rabbit is startled by just the yellow light alone.How will the lesioned rabbit respond if we now present just the blue light?

A)It will startle to the blue light,but not as strongly as it does to the yellow light.
B)It will startle just as strongly to the blue light as it does to the yellow light.
C)It will startle even more strongly to the blue light than it does to the yellow light.
D)It will not startle to the blue light at all.

Question 45

If a tone and shock are repeatedly paired,neurons in A1:

A)reduce their responding to the tone.
B)change their best frequency to correspond with that of the tone.
C)do not change their response to the tone.
D)reduce their response to tones of similar frequency.

Question 46

The receptive field properties of A1 neurons can be explained by:

A)the consequential region.
B)the homunculus.
C)distributed representations.
D)discrete-component representations.

Question 47

Which of the following is seen in people with schizophrenia?

A)increased activity in the hippocampus
B)smaller volume of the hippocampus
C)normal shape of the hippocampus
D)over-generalization of learned associations

Question 48

Gluck and Myers have proposed a model of the hippocampal region in which the hippocampus:

A)compresses useful or predictive information.
B)expands redundant or unimportant information.
C)stores the stimulus-response associations that control motor outputs.
D)selects what information enters memory and how it is to be encoded.

Question 49

If we lesion the primary auditory cortex of a cat,the cat will:

A)not be able to respond to any tones.
B)be able to respond only to a particular tone.
C)not be able to discriminate between different tones.
D)not be able to generalize to different tones.

Question 50

The nucleus basalis:

A)provides information regarding whether consequences are good or bad.
B)selects what information enters memory and how it is to be encoded by other brain regions.
C)sends output to the cortex to enable cortical remapping.
D)compresses redundant or unimportant information.

Question 51

If we lesion the primary auditory cortex of a cat,the generalization gradient:

A)becomes negative.
B)acquires two or more peaks.
C)acquires a much sharper peak.
D)flattens out.

Question 52

The homunculus in S1:

A)exaggerates some parts of the body and de-emphasizes others.
B)represents each body part equally.
C)represents the feet at the base of the cortex and the head at the top of the cortex.
D)has no representation of the face.

Question 53

Which of the following is seen in people with schizophrenia?

A)increased activity in the hippocampus
B)smaller volume of the hippocampus
C)normal shape of the hippocampus
D)over-generalization of learned associations

Question 54

According to Gluck and Myers' model,the hippocampal region should be MOST active:

A)throughout training.
B)at the end of training.
C)early in training.
D)after an association has been learned.

Question 55

When Gluck and Bower tested their participants' ability to generalize what they had learned from categorizing symptoms and diseases,they found that participants:

A)had trouble taking into account the relative rates of the diseases.
B)were quite good in their ability to generalize.
C)followed the predictions of the Rescorla-Wagner model.
D)followed the predictions of Bayesian statistics.

Question 56

Dylan and Aaron both enjoy foreign films.If you later learn that Dylan also enjoys riding dirt bikes,you may infer that Aaron also enjoys riding dirt bikes.This is an example of:

A)acquired equivalence.
B)sensory preconditioning.
C)discrimination training.
D)negative patterning.

Question 57

On an acquired equivalence task,people with schizophrenia:

A)perform as well as controls,but take more time.
B)cannot perform any part of the task.
C)perform normally only in the third phase.
D)can learn the initial discrimination but cannot generalize in the third phase.

Question 58

Which of the following is true of stereotypes?

A)They are problematic mainly when they are not applied rigidly enough.
B)They are rarely useful for guiding behavior.
C)They reflect our basic tendency to generalize in order to predict future events.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 59

In people with schizophrenia,antipsychotic medications appear to:

A)remove the enhanced acquired-equivalence effects that are normally present.
B)increase even more the enhanced acquired-equivalence effects that are normally present.
C)remove some of the acquired-equivalence deficits.
D)increase some of the acquired-equivalence deficits.

Question 60

Lesions of the hippocampal region lead to:

A)enhanced acquired equivalence.
B)impaired acquired equivalence.
C)increased generalization between stimuli that have co-occurred in the past.
D)enhanced latent inhibition.

Question 61

In the peak shift effect,discrimination training results in a maximum response to:

A)the non-rewarded stimulus.
B)the rewarded stimulus.
C)a stimulus value that is closer to the nonreinforced stimulus value.
D)a stimulus value that is far away from the nonreinforced stimulus value.

Question 62

The hippocampal region seems to be important for:

A)learning a stimulus-response association.
B)determining what information is allowed to enter memory.
C)maintaining a topographic map of sensory stimuli.
D)encouraging cortical remapping to enhance the response to a stimulus.

Question 63

Jasmine quickly learned that she needed to use different techniques to calm her second child than those that had worked with her first child.This is an example of:

A)generalization.
B)discrimination.
C)sensory preconditioning.
D)negative patterning.

Question 64

Sienna learned that many vegetables tend to be green in color.When she later learned in school that vegetables are healthy,she inferred that foods that are green are healthy.That she made this inference is an example of:

A)acquired equivalence.
B)sensory preconditioning.
C)discrimination training.
D)negative patterning.

Question 65

Kyle is rewarded with a nice breakfast whenever he gets out of bed as soon as his mother calls him downstairs.His cousin Sophie is also rewarded for responding to her mother's calls,but if her father calls her down,she gets nothing.If someone other than their mother or father calls them down in the morning,which of the following will happen?

A)Kyle will be more likely than Sophie to get out of bed.
B)Sophie will be more likely than Kyle to get out of bed.
C)Both children will be equally likely to get out of bed.
D)Neither child will get out of bed at all.

Question 66

To enable a network to accomplish negative patterning,we can:

A)use combinatorial explosion.
B)include consequential regions.
C)include shared elements.
D)use configural nodes.

Question 67

In a topographic representation:

A)each possible stimulus is represented by its own unique node.
B)stimuli are represented by overlapping pools of nodes.
C)neighboring cortical regions respond to similar stimuli.
D)weights are changed according to the Rescorla-Wagner rule.

Question 68

As a child,Hunter had a favorite pet,a black furry cat,that made him very happy.Based on the concept of a generalization gradient,which type of cat would be MOST likely to make Hunter happy now?

A)a dark grey cat
B)a yellow cat
C)a white cat
D)a calico cat

Question 69

Suppose a dog is trained to salivate in response to a bell that lasts for three seconds.Draw a generalization gradient that the dog might experience in responses to bells of other durations.

Question 70

Preston enjoys listening to piano music,and he enjoys listening to violin music,but he dislikes hearing both instruments played together in a duet.This is an example of:

A)discrimination training.
B)negative patterning.
C)sensory preconditioning.
D)acquired equivalence.

Question 71

If we train a discrete-component model to respond to a 1,000-Hz tone,how will it respond to a 900-Hz tone?

A)It will respond as strongly as it does to the 1,000-Hz tone.
B)It will respond less strongly than it does to the 1,000-Hz tone.
C)It will respond more strongly than it does to the 1000-Hz tone.
D)It will not respond at all to the 1,000-Hz tone.

Question 72

The primary sensory cortices are involved in determining:

A)which stimuli deserve expanded cortical representation.
B)what consequence has occurred following a response.
C)what information has been received in other sensory modalities.
D)what type of behavioral response should be made to a stimulus.

Question 73

If we tell a schizophrenic patient that both Julie and Stephanie like apples more than oranges,and Julie also likes carrots more than peppers,what would the patient have the MOST trouble with?

A)remembering that Julie prefers apples.
B)remembering that Julie prefers carrots.
C)inferring that Stephanie prefers carrots.
D)inferring that Stephanie prefers peppers.

Question 74

Which of the following findings confirms Gluck and Myers's prediction regarding the role of the hippocampus in generalization?

A)People with schizophrenia display reduced acquired-equivalency effects.
B)Anti-psychotic medications can affect acquired equivalence.
C)Activity in the hippocampus during generalization trials on an acquired-equivalency task is correlated with accuracy.
D)Activity in the hippocampus during learning trials on an acquired-equivalency task is correlated with accuracy.

Question 75

Lesions to the hippocampus lead to:

A)impaired performance on sensory preconditioning tasks but not on acquired equivalence tasks.
B)impaired performance on acquired equivalence tasks but not on sensory preconditioning tasks.
C)impaired performance on both acquired equivalence and sensory preconditioning tasks.
D)normal performance on both acquired equivalence and sensory preconditioning tasks.

Question 76

Describe an example of generalization in your everyday life.

Question 77

A distributed representation is one in which:

A)stimuli are represented by overlapping pools of nodes or stimulus elements.
B)nodes or neurons responding to physically similar stimuli are near each other.
C)a unique node is used to represent each individual stimulus feature.
D)all of the nodes detect unique combinations of cues.

Question 78

Discrete-component representations provide a good description of:

A)the generalization gradient.
B)how animals learn negative patterning.
C)learning about highly dissimilar stimuli.
D)configural learning in categorization.

Question 79

Suppose we give the following information to a schizophrenic patient: Joe is taller than Frank;Frank is taller than Jim;Jim is taller than Mike;and Mike is taller than Steve.Which of the following would the patient have the MOST difficulty with?

A)comparing Joe to Frank
B)comparing Steve to Jim
C)comparing Frank to Mike
D)comparing Mike to Steve

Question 80

Describe an example of discrimination (as it relates to the study of learning)in your everyday life.