Deck 21: Focus 3: Focus on Obesity, Metabolism, and Disease Risk

Question 1

Obesity does NOT increase the risk of which of the following?

A)cardiovascular disease.
B)type 2 diabetes.
C)osteoporosis.
D)sleep apnea.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

How does the insulin resistant state differ from the insulin-sensitive state?

A)In the insulin resistant state,VLDL secretion from the liver is decreased and gluconeogenesis is decreased.
B)In the insulin resistant state,VLDL secretion from the liver is increased and gluconeogenesis is decreased.
C)In the insulin resistant state,VLDL secretion from the liver is decreased and gluconeogenesis is increased.
D)In the insulin resistant state,VLDL secretion from the liver is increased and gluconeogenesis is increased.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Both insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction are present in this condition.What is being described?

A)colon cancer
B)type-2-diabetes
C)normal blood glucose levels.
D)hypoglycemia

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements about sd-LDL is FALSE?

A)sd-LDL means small dense LDL.
B)sd-LDL are smaller in size than original LDL and contain less cholesterol.
C)sd-LDL tend to get trapped in blood vessels walls.
D)sd-LDL promote the development of atherosclerosis.

Question 5

How does the insulin resistant state differ from the insulin-sensitive state?

A)In the insulin-resistant state,free fatty acid release,from adipose tissue,is decreased.
B)In the insulin-resistant state,free fatty acid release,from adipose tissue,is increased because hormone-sensitive lipase is suppressed.
C)In the insulin-resistant state,free fatty acid release,from adipose tissue,is increased because hormone-sensitive lipase is NOT suppressed.
D)In the insulin-resistant state,triglyceride release,from adipose tissue,is increased because hormone-sensitive lipase is NOT suppressed.

Question 6

Obesity increases the risk of which cancers?

A)breast cancer
B)colorectal cancer
C)endometrial cancer
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 7

What causes the inflammation observed in obesity?

A)Infiltration of adipose tissue by macrophages
B)Elevated secretion of glucagon
C)Synthesis of triglycerides in the liver
D)Acute infection

Question 8

Which of the following statements about estrogen is FALSE?

A)Estrogen stimulates the growth of breast tissue.
B)In postmenopausal women,estrogen can promote the growth of breast tumours.
C)The suppression of estrogen activity promotes cell proliferation.
D)When estrogen circulates in the blood,it can be bound to SHBG,which decreases its bioavailability.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about lipotoxicity is FALSE?

A)Lipotoxicity can occur in the liver.
B)Lipotoxicity improves the ability of cells to use insulin.
C)Lipotoxicity is produced by the products of fatty acid metabolism by pathways other than fatty acid oxidation and triglyceride synthesis.
D)Lipotoxicity contributes to beta-cell failure.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT associated with the insulin-resistant state?

A)excessive gluconeogenesis.
B)elevated levels of blood glucose.
C)decreased secretion of VLDL.
D)elevated blood sugar.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about insulin resistance is FALSE?

A)Insulin resistance refers to a situation when tissues become less responsive to insulin.
B)As a result of insulin resistance,the pancreas must secrete more insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels.
C)Insulin resistance is the first step of a sequence of events leading to type 2 diabetes.
D)Individuals with insulin resistance and a fully functional pancreas have very low blood insulin levels.

Question 12

Which enzyme breaks down the triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids?

A)IDL
B)VLDL
C)HDL
D)LPL

Question 13

When discussing diabetes,the beta-cells are cells of which organ?

A)pancreas.
B)liver.
C)gall bladder.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 14

How does the insulin-resistant state differ from the insulin-sensitive state?

A)In the insulin-resistant state,uptake of free fatty acids into muscle is increased and the uptake of glucose is decreased.
B)In the insulin-resistant state,uptake of free fatty acids into muscle is increased and the uptake of glucose is increased.
C)In the insulin-resistant state,uptake of free fatty acids into muscle is decreased and the uptake of glucose is increased.
D)In the insulin-resistant state,uptake of free fatty acids into muscle is decreased and the uptake of glucose is decreased.

Question 15

An individual whose muscle,liver,and adipose tissue is NOT responsive to insulin has what condition?

A)insulin-sensitivity.
B)low blood glucose levels.
C)low blood levels of free fatty acids.
D)insulin-resistance

Question 16

How does obesity typically affect blood lipids?

A)higher levels of VLDLs in the blood compared to lean individuals.
B)lower levels of VLDLs in the blood compared to lean individuals.
C)similar levels of VLDLs in the blood compared to lean individuals.
D)lower levels of sd-LDL,compared to lean individuals..

Question 17

Which statement best describes the effect of lipotoxicity?

A)Exposure of the muscle to excessive free fatty acids,which induces insulin resistance.
B)Exposure of the liver to excessive free fatty acids,which promotes gluconeogenesis.
C)Exposure of the pancreas to excessive free fatty acids,which induces beta-cell failure.
D)All of the above

Question 18

What is secreted by the beta-cells?

A)glucagon
B)insulin
C)epinephrine
D)glucose

Question 19

What is the relationship between type-2-diabetes and obesity?

A)most people who are obese also have type-2-diabetes
B)most people who have type-2-diabetes are obese
C)there is no relationship between obesity and type-2-diabetes.
D)Both (a)and (c)

Question 20

What is the uncontrollable growth of cells of cancer cells called?

A)tumour.
B)proliferation.
C)mutation.
D)apoptosis.

Question 21

Explain why sleep apnea is common in obese individuals.

Question 22

Which of the following statements about osteoarthritis is FALSE?

A)Osteoarthritis is painful and limits movement amplitude.
B)Osteoarthritis and the wearing down of cartilage can be reduced in obese individuals with weight loss.
C)The occurrence of osteoarthritis is not influenced by body weight.
D)As osteoarthritis continues,the bones rub against each other.

Question 23

What is the main component of gallstones?

A)fatty acids.
B)cholesterol.
C)insulin.
D)phospholipids.

Question 24

Which statement best describes how obesity increases free estrogen in the blood?

A)Estrogen is synthesized in adipose tissue,so higher fat mass raises the amount of estrogen in the blood.
B)High insulin levels suppress the production of SHBG which raises the amount of free estrogen in the blood.
C)Estrogen is synthesized in the liver as a result of lipotoxicity and is secreted into the blood.
D)Both (a)and (b).

Question 25

A condition where the cartilage cushioning the joints breaks down and gradually becomes rougher and thinner.What is being described?

A)Osteoarthritis
B)Osteoporosis
C)Sciatica
D)Apnea

Question 26

Who is most likely to develop gallstones?

A)a lean woman
B)a lean adolescent
C)an obese woman
D)Both lean and obese women have the same chance of developing gallstones.

Question 27

Gallstones can cause pain and cramps if lodged where?

A)the aorta.
B)the lymph vessels.
C)the bile ducts.
D)the stomach.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about gout and uric acid is FALSE?

A)Gout is a joint disease caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood.
B)The high levels of uric acid and its waste products may form solid stones that become deposited in joints,causing pain.
C)Gout is more common in overweight people,compared to lean people.
D)The synthesis of uric acid has been found to decrease with insulin resistance.

Question 29

How does insulin impact estrogen metabolism?

A)by interfering in estrogen production
B)by increasing the number of estrogen transporters in the blood
C)by stimulating the action of the enzyme responsible for estrogen destruction
D)by suppressing the synthesis of SHBG in the liver,increasing the amount of free estrogen available to tissue.

Question 30

Among the following statements about relationships between obesity and gallstones,which one is FALSE?

A)When an individual is obese,the liver produces too much cholesterol which deposits in the gallbladder and forms stones.
B)When an obese individual loses weight rapidly,the risk of gallstones increases as lipids released from body stores increase the synthesis of cholesterol.
C)Gallstones are deposits of cholesterol,bile pigments,and calcium.
D)The more obese an individual is,the lower the risk of developing gallstones.

Question 31

Among the following statements about sleep apnea,which one is FALSE?

A)Sleep apnea is a benign condition.
B)Sleep apnea is associated with brief interruptions of breathing.
C)Patients with sleep apnea sleep poorly and wake up tired.
D)Sleep apnea is common in obese individuals.