Deck 16: Nutrition and Aging: the Adult Years

Question 1

Diets that feature kcaloric restriction have been shown to increase the life span of several animal species.Besides reducing kcalories what is another essential characteristic of this diet?

A)Deficiencies in macronutrients and micronutrients.
B)A decrease in immune function.
C)High levels of fat and protein intake.
D)Adequate levels of all essential nutrients.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is the difference in estimated energy requirement (EER)between an 80- and a 20-year-old woman of the same height,weight,and physical activity level?

A)The EER of the 80 year old will be lower.
B)The EER of the 80 year old will be higher.
C)Not enough information is given.
D)There is no difference.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Damage to cells may contribute to aging.Which of the following is a possible source of cell damage?

A)errors in DNA synthesis
B)free radicals
C)elevated glucose levels
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What factor(s)is/are believed to contribute to the longevity of the Japanese of Okinawa?

A)eating until 100% full
B)eating until 80% full
C)eating a nutrient-dense diet of fish and vegetables
D)Both (b)and (c)

Question 5

Which statement about aging is FALSE?

A)As aging occurs,a cell's ability to repair itself increases.
B)As aging occurs,the ability of the organism to maintain homeostasis decreases.
C)As organisms age,the cellular dysfunction increases.
D)As organisms age,the number of cells they contain decreases.

Question 6

The programmed cell death hypothesis is supported by which observation?

A)Cells in the laboratory will divide only a certain number of times before they die.
B)When cells continue reproducing,the function of organs is compromised.
C)Cells from older individuals will divide more times than those from younger individuals.
D)Cells from longer lived species will divide fewer times.

Question 7

How does the RDA for protein in older adults differ from that of younger adults?

A)It is less than the recommendation for younger adults because of decreased energy requirement.
B)It is the same as younger adults.
C)It is greater than the recommendation for younger adults because absorption and utilization are not as good.
D)It is greater than the recommendation for younger adults to prevent the decline in cell number.

Question 8

Which statement best describes the relationship between carbohydrates and energy intake in older adults?

A)The AMDR for carbohydrates declines with age.
B)The recommendations for fibre (g/day)are reduced because it is linked reduced energy requirements.
C)The recommendations for fibre (g/day)are increased because fibre may be protective against several chronic diseases.
D)The AMDR for carbohydrates increases with age.

Question 9

What is life span?

A)the maximum age to which a human can live.
B)a process that begins with conception and continues throughout life.
C)the average length of time that a person can be expected to live.
D)the aging process.

Question 10

What is the relationship between life expectancy and average healthy life expectancy among Canadians?

A)Both life expectancy and average healthy life expectancy are equivalent.
B)When average healthy life expectancy increases,the number of years,out of their life expectancy,that Canadians spends coping with chronic disease decreases.
C)Life expectancy is shorter than average healthy life expectancy.
D)When average healthy life expectancy increases,the number of years that Canadians spends coping with chronic disease also increases.

Question 11

In animal studies,which is NOT an effect of kcaloric restricted,but nutrient-replete diets?

A)increasing brain atrophy
B)improving immune function.
C)increasing resistance to numerous stressors and toxins.
D)lowering incidence of diabetes,cancer,cardiovascular disease,and brain atrophy.

Question 12

Which statement accurately describes the recommendations for fat intake in older adults?

A)They are the same as for younger adults,with respect to AMDRs,but differ with respect to the types of dietary fats
B)They reflect the older adult's decreased ability to metabolize fat.
C)They are very strict because of the decreased energy requirement.
D)They are the same as for younger adults,with respect to AMDRs and types of dietary fats.

Question 13

.What does the wear and tear hypothesis propose about aging?

A)It is the result of an accumulation of cellular damage.
B)It occurs when cell numbers decline,causing wear and tear on the remaining cells.
C)It is the result of abnormalities in metabolism.
D)It is a result of the genetically determined wearing down of organs.

Question 14

A hypothesis that has emerged to explain aging is termed "programmed cell death." What does this theory propose?

A)genes determine the life span of cells,and aging occurs as cells die.
B)aging occurs when cells become damaged,due to wear and tear in the body.
C)cells are programmed to begin emitting toxin,which causes the body to age.
D)cell death is influenced by the presence of free radicals.

Question 15

What term describes postponing the onset of chronic or debilitating disease in an older population?

A)chronic disease deferral.
B)compression of morbidity.
C)mortality extension.
D)suspended morbidity.

Question 16

What is the reserve capacity of an organ or organ system?

A)amount of functional capacity that an organ has,above and beyond what is needed to sustain life.
B)backup energy that the organ uses if its energy supply is terminated.
C)number and function of the cells within the organ.
D)an organ's immune response to environmental toxins.

Question 17

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)decreases by 2 to 3% every decade after about age 20.What causes this decline?

A)Reduced lean body mass and a decrease in physical activity.
B)Increased lean body mass.
C)Reduced food intake due to declining appetite.
D)A decline in the thermic effect of food,resulting in more efficient absorption of food.

Question 18

Which of the following populations of adults has the lowest Canadian Healthy Eating Index score?

A)aged 19-30
B)aged 31-50
C)aged 51-70
D)aged >70

Question 19

Which statement best describes the compression of morbidity?

A)It is an increase in chronic disease and disability observed in the elderly.
B)It is a decrease in mobility and muscle tone that is observed in the elderly.
C)It is a decrease in the number of years an older adult spends unhealthy during their lifetime.
D)It is a decrease in the number of years an older adult spends disease-free.

Question 20

Aging involves changes that progress over a lifetime.Which is the LEAST significant factor contributing to the rate of aging?

A)genetics - one's family history.
B)one's environment.
C)personal attitude to life
D)lifestyle choices.

Question 21

There is evidence that indicates that macular degeneration and cataracts may be slowed or prevented by a diet high in which of the following?

A)antioxidants.
B)carbohydrates.
C)protein.
D)vitamin B₁₂.

Question 22

Why might getting enough vitamin D be a problem for older adults?

A)They drink too much milk.
B)They drink unfortified beverages.
C)They takes multiple pharmaceutical drugs.
D)They have limited exposure to sunlight.

Question 23

The RDA for vitamin D for men and women is highest in which age category?

A)19-30
B)31-50
C)51-70
D)>70

Question 24

Atrophic gastritis is a condition experienced by a significant proportion of older people.This condition interferes with absorption of which nutrient?

A)calcium.
B)fat.
C)vitamin B₁₂.
D)vitamin C.

Question 25

What is believed to be the cause of macular degeneration and cataracts in the older adult?

A)vitamin A deficiency
B)Oxidative damage
C)reduced absorption of vitamin B12
D)reduced protein intake

Question 26

A diet with adequate fiber can help prevent and manage all of the following EXCEPT one.Which one?

A)arthritis.
B)diabetes
C)constipation
D)obesity.

Question 27

Which of the following contributes to the development of constipation in the older adult?

A)reduced gatric secretions
B)increased elasticity of the colon
C)bacterial overgrowth
D)decreased motility in the large intestine and weakened abdominal muscles

Question 28

"Reduced secretion of this substance makes swallowing difficult and increases bacterial growth." What substance is being described?

A)amylase
B)a hormone that stimulate motility
C)gastric HCl.
D)saliva

Question 29

"Maintain health body weight,stay physically active,and follow Canada's Food Guide." What is being described?

A)Advice to young adults that decrease their risk of developing chronic disease later in life.
B)Actions that increase morbidity.
C)Advice to older adults that will increase their risk of chronic disease.
D)Actions that decrease CHEI scores.

Question 30

Why is the RDA for vitamin B₆ is increased in older adults?

A)inflammation of the stomach lining reduces absorption.
B)it reduces wear and tear on cells.
C)higher intakes are needed to maintain the same functional levels in the body.
D)loss of intestinal enzymes reduces absorption.

Question 31

What did the CCHS discover about the association between diet quality and age?

A)There is no association.
B)As age increases,diet quality decreases.
C)There is an inverse association.
D)It is influenced by the level of physical activity.

Question 32

The nutrient needs of the elderly remain the same although their energy needs decrease.Because of this,what advice should they be given?

A)eat larger portions of food.
B)consume a more nutrient-dense diet.
C)eat less and exercise more.
D)eat more concentrated sweets.

Question 33

For older adults,why are very high intakes of retinol a potential problem?

A)Retinol is absorbed very efficiently and accumulates in the body.
B)Retinol is NOT readily cleared from the blood leading to accumulation of toxic levels.
C)Retinol is metabolized to toxin compounds that harm bones.
D)Retinol binds to protein receptors that influence gene expression.

Question 34

Older adults would benefit from supplements for which nutrients?

A)Zinc (to prevent the masking of zinc deficiency by copper)and vitamin B12 (because older adults are at risk of atrophic gastritis)
B)Vitamin D (because of declining biosynthesis by the skin)and vitamin B12 ((because older adults are at risk of atrophic gastritis)
C)Vitamin D (because of excessive excretion by the kidney)and vitamin B12 (because of masking of deficiency by excessive intakes of folate)
D)Calcium (to improve bone health)and iron (to prevent anemia)

Question 35

It is important for the elderly to drink enough fluids in order to prevent dehydration.Which of the following does NOT make it difficult to maintain fluid balance?

A)alterations in taste perception
B)decrease in the sensation of thirst.
C)increased output of urine.
D)limited access to water.

Question 36

Inadequate zinc status in older adults can cause which of the following?

A)reduced immune function
B)reduced wound healing
C)loss of taste acuity
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 37

"A condition that occurs when a person is having difficulty acquiring enough food to meet his/her needs." What is being described?

A)Food insecurity
B)Food sensitivity
C)Malnutrition
D)Welfare

Question 38

Which of the following does NOT contribute to iron deficiency anemia in older adults?

A)an increase in the requirement
B)low intake due to low energy intake
C)a decrease in iron absorption
D)medications that may cause blood loss

Question 39

Among older adults,which is LEAST likely to be a problem?

A)adequate kcalorie intake
B)adequate fluid intake
C)adequate protein intake
D)adequate fat intake

Question 40

Which supplement is probably of LEAST value to an older adult?

A)calcium.
B)vitamin B_12.
C)vitamin C.
D)vitamin D.

Question 41

What characterizes physical frailty?

A)general weakness.
B)impaired mobility and balance.
C)poor endurance.
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 42

Dementia,or diminished mental state,is LEAST likely to be associated with a history of which of the following?

A)alcoholism.
B)Alzheimer's disease.
C)strokes.
D)high vitamin C intake.

Question 43

How do insulin related functions change with age?

A)insulin secretion from the pancreas increases
B)insulin resistance decreases
C)insulin sensitivity decreases
D)blood glucose levels decline

Question 44

Which statement about menopause is FALSE?

A)Menopause marks the end of the fertile period of a woman's life.
B)Menopause decreases the risk of osteoporosis
C)Menopause increases the risk of heart disease.
D)Menopause causes body composition changes..

Question 45

"Consuming the statin,Lipitor,with grapefruit or grapefruit juice can result in drug toxicity." What is being described?

A)An example of how a food can interfere with the action of a drug.
B)An example of how a drug can interfere with nutrient metabolism.
C)The benefit of a phytochemical in grapefruit.
D)The interaction between lipids and phytochemicals.

Question 46

What are the implications of the sensory changes typically observed in the older adult?

A)impaired taste and smell result in improved nutritional status
B)changes in taste and smell typically enhance food intake
C)vision problems have no impact on nutritional status
D)sensory decline makes it more difficult for the older adult to eat a balanced diet

Question 47

Which of the following statements regarding body composition,in the older adult,is FALSE?

A)The prevalence of obesity declines for adults in their 70s and 80s.
B)Extreme thinness and unintentional weight loss are important health risks for the elderly.
C)Low BMI is associated with a lower risk of mortality.
D)Menopause has been associated with a change in body composition.

Question 48

Which of the following is the LEAST desirable way for individuals to prevent constipation?

A)daily laxatives
B)increased fiber intake
C)increased fluid intake
D)regular exercise

Question 49

Which statement about immunity and the elderly is FALSE?

A)The effectiveness of immunizations declines with age.
B)The incidence of autoimmune disorders increases with age.
C)Supplementation of zinc,copper,and iron no longer improve immune response.
D)The ability of the immune system to fight disease declines with age.

Question 50

What is sarcopenia?

A)an increase of abdominal fat that occurs with age.
B)a decrease of fat on hips and thighs that occurs with age.
C)a decrease of muscle mass and strength that occurs with age.
D)gains in lean body mass that older people make when they perform resistance exercise.

Question 51

What is the best assessment of the scientific evidence that glucosamine and chondroitin supplements effect arthritis pain?

A)There is no evidence that the supplements are beneficial.
B)There is strong evidence that the supplements are beneficial.
C)There are too few studies to make an assessment of the evidence.
D)Studies are mixed with some showing benefit and some not.

Question 52

Which of the following statements regarding Alzheimer's disease is TRUE?

A)Removing sources of aluminum from the diet,such as aluminum cookware,will diminish effects of the disease.
B)Nutritional supplements,especially vitamin E,are helpful in treating it.
C)Lecithin can slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
D)The brains of patients who have died with Alzheimer's disease show an accumulation of an abnormal protein.

Question 53

How does the approach to weight loss in older adults differ from younger adults?

A)There is more emphasis on maintaining micronutrient intake.
B)Reduction in total caloric intake is more important in the older adult.
C)There is more emphasis on preserving lean body mass during weight loss.
D)Weight loss is more critical in the older adult as the risk of death associated with obesity increases.

Question 54

Older adults often take several medications.Which of the following statements regarding the use of medications is FALSE?

A)Mineral oil-based laxatives increase absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
B)Inappropriate combinations of medications are a significant health problem in the elderly.
C)Prolonged use of some antacids can contribute to increased bone loss.
D)Prescription and over-the-counter drugs can interfere with nutrient absorption.

Question 55

Which disease or debilitating condition occurring in the elderly is likely to be related to nutrition?

A)dementia
B)diabetes
C)heart disease
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 56

A decrease in the hormone melatonin is MOST likely to cause what condition?

A)a decline in the sense of taste.
B)a decrease in appetite.
C)altered body rhythms.
D)hair loss.

Question 57

Which of the following physical changes is NOT common in the elderly?

A)decreased capacity to smell
B)increased sensitivity to taste
C)increased incidence of blindness
D)decreased stomach acid

Question 58

Which of the following changes in body composition naturally occur as a person ages past 50?

A)body fat increases,bone density decreases
B)muscle mass increases,body fat increases
C)muscle mass increases,bone density increases
D)muscles mass decreases,body fat decreases

Question 59

Which of the following statements regarding weight loss in older adults is TRUE?

A)Weight loss can slow the decline in bone mass.
B)Weight loss is always important in overweight older adults since the risk of death associated with obesity is much higher than in younger adults.
C)Weight loss can cause a decline in muscle mass.
D)By the time people get old,the benefits of weight loss are negligible.

Question 60

What condition MOST commonly causes decreased mobility in older adults?

A)hypertension
B)arthritis
C)diabetes
D)heart disease

Question 61

What is SCREEN?

A)it is a series of questions that help identify persons with inadequate nutritional intake
B)it is software used to eliminate inaccurate survey data
C)it is an online tool used to help older Canadians determine the sources of salt and calcium in their diet
D)It is a website where you can analyze the nutritional content of your diet

Question 62

How do energy and macronutrient needs change as people age past 50?

Question 63

What social and economic factors MOST increase the risk of malnutrition?

A)High income,independent living,social support
B)Low income,independent living,activity family life
C)Low income,independent living,depression
D)Low income,dependent living,depression

Question 64

Which of the following statements regarding body weight,body composition,and exercise in older adults is FALSE?

A)After about age 70,the risks of regular exercise outweigh the benefits.
B)Although a person's weight may stay constant as he/she ages,the proportion of muscle decreases.
C)Regular physical activity can extend the years of active independent life.
D)Unintentional weight loss may be an indication of a health problem.

Question 65

Discuss why aging is considered to be a continuous process.

Question 66

How is compression of morbidity affected by lifestyle choices?

Question 67

Which dietary supplements is LEAST beneficial to a sedentary elderly woman with a relatively low EER?

A)vitamin B12 because she is at risk for atrophic gastritis
B)vitamin D to promote bone health
C)calcium to promote bone health
D)folate to prevent megaloblastic anemia

Question 68

Although people are living longer,why is it important that natural and social scientists improve their quality of life in their later years?

Question 69

Describe and compare the two major hypotheses that are proposed to explain why aging occurs.

Question 70

Drinking enough fluid to maintain hydration is often a problem for the elderly.What are some ways that an older adult might keep track of how much fluid they have had during the day? What types of food contain a high percentage of water?

Question 71

Which activity is recommended in the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines for older adults (> 65 years)that is not in the Guidelines for adults under 65 years?

A)aerobic activity
B)muscle strengthening exercises
C)exercises to enhance balance
D)bone strengthening exercises

Question 72

What were the results of the CCHS on the factors that contribute to good health?

A)More older adults report good health than younger adults.
B)There is no relationship between health-promoting factors and self-reported overall good health.
C)The more health-promoting factors a person has in his life,the greater his overall self-reported health.This was true only for older adults.
D)The more health-promoting factors a person has in his life,the greater his overall self-reported health.This was true for both younger and older adults.

Question 73

"Metformin,a diabetes drug,can reduce the absorption of vitamin B12." What is being described?

A)how a food can interfere with the action of a drug.
B)how a drug can negatively affect nutritional status.
C)how a drug can positively affect nutritional status.
D)How a drug can reduce the risk of anemia.

Question 74

How does the need for water change as a person ages? Why does staying hydrated present more of a challenge for the elderly?

Question 75

To maximize nutrient density when using Canada's Food Guide what foods should be selected?

A)low-fat milk
B)lean and extra-lean meats
C)vegetables and fruits prepared without fat or sugar.
D)All of the above.

Question 76

According to a study conducted by the CCHS,all of the following are considered health-promoting factors EXCEPT one.Which one?

A)good oral health.
B)limited social participation.
C)frequent walking.
D)low daily stress.

Question 77

Preventing food insecurity involves which of the following actions?

A)Reducing income so that nutrient-dense food can be easily purchased.
B)Overcoming physical limitations that restrict mobility
C)Attending social programs like Meals on Wheels,which promotes congregate dinners.
D)Two of the above.

Question 78

The risk of which vitamin and mineral deficiencies increase in the elderly population?

Question 79

How many minutes/week of aerobic physical activity does the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines for older adults recommend?

A)30 min.of moderate intensity
B)60 min.of moderate intensity
C)150 min.of gentle-to-moderate intensity
D)150 min.of moderate-to-vigorous intensity

Question 80

Which is correctly matched?

A)Estrogen: harmful to bones
B)Growth hormone: increases insulin sensitivity
C)DHEA: synthesized from testosterone
D)Melatonin: regulates sleep and wakefulness