Deck 7: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving

Question 1

Which statement is most consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) "I run because I'm afraid."
B) "I'm happy because I laugh."
C) "I'm crying because I'm sad."
D) "I'm anxious because I perspire."

Answer 1

"I'm happy because I laugh."

Question 2

Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of _______ basic facial expressions of emotion.

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) eight

Answer 2

six

Question 3

Which theory of emotion states that your body reacts before you experience an emotion?

A) James-Lange
B) Cannon-Bard
C) cognitive
D) Belle-Barrett

Answer 3

James-Lange

Question 4

Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes
B) stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion
C) physiological changes --> stimulus --> emotion
D) stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)

Question 5

You are walking through a store when you run into a friend you have not seen in a long time and whom you miss very much. According to the James-Lange theory, what might happen?

A) You experience physiological changes followed by a feeling of happiness.
B) You feel happiness followed by physiological changes.
C) You experience physiological changes and a feeling of happiness simultaneously.
D) You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by a feeling of happiness.

Question 6

Which theory states that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion?

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) James-Lange theory
C) Schachter-Singer theory
D) commonsense view of emotions

Question 7

One of the problems associated with asthma is that once patients experience difficulty breathing, they often make their symptoms worse by concentrating on them and/or worrying about them. Consequently, many doctors include relaxation exercises as part of a treatment program to prevent patients from making their asthmatic reactions worse. This example of how our awareness of physiological changes can influence or even cause subsequent emotions is most supportive of which of the following theories of emotion?

A) Plutchik
B) Cannon-Bard
C) James-Lange
D) Yerkes-Dodson

Question 8

Which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) Our hearts race, we see a monster, we feel fear.
B) We see a monster, we feel fear, our hearts race.
C) We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear.
D) We feel fear, our hearts race, we see the monster.

Question 9

Which of the following is the best example of an approach emotion?

A) Sara saw a spider in her closet and she screamed.
B) Keisha does not like to eat pickles because they are sour.
C) Garrett is afraid to go home because he got in trouble in school today.
D) Kayla can't wait to go shopping this weekend with her mother.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a component of emotion?

A) bodily arousal
B) a positive or negative subjective experience
C) objective feelings
D) activation of specific mental processes

Question 11

Seeing a snake, running away from it, and then becoming frightened is the sequence of events postulated by the ________ theory.

A) Plutchik
B) Cannon-Bard
C) James-Lange
D) Yerkes-Dodson

Question 12

According to Ekman, which of the following is NOT one of the universal facial expressions?

A) disgust
B) fear
C) surprise
D) shame

Question 13

A psychologist who has studied emotions with Paul Ekman for decades is going to present a summary of the research. Which title might this psychologist consider?

A) "Emotion as a Deviation"
B) "Emotion: Evolution's Big Mistake"
C) "Why Emotions Are Not Fully Developed in Humans"
D) "How Facial Expressions Communicate Emotions"

Question 14

Charles Darwin believed that the outward behavior associated with emotion is _______.

A) inborn
B) learned
C) independent
D) dependent

Question 15

An innate emotion that all humans share is called a(n) _______.

A) universal experience
B) fundamental feeling
C) objective experience
D) basic emotion

Question 16

Which statement about emotions would have most likely been made by William James?

A) When something happens, your body reacts, then you experience an emotion.
B) If someone points a gun at you, you will experience fear and then you will run.
C) All emotions arise from the same set of bodily functions.
D) It is only after you experience joy that your heart will begin to race.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Emotions are generally unaffected by culture.
B) Positive and negative emotions are opposite sides of the same coin.
C) An emotion can have different types and different facial expressions.
D) Display rules are genetically received.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct definition of emotion?

A) the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about bodily changes
B) an aspect of consciousness characterized by a certain physical arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules
C) an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that is distinct from our rational abilities of cognition
D) a set of social and cultural rules that regulates when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) feelings

Question 19

According to Ekman, ________ would not be considered a basic emotion.

A) guilt
B) anger
C) disgust
D) surprise

Question 20

Which division of the nervous system is working when we experience emotions?

A) nonsympathetic division of the nervous system
B) sympathetic division of the nervous system
C) parasympathetic division of the somatic nervous system
D) central nervous system

Question 21

Which area of the brain is most responsible for fear-related responses, including signaling other parts of the brain?

A) thalmus
B) amygdala
C) cerebellum
D) brain stem

Question 22

The facial feedback hypothesis is defined as _______________.

A) the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed
B) a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all of which are shaped by cultural rules
C) an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that no longer has an adaptive function in human behavior
D) a set of social and cultural rules that regulates when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions

Question 23

Which theory of emotion proposes that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies and emotions result from those physiological changes?

A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) Schachter-Singer
D) cognitive appraisal

Question 24

What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory?

A) stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes
B) stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion
C) physiological changes --> stimulus --> emotion
D) stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)

Question 25

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that __________.

A) he will begin to feel annoyed
B) he will begin to feel angry
C) his positive feelings will increase
D) his reaction will depend on his age

Question 26

You are walking in the forest and see a bear. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, what happens next?

A) You experience physiological changes followed by fear.
B) You feel fear followed by physiological changes.
C) You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously.
D) You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by fear.

Question 27

The idea that bodily arousal and the experience of emotion arise in tandem forms the essence of ________.

A) LeDoux's theory
B) cognitive theory
C) James-Lange theory
D) Cannon-Bard theory

Question 28

There are at least 20 muscles in your face that are responsible for _______.

A) causing extremes of emotion
B) varying your facial expressions
C) regulating emotions
D) facial feedback hypothesis

Question 29

The frequent finding that asthmatics often experience shortness of breath concurrently with tremendous anxiety is an example of how emotions and physiological symptoms often occur simultaneously. As such, it supports which of the following theories of emotion?

A) Plutchik's
B) James-Lange
C) Cannon-Bard theory
D) Schachter and Singer's

Question 30

Which is an example of facial feedback hypothesis?

A) smiling in order to draw a smile from a friend
B) avoiding eye contact in order to avoid talking to someone
C) making yourself smile, then finding that your mood is more positive
D) trying to make eye contact in order to flirt with someone

Question 31

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that _______.

A) people respond to the emotions they see expressed by others
B) expressing your emotions is more likely to draw feedback from others
C) the "look" on your face triggers a response from others
D) emotions can be influenced partly by the position of certain facial muscles

Question 32

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Jose complies with instructions to look angry, it is most likely that ____________.

A) he will be amused to be simulating anger
B) he will be pleased that he does it so well
C) his positive feelings will decrease
D) his reaction will depend on his age

Question 33

Which statement reflects the core idea of the facial feedback hypothesis?

A) Men do not express emotion via the face.
B) Facial features have no connection with emotion.
C) Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences.
D) When one facial expression occurs, we quickly register its opposite on the face.

Question 34

Seeing a snake, and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened, is the sequence of events postulated by ______ theory.

A) Plutchik's
B) the James-Lange
C) the Cannon-Bard theory
D) Schachter and Singer's

Question 35

The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called ____________.

A) primary emotional processing
B) internal emotion work
C) facial feedback
D) body language

Question 36

Erica saw her old boyfriend and her heart began to race. According to cognitive theory, is she happy to see him or frightened of him?

A) She is frightened because her emotional reaction came before her heart began to race.
B) You cannot tell because she is not displaying a basic emotion.
C) It depends on how she interprets the situation.
D) She must be frightened because her heart began to race before she reacted emotionally.

Question 37

Which is the best explanation of the Cannon-Bard theory?

A) Bodily arousal occurs before emotional response.
B) Emotions arise from learned triggers.
C) Emotion is nothing but a reflexive response based on instincts.
D) Bodily arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.

Question 38

According to your text, which if the following is important evidence against James-Lange theory?

A) People with severe spinal cord injuries report having emotions.
B) People with severe spinal cord damage report impaired emotional functioning.
C) People with spinal cord damage report experiencing emotions cognitively.
D) People with severe spinal cord injuries usually cease to experience strong emotions.

Question 39

Which theory of emotion emphasizes the role of the hypothalamus?

A) Plutchik's
B) The James-Lange theory
C) The Cannon-Bard theory
D) Schachter and Singer's

Question 40

The ______ theory of emotion states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes.

A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) Plutchik
D) Schachter- Singer

Question 41

Which theory maintains that emotion is caused by the interaction of physiological changes and the cognitive labeling of the reason for the physical reaction?

A) the James-Lange theory
B) activation theory
C) cognitive theory
D) the Cannon-Bard theory

Question 42

It is possible to interpret bodily arousal incorrectly. When this happens, it is called ____________.

A) misattribution of arousal
B) interpretive error
C) misapplication of arousal
D) cognitive restructuring

Question 43

Which of the following individuals is from a culture that has strict public social display rules?

A) Mark, who is American
B) Sandrine, who is French
C) Miyoki, who is Japanese
D) Jessica, who is Canadian

Question 44

Dr. Lighthead works with her patients to draw from many of their strengths and successes in her therapy sessions. She often stresses the importance of achievements, strengths, and well-being while not dwelling on past issues of abuse, depression, and unmet goals. Based on the description of her work, Dr. Lighthead is likely to utilize ___________ in her sessions.

A) structural psychology
B) positive psychology
C) optimist psychology
D) transient psychology

Question 45

The simplest raw feelings that a person experiences in an emotion-evoking situation are referred to as ____________.

A) hedonic valence
B) core affect
C) hedonic tone
D) misattribution of arousal

Question 46

According to cognitive theories, appraisal of the situation would come _______ the physical arousal and _______ the experience of emotion.

A) before; after
B) after; before
C) before; before
D) after; after

Question 47

________ indicate when, to whom, and how strongly certain emotions can be shown.

A) Instincts
B) Nonverbal communications
C) Display rules
D) Polygraphs

Question 48

"I think I'm afraid; therefore, I am afraid." Name the theory of emotion that this statement characterizes.

A) the James-Lange theory
B) activation theory
C) cognitive theory
D) the Cannon-Bard theory

Question 49

___________ proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: physical arousal and labeling.

A) Plutchik
B) The James-Lange theory
C) The Cannon-Bard theory
D) Schachter and Singer

Question 50

According to ________ , emotions arise from a combination of brain and body reactions and interpretations, along with memories that pertain to the situation.

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) James-Lange theory
C) LeDoux's theory
D) Belle-Barrett theory

Question 51

Devon heard a noise and went to investigate. He was afraid that someone was breaking into his house. When his cat jumped out from the shadows, Devon yelled. But Devon's cat is always showing up suddenly and it usually doesn't bother him. What concept from your text best explains Devon's increased tendency to be startled?

A) facial feedback hypothesis
B) misattribution of arousal
C) fear-potentiated startle
D) reactive arousal startle

Question 52

Which of the following has not been found to be related to our experience of happiness?

A) Sex
B) Social support
C) Life circumstances
D) Money

Question 53

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Fear can only occur as the result of cognitive interpretation.
B) The amygdala plays a direct role in producing the emotional "feel" of fear.
C) There are distinct biological events associated with feelings of fear.
D) Fear can only occur as the result of primary pituitary stimulation.

Question 54

You just finished a cup of very strong coffee, which causes your body to have a general feeling of arousal. That afternoon you walk past a cemetery where several people are crying at a graveside. According to Schachter and Singer, which of the following would most likely occur?

A) Your emotion would be happy in spite of the scene at the graveside.
B) You would work very hard to control your emotion.
C) Your emotion would be sad because the context would affect your labeling.
D) Your emotional state would be impossible to predict.

Question 55

Positive psychology can be thought of as ______________.

A) shifting the focus of psychology from cognitive to Gestalt
B) shifting the focus from achievement to self-actualization
C) shifting the focus from negatives to more positives in psychology while focusing on strengths
D) shifting the focus from the abstract to the tangible

Question 56

To explain the human universality and variability of emotions, Ekman and his associates ______________.

A) developed a concept of "display rules," which are rules for emotional expression
B) developed an interobserver system to make sure that observers defined expressions reliably
C) interviewed all participants in order to assess unexpressed feelings and motivations
D) monitored the brain waves of participants to determine which hemisphere had higher activation

Question 57

Researchers suggest that ________ of the variability in happiness may be the result of heredity.

A) only 25%
B) at least 60%
C) less than 50%
D) at least 50%

Question 58

Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion, according to ____________.

A) Plutchik
B) the James-Lange theory
C) the Cannon-Bard theory
D) Schachter and Singer

Question 59

According to cognitive theory, what is likely to influence an individual's emotional experience?

A) the feedback of others
B) the intensity of the situation
C) the interpretation of the environment
D) the type of physiological reaction that takes place

Question 60

Which two different terms best describe Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion?

A) arousal and physiology
B) behavior and genetics
C) arousal and context
D) nature and nurture

Question 61

An instinct is a tendency that is ________.

A) learned
B) conditioned
C) inherited
D) easily controlled

Question 62

The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called _____________.

A) motivation
B) emotion
C) achievement
D) synergy

Question 63

Early in the 20th century William McDougal and others proposed that motivation was a result of ________.

A) instincts
B) incentives
C) drives
D) emotions

Question 64

Salmon swimming upstream to spawn are an example of ______.

A) incentives
B) motives
C) instinct
D) needs

Question 65

An internal imbalance that motivates humans and other animals to achieve a goal that will reduce the imbalance is called a(n) ____________.

A) instinct
B) drive
C) motive cue
D) genetic trigger

Question 66

In the early twentieth century, psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behavior by attributing it to ______.

A) emotions
B) incentives
C) learned responses
D) instincts

Question 67

A polygraph machine is sometimes called a "lie detector." This would be an incorrect moniker. The best nickname for the polygraph test would be ____________.

A) a potentiation detector
B) a parasympathetic detector
C) an amygdala detector
D) an emotions detector

Question 68

Which of the following is true?

A) Display rules of a culture help to shape body language.
B) Men and women generally convey sexual interest in the same fashion.
C) Nonverbal communication is categorized as an alternative language.
D) Police and psychologists agree that the notion of a victim stance or posture is a myth.

Question 69

You overhear a psychologist presenting a lecture to an introductory psychology class. The teacher mentions "purposeful behavior that may be based on some internal or biological drive, or may be based on learning." You recognize that he is talking about which type of behavior?

A) motivated
B) emotional
C) frustrated
D) preconscious

Question 70

Which of the following is not a common sign of deception?

A) frequent eye blinks
B) downcast eyes
C) sideways glances
D) smaller pupil size

Question 71

In order to study our ability to read non-verbal body cues about emotions, researchers attached small lights to ________, and found that undergraduates were able to correctly determine the emotion being communicated simply by watching the movement of the lights in a dark room.

A) acrobats
B) pantomimes
C) athletes
D) dancers

Question 72

Which statement about motivation is true?

A) Motivation energizes and directs behavior.
B) We are always aware of motivational processes.
C) There is only one type of motivation.
D) Two people motivated by the same factor will satisfy that motive through similar means.

Question 73

Clayton thought his best friend's girlfriend looked beautiful in her bikini. Needless to say, he tried very hard to hide his feelings. Which structure(s) of the brain became activated when Clayton tried to inhibit his emotional reaction?

A) parts of the frontal lobe
B) the amygdala
C) the hypothalamus
D) the frontal lobe and the amygdala

Question 74

The requirements and desires that lead humans and other animals to behave in particular ways at particular times and places are called ________.

A) motivations
B) drives
C) instincts
D) incentives

Question 75

What do we call an unalterable, innate pattern of behavior?

A) a drive
B) an instinct
C) a releasing behavior
D) a universal behavior

Question 76

During a polygraph, Janice is asked: "Did you break into Mr. Alvin's house last night?" This type of question would form part of the ________.

A) relevant/irrelevant technique
B) control question technique
C) guilty knowledge test
D) guilty actions test

Question 77

The state of tension created by biological needs is called a(n) ______.

A) emotion
B) impulse
C) drive
D) instinct

Question 78

Regarding emotional regulation, which statement is true?

A) Difficulty in controlling positive emotions could be a source of violent aggression.
B) Suppressing overt behavior in order to control emotions will impair your memory for the surrounding events.
C) Cognition affects emotion, but emotion does not affect cognition.
D) Passive people have difficulty controlling overt behavior.

Question 79

_______________ can vary from culture to culture and are socially acceptable ways of showing emotion in public settings.

A) Phonemes
B) Facial grids
C) Display rules
D) Expressional norms

Question 80

Eye blinks, sideways glances, and downcast eyes are examples of ________.

A) emotional effects
B) microexpressions
C) facial feedback
D) eye casts