Deck 14: Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation

Question 1

On what are weight gain recommendations during pregnancy based?

A)weight at the time of conception.
B)ethnicity.
C)waist-to-hip circumference ratio at the time of conception.
D)ultrasound results (used to size the infant)taken during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a healthy,normal-weight woman?

A)5-15 lb
B)15-25 lb
C)25-35 lb
D)40-50 lb

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What is the most likely causes of morning sickness,as well as other discomforts associated with pregnancy?

A)shifting positions of internal organs.
B)increase in blood volume.
C)hormonal changes associated with pregnancy.
D)a decrease in the metabolic rate.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which minor problem is caused by hormonal changes during pregnancy?

A)heartburn.
B)constipation.
C)edema.
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 5

Which is a function of the placenta?

A)secretes hormones.
B)develops into the fetus.
C)is the site where the zygote embeds after fertilization.
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 6

In terms of weight gain recommendations during pregnancy,which of the following women should gain the MOST weight during pregnancy?

A)women with a low prepregnancy weight
B)women with a high prepregnancy weight
C)women between the ages of 25-35
D)women between the ages of 40-45

Question 7

One of its functions is to transfer nutrients and oxygen from the maternal blood to the baby through a network of blood vessels.What is being described?

A)placenta
B)amniotic sac
C)zygote
D)chorion membrane

Question 8

What is a risk factor associated with excess weight gain during pregnancy?

A)premature delivery.
B)low-birth-weight infant.
C)giving birth to twins.
D)gestational diabetes.

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct sequence of gestational events?

A)embryo,fetus,zygote
B)zygote,embryo,fetus
C)fetus,embryo,zygote
D)zygote,fetus,embryo

Question 10

What are the recommendations related to weight gain for women who enter pregnancy with excess weight (BMI > 30)?

A)lose about 2-4 kg (5-10 lb)during pregnancy.
B)do not gain any additional weight during pregnancy.
C)gain some weight during pregnancy,but less than normal weight or overweight women.
D)limit food intake to 500-600 kcal/day.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta?

A)secretes hormones necessary to maintain pregnancy
B)eliminates waste products from the baby to the mother's blood for elimination
C)provides the site where fertilization occurs
D)delivers nutrients and oxygen from the maternal blood to the baby

Question 12

How are infants born weighing 2 kg (4.5 lb)classified?

A)large-for-gestational-age.
B)premature.
C)low-birth-weight infants.
D)very-low-birth-weight infants.

Question 13

According to the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology,which is NOT a stated safety consideration during exercise in pregnancy?

A)avoid exercising in warm environments in the first trimester.
B)avoid lying on the belly throughout all three trimesters.
C)maintain adequate nutrition and hydration.
D)avoid isometric exercise.

Question 14

Which of the following is associated with pre-eclampsia?

A)elevated blood glucose levels
B)a rise in blood pressure
C)low fasting blood glucose levels
D)dehydration

Question 15

During pregnancy swelling due to the buildup of extracellular fluid in the tissues occurs.What is being described?

A)edema
B)constipation
C)gestational diabetes
D)pica

Question 16

When is the best time for a pregnant woman to begin exercising?

A)during the first trimester.
B)during the second trimester.
C)during the third trimester.
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 17

Which of the following is the cell produced by the union of sperm and ovum during fertilization?

A)embryo.
B)fetus.
C)zygote.
D)trophoblast.

Question 18

Which of the following is a fluid-filled membrane that surrounds the unborn baby and provides protection?

A)placenta
B)amniotic sac
C)trophoblast
D)blastocyst

Question 19

In humans,how long is a full-term pregnancy?

A)35 weeks.
B)40 weeks.
C)45 weeks.
D)24 weeks.

Question 20

How would an infant born at 35 weeks of gestation be classified?

A)small-for-gestational-age.
B)large-for-gestational-age.
C)premature.
D)postterm.

Question 21

Which of the following is a consequence of gestational diabetes?

A)a small-for-gestational-age infant.
B)a large-for-gestational-age infant.
C)an infant born with PKU.
D)an infant with an increased risk of a low adult body weight.

Question 22

Which would be an appropriate course of action for a normal weight woman during the preconception period?

A)take a multivitamin containing folic acid and adjust her diet to conform to Canada's Food Guide.
B)Take a supplement that contains only folic acid (400 ug)and adjust her diet to conform to Canada's Food Guide.
C)Lose about 2-4 kg of body weight to prevent excessive weight gain during pregnancy
D)Both (b)and (c)

Question 23

Which statement best describes the fat requirement during pregnancy?

A)Extra fat is required to provide fuel for the developing fetus.
B)Fat should make up 45% of the kcal consumed.
C)Total fat does not need to increase,but there is an increased requirement for linoleic and alpha-linolenic fatty acids.
D)There is an increased requirement for fish oils.

Question 24

To supply the developing fetus with the calcium required for teeth and bones,what should pregnant women do?

A)take calcium supplements of 1,200 mg/day.
B)consume an additional 2 servings of dairy products daily.
C)continue to consume the calcium recommended for non-pregnant women,since increases in absorption will provide for the fetus.
D)take either a calcium supplement or eat enough dairy products to provide an additional 600 mg/day.

Question 25

To meet protein needs,during pregnancy,an additional 25 g is added to the protein requirement for non-pregnant women.When should this extra protein be consumed?

A)All three trimesters
B)Third trimester only
C)Second and third trimester only
D)No additional protein needs to be added to the requirement as most women already eat more protein than needed.

Question 26

Neural tube defects (NTDs)were found to be the result of what condition in women?

A)low folate concentrations in the blood
B)high folate concentrations in the blood
C)Vitamin D deficiency
D)Vitamin B₁₂ toxicity

Question 27

Which of the following foods was NOT chosen for mandatory folate fortification in Canada?

A)flour.
B)cornmeal.
C)pasta.
D)whole grains.

Question 28

What is a common side effect of iron supplements taken during pregnancy?

A)Anemia
B)Heartburn
C)Edema
D)Constipation

Question 29

Which nutrient is correctly matched to its function?

A)iron: to prevent megaloblastic anemia in mother
B)vitamin B₁₂: to prevent anemia and,in combination with folic acid,neural tube defects
C)zinc: required for synthesis of DNA,RNA and proteins
D)Both (b)and (c)

Question 30

Which of the following is a characteristic of gestational diabetes?

A)low fasting blood glucose levels.
B)decreased urinary output.
C)elevated blood glucose levels.
D)difficulty gaining weight during the pregnancy.

Question 31

What is the most severe form of pregnancy-induced hypertension?

A)gestational hypertension.
B)pre-eclampsia.
C)eclampsia.
D)hyperkalemia.

Question 32

Which is NOT a main source of weight gain during pregnancy?

A)Fetus and uterus
B)Maternal fat and fetus
C)Muscle mass and extracellular fluids
D)Uterus,placenta and amniotic fluid

Question 33

Which a one recommendation for the management of pregnancy-induced hypertension?

A)bed rest.
B)exercise.
C)weight loss.
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 34

Which of the following is characteristic of a neural tube defect?

A)improper closure of the hard and/or soft palate (cleft palate)
B)structural abnormalities associated with the heart
C)structural abnormalities associated with the long bones of the legs and arms
D)structural abnormalities associated with the spine and/or brain

Question 35

Which statement about the water requirement during pregnancy is FALSE?

A)The water requirement is increased to an additional 4 glasses of water per day.
B)The water requirement is increased to support the increase in blood volume.
C)The water requirement is increased to provide for the amniotic fluid.
D)The water requirement is increased to support the needs of the fetus.

Question 36

Which statement accurately describes the energy requirement for the mother in the first trimester?

A)no increased requirement.
B)an extra 100 kcal/day.
C)an extra 250 kcal/day.
D)an extra 500 kcal/day.

Question 37

Neural tube defects are associated with which of the following?

A)folate status.
B)inadequate calcium intake.
C)excess protein intake.
D)alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Question 38

To reduce the incidence of neural tube defects,certain foods are now fortified with which nutrient?

A)iron
B)vitamin B₁₂
C)calcium
D)folic acid

Question 39

What is pica?

A)an abnormal craving for and ingestion of unusual food and nonfood substances.
B)nausea and vomiting that occurs typically during the first during the first few months of pregnancy.
C)swelling due to the buildup of extracellular fluid in body tissues.
D)a consistently elevated blood glucose level that develops during pregnancy.

Question 40

To prevent neural tube defects,Health Canada and other Canadian organizations recommended pregnant women obtain how much folic acid in supplement form?

A)250 µg
B)400 µg
C)750 µg
D)1,000 µg

Question 41

How can a pregnant woman avoid mercury contamination in fish?

A)Limit intakes of fish known to contain mercury to amounts recommended by Health Canada
B)Avoid canned light tuna
C)Limit intake of canned albacore tuna
D)Both (a)and (c)

Question 42

Which of the following stimulates the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland?

A)the infant suckling on the breast
B)stretching of the cervix during labour
C)estrogen secretion from the ovaries
D)the production of milk

Question 43

What is the purpose of the Canadian Prenatal Nutrition Program?

A)provide special support for women at high risk of adverse effects during pregnancy.
B)offer drop-in sessions,craft/cooking circles,home visits,and one-on-one support to high risk pregnant mothers.
C)meet local needs of high risk pregnant woman in different Canadian communities.
D)All of the above answer choices are correct

Question 44

Which statement about the use of cocaine during pregnancy is FALSE?

A)The effects of cocaine are limited to the very early life of the infant.
B)Cocaine reduces the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
C)Cocaine increases the risk of miscarriage.
D)Cocaine negatively impacts attention span and learning throughout childhood.

Question 45

Which is one of the leading causes of preventable birth defects and mental retardation during pregnancy?

A)tobacco use
B)coffee consumption
C)cocaine abuse
D)alcohol consumption

Question 46

What increases the risk of having a baby born with Down syndrome?

A)alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
B)impaired folate status.
C)maternal age at time of conception.
D)inadequate (low)weight gain during pregnancy.

Question 47

Which of the following regarding nutritional status before pregnancy is FALSE?

A)Extreme dieting,intense exercise,and low body fat can interrupt ovulation,making conception difficult.
B)Too much body fat can reduce fertility by causing hormone imbalances.
C)Deficiencies or excesses of nutrients can cause birth defects in the infant.
D)Birth control methods have no impact on the subsequent pregnancy.

Question 48

Pregnant adolescents are at greater risk for which condition?

A)hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
B)accelerated growth.
C)overdue babies.
D)large-for-gestational-age babies.

Question 49

Why should pregnant women avoid exposure to cat feces?

A)To avoid toxoplasmosis which can infect the fetus
B)To avoid contact with Listeria
C)To avoid a bacterium that is also found in unpasteurized milk
D)None of the above.

Question 50

What is colostrum?

A)a type of formula that has essential fatty acids (EPA and DHA)added.
B)the first fluid that is produced by the breast after delivery.
C)the first stool passed by the infant after delivery.
D)another name for mature milk produced by the breast.

Question 51

Which statement about DHA and pregnancy is correct?

A)DHA can be biosynthesized during pregnancy from the essential fatty acid linoleic acid.
B)DHA is needed for the development of retina and brain.
C)DHA can only be obtained from animal products.
D)There is strong scientific evidence that low DHA intakes during pregnancy harms the fetus.

Question 52

Which of the following is an example of a teratogen?

A)prenatal supplements
B)water
C)alcohol
D)connective tissue

Question 53

Older women (>40 years)are at increased risk of having a baby born with which condition?

A)PKU.
B)chromosomal abnormalities.
C)fetal alcohol syndrome.
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 54

With respect to toxic substances and pregnancy,what is meant by a critical period of development?

A)a period of growth and development when an organism is most susceptible to harm from toxic substances
B)socioeconomic factors that increase the mother's risk of exposure to toxic substances
C)the way in which toxic substance interacts with other nutrients to cause maternal weight gain during pregnancy
D)the role of toxic substances on the brain during the third trimester,when it is most vulnerable

Question 55

What does Canada's Food Guide recommend for women during their second trimester?

A)an additional 350 kcal
B)an increase in folic acid intake
C)more fresh fruit and vegetables
D)more fluid intake

Question 56

When is maternal malnutrition is MOST devastating to a pregnancy?

A)pre-conception period.
B)first trimester.
C)second trimester.
D)third trimester.

Question 57

What is the hormonal reflex triggered by the infant's suckling that causes milk to be released from the milk ducts?

A)trickle response
B)flow rate
C)let-down
D)rooting

Question 58

What is a teratogen?

A)an abnormal craving for and ingestion of unusual food and nonfood substances.
B)a baby born with an extra digit (finger and/or toe).
C)a substance that can cause birth defects.
D)the unexplained death of an infant,usually during sleep.

Question 59

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy can increase the risk of which condition?

A)reduced birth weight.
B)Down syndrome.
C)gestational diabetes.
D)neural tube defects.

Question 60

Why is beta-carotene rather than retinol used in prenatal supplements?

A)Beta-carotene is more readily converted to vitamin A
B)Beta-carotene has not been linked to birth defects while retinol has.
C)Beta-carotene provides additional antioxidant activity.
D)Beta-carotene is a more potent form of Vitamin A than retinol.

Question 61

Why do most women need additional kcalories during lactation?

A)After delivery the maternal fat stores are not available to fuel milk production.
B)Maternal fat,stored during pregnancy,is usually insufficient to fuel all of milk production.
C)The requirements for alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid increase.
D)There is no need for additional kcalories as the body becomes more efficient in using the kcalories from the diet.

Question 62

Which statement best distinguishes between prolactin and oxytocin?

A)Prolactin promotes the production of breast milk while oxytocin promotes its release from the breast.
B)Prolactin promotes the release of breast milk from the breast,while oxytocin promotes breast milk production.
C)Prolactin stimulates the let-down reflex,while oxytocin promotes the release of milk from the breast.
D)Prolactin promotes the production of breast milk,while oxytocin promotes the suckling reflex.

Question 63

To prevent hemorrhage,infants receive a shot,at birth,of which vitamin?

A)iron
B)folate
C)vitamin K
D)vitamin A

Question 64

What is colic?

A)delayed growth patterns during infancy.
B)inconsolable crying believed to be due to the immaturity of the central nervous system.
C)infants who are developmentally and physically slow.
D)infants who are unable to latch on to a nipple and suck.

Question 65

What is the special characteristic of colostrum that make it so beneficial for the newborn infant?

A)it contains special fatty acids that promote infant growth
B)it contains lactose which is an important energy source for the newborn
C)it contains antibodies which are transferred to the infant giving it immunity to some diseases
D)it contains proteins that are contain essential amino acids

Question 66

During the first 6 months,which the macronutrient that contributes the most kcalories to the infant's diet?

A)carbohydrates.
B)protein.
C)fat.
D)kcalories should be evenly divided between the energy providing nutrients.

Question 67

When should solid foods be introduced into the infant's diet?

A)shortly after birth (within 2 weeks).
B)around 6 months of age.
C)around 1 year of age.
D)around 1 month of age.

Question 68

Which factor does NOT explain the increased fluid needs of infants,compared to adults?

A)higher proportion of body water
B)Higher urinary outputs because of the infant kidney functions more efficiently than the adult.
C)Higher evaporation losses
D)Higher urinary outputs because the infant kidney functions less efficiently than the adult.

Question 69

An infant weighing 3.5 kg (8 lb)at birth should weigh how much by 4 months of age?

A)7 kg (15.5 lb)
B)4 kg (9 lb)
C)9.5 kg (21 lb)
D)4.5 kg (10 lb)

Question 70

A newborn infant is supplemented with vitamin B12.What is the most reasonable conclusion that can be made about the mother?

A)The mother is a vegetarian that eats milk and eggs.
B)The mother is lactating and is consuming a very high intake of folate.
C)The mother is not lactating;instead the newborn is being given formula.
D)The mother is vegan and lactating.

Question 71

Which statement best describes "failure to thrive?"

A)The growth pattern observed in infants that are formula-fed rather than breastfed.
B)An inability of a child's growth to keep up with normal growth curves.
C)Times during growth and development when an infant is more susceptible to harm from poor nutrition or other environmental factors.
D)Low weight gain during pregnancy.

Question 72

Which vitamin must be supplemented in breastfed newborns because it is typically low in breast milk?

A)Iron
B)Vitamin B12
C)Vitamin K
D)Vitamin D

Question 73

Which of the following is more common in breastfed babies compared to formula fed babies?

A)faster growth.
B)fewer allergies,ear infections,and respiratory illness.
C)being overfed
D)Walking at an early age.

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT a growth indicator in infants?

A)Weight
B)Length
C)Head circumference
D)Waist circumference

Question 75

What is the best indicator that a breastfed baby is getting an adequate amount of milk?

A)the frequency with which they soak their diapers
B)how long they sleep during the night.
C)how often they cry.
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 76

Which hormone is responsible for the let-down reflex?

A)prolactin.
B)estrogen.
C)oxytocin.
D)prolactin stimulating hormone.

Question 77

Which statement best describes the energy requirement per unit of body weight in newborn infants?

A)It is greater than those of adults.
B)It is less than those of adults.
C)It is about the same as those of adults.
D)It is dependent on the size of the infant.

Question 78

What is nursing bottle syndrome?

A)sore nipples from excessive breastfeeding.
B)excessive crying due to pain from gas buildup in the gastrointestinal tract.
C)tooth decay in the upper teeth resulting from putting a child to bed with a bottle of milk or formula.
D)irritable infant behaviour associated with weaning from a bottle to a cup.

Question 79

Which statement describes colic?

A)It can occur in both breast- and bottle-fed infants.
B)It is the most common cause of extended hospital stays in infants.
C)It is an inflammation of the mammary glands during lactation.
D)It is a genetic abnormality that prevents the normal metabolism of phenylalanine.

Question 80

Why are calcium needs for the mother not increased during lactation?

A)The newborn infant is born with a six month supply of calcium in the skeleton.
B)Calcium absorption is increased to meet additional needs.
C)Calcium in breast milk comes from bone and is restored to bone shortly after weaning.
D)The calcium content of breast milk is very low,compared to other mammals.