Deck 12: The Trace Elements

Question 1

Iron stores that are higher than normal but not at a toxic level may be associated with which of the following?

A)an increased risk of cancer and heart disease.
B)increased stamina and endurance.
C)an improved immune system.
D)anemia.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a factor in determining the absorption of iron?

A)body's blood glucose level
B)body's need for iron
C)presence/absence of copper in the body
D)form of iron ingested

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a good source of heme iron?

A)beef
B)chicken
C)salmon
D)spinach

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which statement best distinguishes between the absorption of heme and non-heme iron?

A)Both are equally well absorbed.
B)Heme iron is absorbed and bind to ferritin in the mucosal cell,while hon-heme iron is bound to transferrin.
C)Heme iron is more readily absorbed into the mucosal cell than non-heme iron.
D)Non-heme iron is absorbed in the ferric form,which is more soluble than the ferrous form.

Question 5

Why are people who consume locally grown food more vulnerable to trace element deficiencies than those who consume food from many locations?

A)Food prices might limit the ability of people to buy nutritious foods.
B)Nutrient content declines when food is transported over long distances.
C)The trace element content of local soil might influence whether there is enough of a mineral in the food supply.
D)Local food is more vulnerable to spoilage and microbial contamination.

Question 6

Which of the following would NOT enhance absorption of the iron found in supplements?

A)taking the supplement at a meal containing beef
B)taking the supplement with a calcium supplement
C)taking the supplement at a meal containing fish
D)taking the supplement with orange juice

Question 7

Which of the following sentences about iron requirements is TRUE?

A)The RDA for young adult women is higher than the RDA for young adult men.
B)The RDA is the same for adolescent males and females.
C)Iron requirements increase after menopause.
D)Babies should not be fed iron containing formulas because of the risk of toxicity.

Question 8

Which of the following statements regarding iron loss is TRUE?

A)When red blood cells die,the iron in the cells is excreted.
B)Most loss of iron from the body is associated with loss of blood.
C)There is significant loss of iron through the urinary tract.
D)Iron from red blood cells binds to calcium and is excreted in bile.

Question 9

Why is it especially important for trace elements to have a high level of bioavailability?

A)Because very small amounts are found in the diet.
B)Because very small amounts are required by the body
C)Because there are no known interactions between trace elements,that might limit absorption.
E)Because they are no known interactions between the trace elements and organic components,that limit absorption.

Question 10

"To ensure iron needs are met,the total diet needs to be considered." Explain why?

A)Because iron is present in small amounts in many different foods.
B)Because iron is present in large amounts in only a small number of foods,so food choices have to be made carefully.
C)Because supplements are required in addition to food,for populations at risk.
D)Because fortified foods can make an important contribution to iron intake.

Question 11

Which of the following improves bioavailability?

A)Minerals bound to oxalates
B)Complexes of tannins and trace elements
C)Soluble salts of trace elements
D)None of the above

Question 12

Which is NOT an adequate source of nonheme iron?

A)apples.
B)enriched white rice.
C)garbanzo beans.
D)spinach.

Question 13

Which of the following populations is at high risk for iron deficiency?

A)small children
B)women of childbearing age
C)pregnant women
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 14

An inherited condition that causes individuals to absorb and accumulate too much iron.What is being described?

A)Hemochromatosis
B)Hematocrit absorption syndrome
C)Hyperferritosis
D)Reverse anemia

Question 15

Iron is a component of the protein which binds and transports oxygen in the bloodstream.Which protein is being described?

A)ferritin
B)hematocrit
C)hemoglobin
D)myoglobin

Question 16

Which is the best indicator of iron stores in the body?

A)ferritin
B)hematocrit
C)hemoglobin
D)transferrin

Question 17

Why are trace minerals difficult to study?

A)some are required in such small amounts that environmental contamination can obscure experimental results.
B)they are small molecules,that are difficult to identify.
C)they are required in such small amounts that deficiencies do not occur.
D)biological tests are imprecise.

Question 18

"A compulsion to eat non-food items such as laundry starch,clay,or ice." What is being described?

A)anemia.
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C)pica.
D)retrogression.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)Cooking in iron skillets can provide dietary iron.
B)Vitamin C enhances the absorption of iron.
C)Phytates in cereal enhance the absorption of iron.
D)Calcium supplements decrease iron absorption.

Question 20

Lack of which trace element is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide?

A)copper
B)iodine
C)iron
D)zinc

Question 21

Which of the following statements regarding zinc's function in the body is FALSE?

A)Zinc is a cofactor for hundreds of enzymes.
B)Zinc is needed for development of sex organs.
C)Zinc is needed for growth and repair of tissues.
D)Zinc is needed for synthesis of vitamin E.

Question 22

Which of the following is a good source of zinc?

A)Almonds
B)Bananas
C)Chocolate
D)Red meat

Question 23

Which statement about zinc toxicity is FALSE?

A)Zinc toxicity can lower HDL cholesterol.
B)Zinc toxicity can occur as a result of food and beverage contamination from galvanized containers.
C)Zinc toxicity interferes with the function of iron in superoxide dismutase.
D)Zinc toxicity can decrease immune function.

Question 24

High intakes of zinc stimulate the synthesis,in the mucosal cells,of which protein?

A)hemoglobin
B)metallothionein
C)transferrin
D)zinc oxide

Question 25

Which of the following groups has the lowest zinc intake in Canada?

A)children aged 1-3 years
B)adults older than 71
C)adolescent boys
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 26

What caused the zinc deficiency discovered in Iranian and Egyptian men in the early 1960's?

A)their diet contained a significant amount of meat.
B)their diet was low in zinc since local soils were low in zinc.
C)tannins in the diet bound too much zinc,making it unavailable.
D)phytates in the diet bound too much zinc,making it unavailable.

Question 27

Why is leavened bread a better source of zinc than unleavened bread?

A)The yeast in leavened bread is a good source of zinc.
B)Leavened bread is made from high-zinc whole wheat flour.
C)The yeast in leavened bread binds copper and copper interferes with zinc absorption.
D)The yeast in leavened bread breaks down phytate,and phytate reduces zinc's bioavailability.

Question 28

What is the key to meeting zinc intake requirements?

A)eating plenty of red meat
B)taking supplements as you age
C)eating a variety of foods
D)lowering your dairy intake

Question 29

Which of the following types of foods is NOT fortified with zinc??

A)simulated meat
B)dairy products
C)breakfast cereal
D)beverages derived from legumes

Question 30

What is the relationship between the transferrin receptor and ferritin when iron stores are low?

A)The expression of transferrin receptor increases to maximize the uptake of iron from the blood into the cells,and the expression of ferritin decreases.
B)The expression of both the transferrin receptor and ferritin increases,to promote the uptake of iron into the cells.
C)The expression of transferrin receptor decreases and the expression of ferritin increases so iron remains in the cell.
D)The expression of both the transferrin receptor and ferritin decreases to maximize the amount of iron circulating in the blood.

Question 31

increase in the amount of iron stored in the liver Because of the use of iron supplements,a young woman is recovering from iron deficiency anemia.What is the order of changes you would expect to see as the recovery progresses?

A)1,2,3
B)3,2,1
C)2,3,1
D)None of the above

Question 32

What is the relationship between high intakes of zinc and the bioavailability of copper?

A)There is no relationship between the intake of zinc and the bioavailability of copper.
B)High intakes of zinc increase levels of the protein metallothionein and metallothionein binds copper,reducing copper's bioavailability.
C)High intakes of zinc increase levels of the protein metallothionein and metallothionein transports copper in the blood.
D)High intakes of zinc increase levels of the protein metallothionein and metallothionein binds copper,increasing copper's bioavailability.

Question 33

Why is it important for iron to be in the ferrous form in the digestive tract?

A)The conversion of ferrous iron to ferric iron,which occurs in the acidic environment of the stomach,renders the iron more soluble and more easily absorbed in the small intestine.
B)The ferrous form of iron binds more readily to ferritin and is easily absorbed bound to this protein.
C)The conversion of ferric iron to ferrous iron,which occurs in the acidic environment of the stomach,renders the iron more soluble and more easily absorbed in the small intestine.
D)The ferric form of iron binds more readily to transferrin and easily enters the blood in this form.

Question 34

Compared to a health person what change occurs during the development of iron deficiency anemia?

A)Formation of megaloblastic and microcytic cells
B)Reduction in serum ferritin
C)Increased hematocrit
D)Both a and b.

Question 35

Which is NOT a symptom of zinc deficiency?

A)hair loss.
B)impaired reproduction.
C)anemia.
D)reduced immune function.

Question 36

Which of the following is a non-heme function of iron?

A)Bone turnover
B)Reduction of oxidative stress
C)Keratin biosynthesis
D)Deactivation of ATP

Question 37

When zinc intake is high what happens to the expression of zinc transport proteins and metallothionein?

A)Increased expression of transporters that move zinc from the mucosal cell into the lumen and increased expression of metallothionein,reducing the amount of zinc that moves from the mucosal cell into the blood
B)Increased expression of transporters that move zinc from the lumen into the mucosal cells and increased expression of metallothionein,reducing the amount of zinc that moves from the mucosal cell into the blood.
C)Decreased expression of transporters that move zinc from the mucosal cell into the lumen and increased expression of metallothionein,increasing the amount of zinc that moves from the mucosal cell into the blood.
D)Increased expression of transporters that move zinc from the mucosal cell into the lumen and decreased expression of metallothionein,reducing the amount of zinc that moves from the mucosal cell into the blood.

Question 38

Which statement best distinguishes between transferrin and ferritin?

A)Transferrin is the storage protein for iron found in the liver,while ferritin is a storage protein found in the mucosal cell.
B)Transferrin is the storage protein for iron,while ferritin transports iron in the blood.
C)Both transferrin and ferritin are transport proteins for iron.
D)Transferrin transports iron from the small intestine to the liver and other tissue,while ferritin is a storage protein for iron that is found in the liver.

Question 39

The criteria of adequacy used to establish the RDA for iron is the amount of iron required for which functions?

A)to maintain a high level of stores in the liver and high hemoglobin levels.
B)to maintain a low level of stores in the liver and low hemoglobin levels.
C)to maintain good health and low iron stores in the liver.
D)to maintain normal function and high iron stores in the liver.

Question 40

Which of the following foods is NOT a plentiful source of zinc?

A)beef
B)lentils
C)saltine crackers
D)yogurt

Question 41

Which of the following statements regarding copper is TRUE?

A)A copper deficiency usually causes iron deficiency anemia.
B)A copper deficiency usually causes a zinc deficiency.
C)Too much copper can cause osteoporosis.
D)Too much copper can cause changes in hair colour.

Question 42

Which statement(s)about zinc and the common cold are correct?

A)Research suggests that zinc may reduce the duration and severity of a cold.
B)Zinc must be consumed in a lozenge so that there is contact between zinc and the cells of the throat and nose.
C)Zinc prevents the cold virus from binding to cells.
D)All of the above.

Question 43

What is the criterion of adequacy for the AI for zinc in infants?

A)amount of zinc in breast milk
B)zinc needed to replace daily losses
C)zinc needed for growth
D)amount needed to maintain blood levels.

Question 44

Why does copper deficiency produce bone abnormalities similar to those seen in scurvy?

A)Both copper and Vitamin D are needed for the synthesis of collagen.
B)Both copper and Vitamin C are needed for the synthesis of connective tissue.
C)Both copper and ascorbic acid are needed for the synthesis of keratin.
D)Both copper and ascorbic acid are needed for the absorption of iron.

Question 45

A high dose nutrient supplement is given which blocks the absorption of copper.The reduced absorption of copper is desirable in the treatment of a disease.Which disease?

A)Wilson's disease
B)Acrodermatitis enteropathica
C)Common cold
D)Xeropthalmia

Question 46

Copper absorption into the blood is inhibited,when there is a high intake of which nutrient?

A)chromium
B)fluoride
C)iodine
D)zinc

Question 47

How does zinc reduce oxidative stress?

A)Zinc is required for the enzyme catalase to function properly.
B)Zinc is the only trace element required for the function of superoxide dismutase.
C)Zinc,along with copper,are required for the function of superoxide dismutase.
D)Zinc is required for enzymes to bind to DNA.

Question 48

Which is NOT a functions of copper?

A)connective tissue synthesis.
B)heart muscle maintenance.
C)normal sexual development.
D)central nervous system functioning.

Question 49

What is the richest source of copper in the diet?

A)organ meats such as liver and heart.
B)brewer's yeast.
C)avocados.
D)chicken and turkey.

Question 50

Why must copper be bound to proteins in the blood?

A)To prevent accumulation of copper in tissue.
B)To promote the transport of copper to the liver.
C)To reduce the pro-oxidant activity of copper
D)To ensure copper is available for bile synthesis

Question 51

Which element is found in one form of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD)?

A)iron.
B)copper.
C)sulfur.
D)sodium.

Question 52

Why does zinc deficiency produce symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

A)Zinc deficiency and vitamin A deficiency are unrelated.
B)Zinc is must bind to opsin to create rhodopsin.
C)Zinc binds to mRNA promoting the translation of proteins and these proteins are regulated by vitamin A
D)Vitamin A binds to a protein receptor that requires zinc fingers to bind to DNA.

Question 53

What is the criterion of adequacy used to determine the EAR and RDA for copper?

A)Maintenance of sufficient levels of hemoglobin
B)Minimal excretion of copper in the urine.
C)Normal levels of copper and a protein used to transport copper.
D)Normal levels of copper and vitamin C.

Question 54

In what way is manganese homeostasis maintained?

A)increasing absorption when intake is high.
B)increasing excretion when intake is low.
C)decreasing absorption when intake is high.
D)competition with other minerals.

Question 55

Which are the best dietary sources of manganese?

A)fruits and vegetables.
B)nuts and whole grains.
C)meats.
D)dairy products.

Question 56

What is a copper-containing plasma protein that converts iron to a form that can be transported and stored?

A)ceruloplasmin
B)ferritin
C)hemoglobin
D)transferrin

Question 57

Which statement about manganese toxicity is FALSE?

A)Toxic levels of manganese can occur in mine workers exposed to manganese dust.
B)Manganese toxicity damages the nervous system.
C)Naturally occurring manganese deficiency has never been reported in humans.
D)Manganese toxicity is a common cause of birth defects.

Question 58

Which of the following statements regarding copper absorption is TRUE?

A)Zinc promotes the absorption of copper.
B)The majority of injected copper is absorbed.
C)Vitamin C enhances copper absorption.
D)By inhibiting zinc absorption,phytates may enhance the absorption of copper.

Question 59

Copper deficiency is most likely to occur in which population?

A)pre-term infants.
B)children aged 1-3.
C)adolescents.
D)the elderly.

Question 60

What is the basis for AI for manganese?

A)The amount consumed by a healthy population
B)The amount required for the maintenance of antioxidant activity.
C)The amount needed for bone formation.
D)The amount to maintain normal cholesterol levels.

Question 61

Which is the effect of selenium supplements doses above the RDA?

A)to protect against environmental pollutants.
B)to prevent heart disease.
C)to slow the aging process.
D)there is no effect

Question 62

Which of the following is the poorest source of iodine?

A)apricots
B)milk
C)shrimp
D)iodized salt

Question 63

"Substances that interfere with the utilization of iodine or with the function of the thyroid gland." What is being described?

A)deleterious iodine compounds.
B)goitrogens.
C)thyroid function abusers (TFA).
D)thyroid interference aggregates.

Question 64

A low selenium diet has been associated with certain types of this disease.

A)arthritis
B)cancer
C)dementia
D)diabetes

Question 65

Which mineral functions to protect the body from oxidative damage and also helps synthesize thyroid hormone?

A)copper
B)manganese
C)selenium
D)zinc

Question 66

Why is eating food from many different locations protective against selenium deficiency?

A)It ensures that the food consumed does not all come from selenium deficient soil.
B)It protects against metal contaminants that interfere with selenium absorption.
C)It ensures that food consumed contains enzymes required for selenium metabolism.
D)It protects selenoproteins from degradation.

Question 67

Which of the following statements about Keshan disease is FALSE?

A)It occurs in areas of China where the soil is very low in selenium.
B)It causes an enlarged heart and poor heart function.
C)Middle aged men are most at risk.
D)A virus appears to be involved.

Question 68

Which forms as a result of iodine deficiency?

A)a blockage of arteries leading to the heart.
B)enlarged parathyroid gland
C)a goiter or enlarged thyroid gland
D)hypertrophied muscle

Question 69

Which of the following trace elements is NOT a component of an antioxidant enzyme?

A)copper
B)iodine
C)selenium
D)zinc

Question 70

Which is an example of a selenoprotein?

A)Thyroid hormone
B)keshan
C)glutathione peroxidase
D)metallothionein

Question 71

Iodine deficiency during childhood and adolescence causes which condition?

A)premature baldness.
B)impaired mental function.
C)cancer risk in later life.
D)sudden death.

Question 72

Which of the following is a good source of selenium?

A)eggs
B)fruits
C)vegetables
D)drinking water

Question 73

What is the criterion of adequacy used to determine the EAR and RDA for selenium?

A)The amount of selenium that maximizes the activity of glutathione peroxidase
B)The amount consumed by a healthy population.
C)The amount that prevents Keshan disease.
D)The amount that prevents hair loss.

Question 74

What is the term used to describe proteins containing selenium as a component of their amino acids?

A)seleno-amino acids.
B)superoxide dismutase.
C)selenoproteins.
D)selenoenzymes.

Question 75

What is the primary function of iodine in the body?

A)an antioxidant,to reduce the number of free radicals
B)a component of hemoglobin
C)a component of thyroid hormones,which regulate metabolic rate
D)functions in carbohydrate metabolism

Question 76

Manganese is required for the functioning of which protein?

A)superoxide dismutase in the mitochondria
B)superoxide dismutase in the cytosol
C)ceruloplasmin
D)glutathione peroxide.

Question 77

Why does selenium have a UL?

A)Because there are no known symptoms of selenium toxicity
B)Because toxic effects of selenium have been reported.
C)To set a dose that protects against cancer.
D)Because intakes at the UL provide additional benefits beyond the RDA.

Question 78

Which mineral is a component of gluthathione peroxidase,which helps destroy free radicals?

A)Molybdenum
B)Nickel
C)Selenium
D)Boron

Question 79

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy causes which condition in the infant?

A)cretinism
B)diabetes
C)fetal goiter syndrome
D)hypoglycemia

Question 80

How would a diet low in selenium affect a cell's ability to deal with oxidative stress?

A)Low selenium will reduce levels of superoxide dismutase,an enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to water.This will increase the need for vitamin E.
B)Low selenium will reduce levels of glutathione peroxidase,an enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to water.This will increase the need for vitamin E and vitamin C.
C)Low selenium will increase levels of glutathione peroxidase,an enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to water.This will decrease the need for vitamin E and vitamin C
D)Low selenium will reduce levels of glutathione peroxidase,an enzyme that converts water to hydrogen peroxide.This will increase the need for vitamin C.