Deck 9: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

If music is the product of the piano,and money is the product of banking,then ____________ is the product of cognition.

A) behavior
B) stimulation
C) emotion
D) information

Answer 1

information

Question 2

Concepts defined by the simultaneous presence of two or more common characteristics are referred to as:

A) prototypical concepts.
B) simple concepts.
C) disjunctive concepts.
D) conjunctive concepts.

Answer 2

conjunctive concepts.

Question 3

When cognitive psychologists say,"cognition is active," they mean that we:

A) receive information and actively change,keep,and use it.
B) are in a state of alert arousal.
C) can actively select what information enters our senses.
D) are not subject to environmental influences.

Answer 3

receive information and actively change,keep,and use it.

Question 4

Which of the following is a basic concept?

A) chair
B) rocking chair
C) folding chair
D) furniture

Question 5

A bachelor is a person who is (1)male and (2)unmarried."Bachelor" is an example of a:

A) simple concept.
B) disjunctive concept.
C) conjunctive concept.
D) prototypical concept.

Question 6

Concepts are

A) sensations.
B) categories.
C) strategies.
D) decisions.

Question 7

Cognition refers to:

A) a stimulus and a behavioral response.
B) learned behavioral associations.
C) knowledge and thinking.
D) brainwave patterns.

Question 8

Which of the following is a superordinate concept?

A) banana
B) mango
C) tropical fruit
D) food

Question 9

Rosch defined a basic concept as one that is:

A) general and superordinate.
B) less inclusive than a superordinate but more inclusive than a subordinate concept.
C) specific and subordinate.
D) more inclusive than a superordinate but less inclusive than a subordinate concept.

Question 10

The process in which we obtain information from the world and utilize that information in problem solving is:

A) perception.
B) sensation.
C) intelligence.
D) cognition.

Question 11

The term "adult" has been defined as a person who is (1)18 years or older or (2)has completed puberty or (3)is financially independent.If a person with at least one of these characteristics is considered an adult,then the term is a:

A) conjunctive concept.
B) prototypical concept.
C) simple concept.
D) disjunctive concept.

Question 12

Which of the following concepts is a simple concept?

A) furniture
B) square
C) toy
D) vacation

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT directly involved in cognition?

A) sensation
B) memory
C) behavior
D) perception

Question 14

From the perspective of cognitive psychology,the central function of cognition is to allow people to:

A) feel,care,and experience.
B) understand,communicate,and cope.
C) sense,record,and copy.
D) experience,feel,and react.

Question 15

Concepts are important to human thought because they allow us to:

A) transform sensations into perceptions.
B) count numbers of objects.
C) efficiently categorize new experiences.
D) develop language skills.

Question 16

Which of the following are the basic units of thinking?

A) concepts
B) morphemes
C) problems
D) syntax

Question 17

According to Rosch,natural concepts are all of the following EXCEPT:

A) prototypical.
B) very inclusive.
C) basic.
D) easy for humans to learn.

Question 18

Simple concepts are based on:

A) a single common feature.
B) simple features.
C) a medium level of inclusiveness.
D) similar shapes.

Question 19

The concept of "sister-in-law" can mean either the wife of one's sibling or the sister of one's spouse."Sister-in-law" is a(n):

A) heuristic concept.
B) conjunctive concept.
C) algorithmic concept.
D) disjunctive concept.

Question 20

Which of the following phases is MOST synonymous with cognition?

A) intellectual processes
B) learning
C) sensation and perception
D) a state of consciousness

Question 21

The question,"Is the glass half full or half empty?" demonstrates:

A) the classic convergent thinking question.
B) an algorithm.
C) trial-and-error thinking.
D) the effect of emotions on cognition.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT an important part of the definition of problem solving?

A) reaching a goal
B) obstacle
C) using information
D) complex

Question 23

A mental set is a:

A) strategy used to reformulate a problem.
B) habitual way of approaching or perceiving a problem.
C) strategy similar to brainstorming in that it is used to generate multiple solutions.
D) means of evaluating alternative solutions.

Question 24

Which of the following is a subordinate concept?

A) tree
B) flower
C) pine tree
D) plant

Question 25

Emotion and problem solving are:

A) unrelated concepts.
B) rarely related.
C) not independent of one another.
D) are nearly the same thing in humans.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true of heuristics?

A) Heuristics are both impractical and cumbersome.
B) Heuristics require the use of intuition.
C) Heuristics are similar to trial-and-error problem solving.
D) Heuristics do not guarantee the correct solution.

Question 27

In the middle of the desert,the fan belt breaks in Rosario's car.Undaunted,she uses her nylons to replace it until she can get to a service station.Rosario has:

A) broken a mental set.
B) used the similarity heuristic.
C) inaccurately defined the problem.
D) broken a confirmation bias.

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of a prototypical member of the concept "clothing"?

A) necklace
B) belt
C) pants
D) tank top

Question 29

Jackie assumes that Antoine belongs to a gang because his jeans sag and he has several tattoos.Which cognitive strategy best explains how Jackie arrived at this judgment?

A) trial-and-error approach
B) algorithms
C) representativeness heuristic
D) prejudicial heuristic

Question 30

Which of the following statements about algorithms is true?

A) Algorithms often miss the solution.
B) Algorithms guarantee the correct solution.
C) Algorithms involve divergent thinking.
D) Algorithms provide quick solutions.

Question 31

The first step in problem solving involves:

A) breaking a mental set.
B) organizing the elements of the problem.
C) selecting a specific problem-solving strategy.
D) defining the problem.

Question 32

To determine the perimeter of a rectangle,add the lengths of all the sides together.This is an example of:

A) an algorithm.
B) the availability heuristic.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) trial-and-error problem solving.

Question 33

Using which of the following is MOST similar to taking a short-cut that you have never used before?

A) heuristic
B) trial and error
C) algorithm
D) mental set

Question 34

In computer chess,some programs are written to maximize protection of the queen.Moves are then generated to meet this objective but do not necessarily win the game.This is an example of:

A) an algorithm.
B) trial-and-error problem solving.
C) a mental set.
D) a heuristic.

Question 35

After generating a list of potential solutions to a problem,the next step is to:

A) formulate the problem.
B) organize the elements of the problem.
C) evaluate each potential solution.
D) develop an effective way of implementing the solution.

Question 36

According to Rosch,basic concepts tend to share all of the following EXCEPT:

A) many common attributes.
B) motor movements.
C) similar colors.
D) similar shapes.

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of prototypical American fast food?

A) hamburger
B) egg roll
C) spanikopita
D) sushi

Question 38

Eleanor Rosch defined "prototype" as:

A) a list of necessary features.
B) a good example of a particular concept.
C) the first item in a line of new products.
D) a category that is very inclusive.

Question 39

Sometimes you need to look at a problem in a way that is not immediately obvious.When you perform this operation,you are:

A) organizing the elements of the problem.
B) formulating the problem.
C) evaluating alternative solutions.
D) generating solutions.

Question 40

Which concept has a medium degree of inclusiveness?

A) nickel
B) coin
C) money
D) Indian head nickel

Question 41

Megan is taking her nursing exam and sees that Professor Jensen asked an essay question requiring students to write about the "ideal" alternative care environment for an older individual.What kind of thinking will be most helpful to Megan in answering this question?

A) convergent thinking
B) divergent thinking
C) logical thinking
D) functional thinking

Question 42

What is the most current view regarding cultural influences on inferential reasoning?

A) Culture and inferential reasoning are not related.
B) People in developed countries are more intelligent.
C) Culture can significantly influence inferential reasoning.
D) None of these are true.

Question 43

Which of the following activities requires convergent thinking to the greatest degree?

A) composing a song
B) writing a short story
C) alphabetizing your CDs
D) decorating a room

Question 44

Correctly answering the question,"What is the definition of an algorithm?" requires:

A) convergent thinking.
B) incubation.
C) divergent thinking.
D) heuristic thinking.

Question 45

Convergent thinking is:

A) logical.
B) unconventional.
C) only partially directed.
D) loosely defined.

Question 46

Kathleen is deathly frightened of dogs.On a cognitive level,she knows that most dogs are leashed and/or are friendly,but she continues to evaluate such situations as highly risky.What other factor is influencing her perception of risk?

A) low intelligence
B) distorted thinking
C) inability to read social cues
D) emotion

Question 47

In Wallas's creative process,the word "illumination" refers to:

A) a sudden realization of a new solution.
B) correctly formulating the problem.
C) the process of generating alternative solutions.
D) the process of incubation.

Question 48

Researchers are often involved in the final step of creative problem solving,in which the solution of the problem is tested.Which step of Wallas's creative problem-solving model is this?

A) incubation
B) verification
C) preparation
D) illumination

Question 49

The meaning of language is the:

A) morphology.
B) phonology.
C) semantic content.
D) code.

Question 50

Inferential reasoning refers to:

A) going beyond the information presented to reach a conclusion.
B) unconventional and illogical thinking.
C) logical,factual,and focused thinking.
D) determining in which categories particular examples belong.

Question 51

Pat and Cindy are both given the same information regarding a terrorist threat that occurred within the airline they will be using for their business trip.Prior to receiving this news,Cindy was having a good day and reported a positive mood,while Pat was feeling irritable and cranky.Who will be MOST likely to cancel her trip?

A) Cindy
B) Pat
C) Cindy and Pat
D) neither Cindy nor Pat

Question 52

Divergent thinking requires individuals to:

A) narrow down possibilities.
B) break mental sets.
C) be conventional.
D) come up with the correct solution.

Question 53

In our culture,creativity is linked with:

A) convergent thinking.
B) divergent thinking.
C) circular thinking.
D) logical thinking.

Question 54

Which activity requires divergent thinking?

A) writing a novel
B) determining the area of a rectangle
C) following a recipe
D) proofreading a paper for correct punctuation

Question 55

"Passing psychology is heaven" and "It is heaven to pass psychology" are statements that share the same:

A) morphology.
B) deep structure.
C) phonology.
D) surface structure.

Question 56

In the creative process,formulation of the problem occurs in:

A) Wallas's stage of preparation.
B) Tolman's concept of cognitive mapping.
C) Kohler's concept of insight learning.
D) Tolman's concept of latent learning.

Question 57

Which of the following activities requires convergent thinking to the greatest degree?

A) writing a poem
B) determining the area of a triangle
C) developing a new recipe
D) landscaping your garden

Question 58

What claim does Wallas make about the process of creative problem solving?

A) It requires accepting all suggestions without criticism.
B) It requires leaving the problem alone for awhile.
C) Solutions come suddenly,with little effort at all.
D) It requires attacking the problem and not stopping until it is solved.

Question 59

Two people both lose their jobs in the same company on the same day.Person A decides that the job loss is the "best thing that ever happened to him." He immediately enrolls in community college to begin a new career.Person B feels devastated and tells himself,"I will never find another job." He immediately takes to bed and eventually develops severe depression.The different decisions made by these individuals illustrates the concept of:

A) trial-and-error problem solving.
B) emotional factors in decision making.
C) algorithms.
D) divergent thinking.

Question 60

In Wallas's creative problem solving process,what is the correct order of the four steps?

A) preparation,illumination,incubation,verification
B) illumination,preparation,incubation,verification
C) preparation,incubation,illumination,verification
D) incubation,preparation,illumination,verification

Question 61

As a result of the generative property of language,we:

A) can understand each other.
B) learn language at an early age.
C) say utterances that have never been spoken before.
D) can learn more than one language.

Question 62

By themselves,____________ are basically meaningless.

A) morphemes
B) sound bytes
C) phonemes
D) semantics

Question 63

The nectar-dance of bees is:

A) biologically preprogrammed.
B) taught to young bees by experienced bees.
C) very different from bee to bee within a hive.
D) very different from hive to hive.

Question 64

The rules of word order are part of a language's:

A) phonology.
B) syntax.
C) semantics.
D) morphology.

Question 65

The Chinese language does not distinguish between the r and the l sounds.These basic sounds are called:

A) phonemes.
B) morphemes.
C) syntax.
D) semantics.

Question 66

Benjamin Whorf proposed that:

A) languages throughout the world share a common set of abstract rules called "core grammar."
B) the nature of language is controlled by a culture's beliefs.
C) language is a function of the mind separate from other types of cognition.
D) people who speak different languages may think differently.

Question 67

"Flying airplanes can be dangerous" has two distinct meanings: (1)Piloting airplanes can be dangerous,and (2)Airplanes can be dangerous when they are flying.In other words,this one sentence has two distinct

A) surface structures.
B) morphological structures.
C) deep structures.
D) phonological structures.

Question 68

The letter c can sound like a k as in "candy," or like s as in "city." This proves that:

A) a phoneme can be represented as different sounds.
B) k and s are not phonemes.
C) the letter c represents multiple phonemes.
D) the same sounds can be represented by different phonemes.

Question 69

Language is a highly efficient system in which we produce language from a set of elements and rules combining them into speech.This is known as the:

A) vocalization property of language.
B) semantic content of language.
C) speech content of language.
D) generative property of language.

Question 70

Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis claims that:

A) all languages are equally expressive.
B) language is a function of the mind separate from other types of cognition.
C) poor achievement is related to exposure to a language that is inferior or nonexpressive.
D) differences in perceptual abilities may result from differences in languages.

Question 71

Past tenses,prefixes,and single freestanding words are examples of:

A) phonemes.
B) morphemes.
C) semantics.
D) syntax.

Question 72

Which of the following is consistent with the Whorfian hypothesis?

A) Children need to learn morphemes before they can learn syntax.
B) The number of words in a language to describe different colors influences the ways that speakers of the language think about color.
C) Children learn words for important concepts before they learn words for concepts less important to them.
D) Much thought involves visual images,sounds,and images of movements rather than language.

Question 73

The rules of a language that provide guidance as to how we form grammatical sentences is:

A) semantics.
B) semantic content.
C) syntax.
D) linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Question 74

The basic sounds of a language are its:

A) phonemes.
B) syntax.
C) alphabet.
D) morphemes.

Question 75

What is the communicative ability of bees?

A) They can signal the location,amount,and quality of nectar,the type of plant containing the nectar,and whether dangers are near the nectar.
B) They can signal the pros and cons of seeking nectar at sites far from the hive.
C) They can signal such a variety of nuances regarding nectar gathering that it would be impossible to list them all.
D) They can signal approximately how far and at what angle a source of nectar is from the hive.

Question 76

The smallest units of sound in a language are:

A) decibels.
B) morphemes.
C) phonemes.
D) subjugations.

Question 77

Research on primate language has suggested which of the following?

A) Chimps cannot master a vocabulary of more than a couple dozen words.
B) Chimps can ask questions but cannot supply answers to questions asked of them.
C) Chimps use the language they were taught with humans but not with other chimps.
D) Chimps can learn words,but their signs do not appear to show syntax.

Question 78

The superficial spoken or written structure of a sentence is known as the:

A) surface structure.
B) deep structure.
C) semantic structure.
D) propositional content.

Question 79

Which of the following demonstrates the order in which children develop language?

A) morphemes,phonemes,syntax
B) phonemes,morphemes,syntax
C) syntax,morphemes,phonemes
D) syntax,phonemes,morphemes

Question 80

The smallest units of meaning in a language are:

A) words.
B) morphemes.
C) phonemes.
D) syntax rules.