Deck 11: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

In psychology,the term "motivation" refers to the:

A) cognitive interpretation of events.
B) activation of behavior.
C) development of self-esteem.
D) body arousal associated with feelings.

Answer 1

activation of behavior.

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of a behavior regulated by homeostasis?

A) going skydiving for the sheer thrill of it
B) arranging food on a plate for aesthetic appeal
C) standing in the shade on a hot day
D) calling a friend to cheer you up

Answer 2

standing in the shade on a hot day

Question 3

A behavior that is influenced by our "biological thermostat":

A) is learned.
B) occurs only in rare occasions.
C) meets our body's survival needs.
D) increases autonomic nervous system arousal.

Answer 3

meets our body's survival needs.

Question 4

Which of the following behaviors is most likely motivated by a homeostatic need?

A) feeling full but eating a slice of pie because it looks so good
B) drinking four glasses of water on a hot summer day
C) placing scented candles around your house because the smells make you happy
D) taking a hot bubble bath to relax

Question 5

Of the following needs,which is NOT a primary need?

A) the need for sex
B) the need for water
C) the need to regulate your body temperature
D) the need for silence

Question 6

Keeping salt and mineral levels within a narrow range of critical levels is called:

A) homeostasis.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) instinct.
D) extrinsic motivation.

Question 7

Homeostasis is a term used to describe:

A) lateral inhibition in neural networks.
B) the opponent-process theory of motivation.
C) autonomic nervous system arousal.
D) physiological balance.

Question 8

The "feeding system" center of the brain is located in the:

A) lateral hypothalamus.
B) ventromedial hypothalamus.
C) ventromedial amygdala.

Question 9

A motivation is a(n):

A) internal state that suppresses our behaviors.
B) internal state that gives direction to our thoughts.
C) subconscious emotion.
D) physiological manifestation of thought.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the relationship between motivation and emotion is NOT true?

A) Motives are often accompanied by emotions.
B) Emotions can have motivational properties of their own.
C) The arousal of emotions activates behavior,similar to motives.
D) Emotions and motives always create changes in behavior.

Question 11

Of the following needs,which is a primary motive?

A) human companionship
B) sex
C) optimal stimulation
D) self-actualization

Question 12

Which of the following is true of emotion but is NOT true of motivation?

A) It activates one's behavior.
B) It affects the selection of one behavior over another.
C) It is associated with one's reaction to stimuli.
D) It is accompanied by physiological arousal of the autonomic nervous system produced in response to a stimulus.

Question 13

Which of the following is true of motivation?

A) It activates and directs behavior.
B) It is accompanied by physiological arousal of the autonomic nervous system produced in response to a stimulus.
C) It involves the cognitive interpretation of body arousal.
D) It involves a positive or negative conscious experience.

Question 14

Which of the following would generally be classified as a motive rather than an emotion?

A) anger
B) hunger
C) fear
D) passion

Question 15

What is a homeostatic mechanism?

A) a process that regulates the essential,internal biological states
B) the regulation of behavior in response to external stimuli
C) the tendency to seek out stimulation and novel environments
D) the tendency to increase stimulation to create pleasurable feelings

Question 16

Motives are activated by:

A) thoughts.
B) internal physiological states.
C) external cues.
D) all of these.

Question 17

Psychological motives are motives that are:

A) universal.
B) not influenced by learning.
C) not directly related to survival needs.
D) regulated by the hypothalamus.

Question 18

Which part of the brain plays a controlling role in the regulation of hunger?

A) thalamus
B) hypothalamus
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 19

Which of the following is regulated by homeostasis?

A) the desire to go rock climbing
B) choosing chocolate ice cream over carrots and celery
C) trying unfamiliar foods to experience new tastes
D) the need to remove a painful splinter

Question 20

Maintaining a relatively constant concentration of water and sugar in the body is regulated by:

A) intrinsic motivation.
B) homeostatic mechanisms.
C) instinct.
D) extrinsic motivation.

Question 21

Rats whose adrenal glands have been removed develop a preference for:

A) sugar within 24 hours.
B) high fat foods almost immediately.
C) foods high in calcium.
D) salt within 15 seconds of it being offered.

Question 22

Which of the following is a long-term regulator of eating?

A) hypothalamus detection of body fat level
B) blood sugar
C) stomach size
D) stomach contractions

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a cue that regulates drinking?

A) cell fluid levels
B) mouth dryness
C) blood sugar levels
D) total blood volume

Question 24

Which part of the brain increases and decreases hunger by controlling blood sugar levels?

A) paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
B) ventromedial hypothalamus
C) lateral area of the hypothalamus
D) pituitary gland

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a cue that regulates eating?

A) body fat levels
B) stomach contractions
C) blood sugar levels
D) total blood volume

Question 26

When Elsa studies for a test,she feels anxious.As her anxiety increases,so does her consumption of food.This demonstrates the impact of ____________ on eating behavior.

A) homeostasis
B) emotions
C) incentives
D) genetics

Question 27

Which of the following is a true statement about the biological regulation of thirst in the brain?

A) The brain has a "drink system," but does not have a "stop drinking system."
B) The brain has a "stop drinking system," but does not have a "drink system."
C) The brain has both a "drink system" and a "stop drinking system," and these control centers use the same neurotransmitters as the control centers for hunger.
D) The brain has both a "drink system" and a "stop drinking system," but these control centers use different neurotransmitters from the control centers for hunger.

Question 28

Which part of the brain regulates the intake of water?

A) amygdala
B) thalamus
C) hippocampus
D) hypothalamus

Question 29

Which of the following will stimulate the lateral hypothalamus?

A) high glucose levels
B) high glycerol levels
C) stomach contractions
D) high leptin levels

Question 30

Which piece of evidence BEST supports the "set point" hypothesis?

A) A person who is severely deprived of a specific nutrient will crave foods containing the nutrient.
B) Persons who consume a lot of sugar gradually develop insulin intolerance.
C) A person's weight tends to stay the same over the long term.
D) Stomach "stapling" will significantly decrease calorie intake.

Question 31

Mary is offered a salad.She says,"No thanks,I'm not really hungry." A minute later,she is offered a cupcake.She accepts gladly,saying,"Oh,who decorated those? They are so darling." Mary's eating has been affected by:

A) her blood sugar levels.
B) the need for homeostasis.
C) her blood fat levels.
D) incentives.

Question 32

Which parts of the brain work to initiate eating?

A) the pituitary gland and the lateral hypothalamus
B) the ventromedial hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamus
C) the paraventricular nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus
D) the paraventricular nucleus and the ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 33

Which of the following is a true statement about eating speed?

A) People should eat slowly in order to allow their brains time to detect the increase in blood glucose
B) People should eat quickly in order to be sure to "catching" he increase in blood glucose.
C) People should eat slowly in order to allow their brains time to detect the increase in blood glucose.
D) People should eat quickly in order to quickly stimulate the "stop eating" center in the brain.

Question 34

Most Americans would never eat ants,but in a number of countries,ants are a delicacy.Difference in food preferences are largely attributed to:

A) genetics.
B) homeostasis.
C) learning.
D) emotions.

Question 35

You were not hungry but as you pass by the bakery on your way home,you smell freshly baked bread.Immediately,your mouth begins to water and you feel like eating.What happened?

A) The smell of the bread triggered the release of insulin.
B) The smell of the bread caused a temporary drop in leptin levels.
C) Your sensory cortex overrode the hunger centers in your brain.
D) You immediately released glucagon from your liver.

Question 36

Which of the following would cause a rat to stop eating?

A) destroying its ventromedial hypothalamus
B) stimulating its lateral hypothalamus
C) inject its paraventricular nucleus with a high glucose solution
D) destroying its lateral hypothalamus

Question 37

Which of the following BEST supports the proposition that each of us has a different set point?

A) Diets work differently for different people.
B) We do not all have the same amount of body fat.
C) Individuals' metabolism changes with age.
D) Some people need insulin injections to regulate their blood sugar levels.

Question 38

Research on rats whose adrenal glands have been removed suggest the possibility of an association between:

A) cravings for particular foods and the existence of particular nutrient deficiencies..
B) leptin levels and metabolism.
C) set point and body fat level.
D) insulin levels and the desire to eat.

Question 39

Which of the following will stimulate the paraventricular nucleus and the ventromedial hypothalamus?

A) low levels of insulin
B) stomach contractions
C) high leptin levels
D) low leptin levels

Question 40

The "satiety" center of the brain is located in the:

A) lateral hypothalamus.
B) ventromedial hippocampus.
C) lateral thalamus.
D) ventromedial hypothalamus.

Question 41

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,performance of everyday tasks is best when arousal is:

A) low.
B) moderate.
C) high.
D) extremely high.

Question 42

Sue is terrified of her upcoming airplane flight to visit her sister across the country.Research on affiliative behavior suggests that as her trip gets closer,she will:

A) withdraw to be by herself.
B) want to be with her friends.
C) become irritable and bossy.
D) set herself up to fail.

Question 43

Psychological motives differ from primary motives in that psychological motives:

A) are not influenced by experience.
B) are innate.
C) are not directly related to biological survival.
D) do not influence and the individual's well-being.

Question 44

The kidneys release angiotensin when:

A) the pituitary gland signals them.
B) blood sugar levels are dropping.
C) blood volume decreases.
D) ADH reaches the kidney.

Question 45

According to the optimal arousal theory,an individual's behavior is motivated by the need to:

A) maintain moderate arousal.
B) achieve high arousal.
C) keep arousal low.
D) alternate between high and low arousal.

Question 46

Research on curiosity suggests that curiosity is a:

A) uniquely human motivation.
B) motive for a number of mammalian species.
C) learned motivation.
D) weak motive with little influence over human behavior.

Question 47

When ADH is detected by the kidneys:

A) the kidneys reabsorb water from the urine.
B) cells in the kidneys begin to absorb sodium.
C) the kidneys signal the liver to secrete glucagon.
D) the islets of Langerhans stop the production of insulin.

Question 48

The optimal arousal theory states that individuals are motivated to:

A) increase stimulation in order to increase arousal.
B) decrease stimulation in order to decrease arousal.
C) maintain neither too much nor too little stimulation and arousal.
D) maintain whatever is the current level of stimulation and arousal.

Question 49

In a study conducted by French,when asked to perform a clerical task with a partner,individuals who were high in the need for affiliation but low in the need for achievement tended to:

A) choose a friend regardless of how competent the friend is.
B) choose a friend but only if they are competent.
C) choose a competent partner over a good friend.
D) survey their friends and choose the most competent friend as a partner.

Question 50

After being told they were going to receive "painful shocks" as part of an experiment,how many participants in Schachter's experimental group decided to wait with others?

A) nearly all participants
B) two-thirds of the participants
C) one-half of the participants
D) one-third of the participants

Question 51

The need for novel stimulation is most synonymous with:

A) curiosity.
B) food preferences.
C) homeostasis.
D) sexual needs.

Question 52

The experiment by Schachter in which individuals were told they were going to receive either mild or painful shocks provided evidence of which of the following?

A) the need for affiliation as a learned motive
B) the evolutionary basis of the need for affiliation
C) the need for novel stimulation as a learned motive
D) the evolutionary basis of the need for novel stimulation

Question 53

Which of the following occurs when the level of fluid in the cells decreases?

A) The blood vessels contract.
B) The mouth feels dry.
C) The pituitary gland secretes ADH into the bloodstream.
D) The kidneys cause the creation of angiotensin in the blood.

Question 54

The optimal arousal theory is associated with the need for:

A) affiliation with others.
B) food.
C) novel stimulation.
D) achievement.

Question 55

Compared to hunger,to what extent is thirst affected by psychological factors?

A) Hunger and thirst are similarly highly influenced by psychological factors.
B) Thirst is less affected by psychological factors than is hunger.
C) Psychological factors play a much larger role in thirst than in hunger.
D) Neither hunger nor thirst is significantly affected by psychological factors.

Question 56

Which researcher concluded that mouth dryness was a direct signal to trigger thirst?

A) Stanley Schachter
B) Walter Cannon
C) Richard Solomon
D) Carl Lange

Question 57

An actress finds that her performance while rehearsing lines in the dressing room is dull and flat.However,as soon as she is in front of a live audience,she rises to the occasion and her performance comes alive.Her improvement is best explained by:

A) Solomon's opponent-process theory.
B) the James-Lange theory.
C) the Yerkes-Dodson law.
D) the Cannon-Bard theory.

Question 58

When Alejandro feels no anxiety before a tennis match,his performance is poor.Likewise,if he is extremely nervous,his performance is also poor.Which of the following best explains his situation?

A) optimal arousal theory
B) the need for achievement
C) the need for stimulation
D) the Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 59

When the concentration of salt increases on the outside of the specialized cells located in the drink center of the hypothalamus:

A) ADH is released into the bloodstream.
B) glucagon is released from the liver.
C) the pancreas releases insulin.
D) a message to stop drinking is sent to the cortex.

Question 60

According to evolutionary theorists,the need to affiliate is consistent with the adage:

A) "Curiosity killed the cat."
B) "Nothing ventured,nothing gained."
C) "Never a borrower nor lender be."
D) "There's safety in numbers."

Question 61

Solomon's opponent-process theory states that following the experience of intense fear when trying something new,one would be most likely to experience which of the following when the novel task is completed?

A) embarrassment
B) exhilaration
C) even greater fear
D) denial

Question 62

The "need to succeed" is synonymous with:

A) achievement motivation.
B) affiliation motivation.
C) the optimal arousal theory.
D) the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Question 63

Of the following,which is the BEST example of intrinsic motivation?

A) scuba diving as part of a rescue mission
B) scuba diving to find sunken treasure
C) scuba diving because your husband wants you to learn to scuba dive
D) scuba diving with delight in underwater scenery

Question 64

A student who works hard in the hope that he will get the best grade in the class so that his classmates will think he is smart is particularly motivated by:

A) intrinsic goals.
B) performance-avoidance goals.
C) mastery goals.
D) performance-approach goals.

Question 65

Fear of failure is most similar to:

A) extrinsic motivation.
B) mastery goals.
C) performance-approach goals.
D) performance-avoidance goals.

Question 66

Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation?

A) working in a factory with poor conditions but good pay
B) going to Disney World to ride the roller coasters
C) rereading your favorite novel
D) watching a horror film because you love feeling frightened

Question 67

If you enjoy the sport of arm wrestling,then you engage in this sport as a result of:

A) a primary motive.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) the opponent-process theory.
D) extrinsic motivation.

Question 68

Solomon's opponent-process theory BEST explains why individuals:

A) are motivated to be with others.
B) strive to keep arousal low.
C) engage in activities that take arousal over the edge.
D) develop a fear of success.

Question 69

The psychological need to succeed in work,school,and other areas of life is referred to as:

A) the Yerkes-Dodson law.
B) achievement motivation.
C) the need for novel stimulation.
D) the performance motive.

Question 70

In terms of the value of extrinsic rewards,which of the following is true?

A) Providing extrinsic rewards will strengthen existing intrinsic motivation.
B) Extrinsic rewards should only be given when intrinsic motivation is evident.
C) Providing extrinsic rewards will weaken existing intrinsic motivation.
D) Extrinsic rewards should be avoided because they prevent the development of intrinsic motivation.

Question 71

Being a model employee because one enjoys the admiration of one's coworkers is an example of:

A) intrinsic motivation.
B) self-actualization.
C) homeostasis.
D) extrinsic motivation.

Question 72

The opponent-process theory offers an explanation of addiction because:

A) individual expectations can alter the effects of a drug.
B) many people experience negative reactions with their first use of a drug.
C) people eventually experience less of a high and more of a withdrawal reaction.
D) many people experience both a high and feelings of paranoia with their first drug use.

Question 73

In Elliot and Church's study,college students who had which of the following earned the highest grades in the personality psychology course?

A) high mastery goals
B) low performance-avoidance goals
C) high performance-avoidance goals
D) high performance-approach goals

Question 74

Diane loves psychology.Each day she can't wait to get to class.Outside of class,she reads books on the subject,searches the Internet for pertinent topics,and is determined to know as much as she can about the subject area.One would be most likely to conclude that Diane is motivated by:

A) performance-approach goals.
B) performance-avoidance goals.
C) mastery goals.
D) extrinsic rewards.

Question 75

Painting portraits because one is being paid to paint portraits is an example of engaging in an activity as a result of:

A) a primary motive.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) the opponent-process theory.
D) extrinsic motivation.

Question 76

College students who are ____________ in mastery goals and ____________ in performance-approach goals tend to enjoy their courses more than other students.

A) low;low
B) low;high
C) high;low
D) high;high

Question 77

A toddler goes to great lengths to open a box.She knows there is nothing in the box.This is an example of:

A) homeostasis.
B) extrinsic motivation.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) secondary motivation.

Question 78

When individuals are motivated by the nature of an activity or its natural consequences,they are:

A) intrinsically motivated.
B) not motivated.
C) extrinsically motivated.
D) biologically motivated.

Question 79

According to Solomon's opponent-process theory,repeated exposure to the same stimulus will:

A) decrease the initial reaction and increase the opponent reaction.
B) increase both the initial and opponent reaction.
C) increase the initial reaction and decrease the opponent reaction.
D) decrease both the initial and opponent reactions.

Question 80

Elliot and Church identified all of the following as key elements in achievement motivation EXCEPT:

A) extrinsic goals.
B) performance-avoidance goals.
C) mastery goals.
D) performance-approach goals.